Learning Framework: Module 4 Exam

Myelination in areas of the brain that are important in focusing attention is not complete until an individual reaches approximately which age?

10 years old

Myelination of areas in the brain related to hand-eye coordination is not complete until an individual reaches approximately what age?

4 years old

The last part of the brain to develop is the prefrontal cortex. The consequences of this are most felt by individuals in which phase of development?

Adolescence

Research shows that harsh physical punishment of children is linked to which of the following?

Adolescent depression and externalized problems

Fifteen-year-old Danielle is self-conscious, and she thinks that everyone is interested in her. She desires to be noticed, and she acts as if she were on stage. According to Piaget, what is Danielle experiencing?

Adolescent egocentrism

Researchers have found that self-regulatory learners also often have which of the following traits?

Are high achieving

According to Piaget, this occurs when a child incorporates new knowledge into existing knowledge.

Assimilation

Marnie knows she must pass her English course to graduate, so she will not let what all the other students are doing affect her. This is an example of which of the following?

Attention

Which of the following researchers is considered the primary architect of operant conditioning?

B. F. Skinner

Which of the following individuals is known for his research of helping students become self-regulatory learners?

Barry Zimmerman

Bruce is having trouble with his division problems; he can't finish them correctly on his own. However, he can complete them if his teacher gives him some hints. According to Vygotsky, why can't Bruce complete his division problems on his own?

Because division is in his zone of proximal development

George thinks his teacher is joking when she tells him that she has a son who is his age. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which concept is Ann Marie having trouble with?

Classification

Marcy is given her choice of two Hershey bars, one of which has been broken into four pieces, and one that is intact; Marcy chooses the broken candy bar, believing that it has more candy. According to Piaget, Marcy is having problems with what concept?

Conservation

When a child is first learning a new behavior, which of the following strategies helps the child learn the new behavior most quickly?

Continuous reinforcement

Which one of the following best illustrates Piaget's concept of accommodation?

Donna revises her understanding of what clouds are like when she studies them in science class.

A child who can only perceive other people's perspectives as though they were from his or her own point of view is said to display which of the following?

Egocentrism

Which of the following activities would best encourage metacognition in students?

Evaluating one's own strategy for taking notes

A student in the initial stage of expertise in a particular domain often does which of the following?

Experiences difficulty distinguishing between accurate or inaccurate and relevant or irrelevant information

According to Piaget, language plays a major role in influencing a child's cognitive development.

False

Piaget believed that children who engage in "private speech" are more socially competent than children who do not.

False

Vygotsky believed that the child's development is independent of social and cultural activities.

False

What is the schedule of reinforcement for a behavior that is reinforced only after a given period of time has elapsed?

Fixed-interval?

Mr. Bristol hands his eighth graders an agenda that tells them the due dates for all of their assignments are exactly one month apart. What type of reinforcement schedule did Mr. Bristol put his eighth graders on?

Fixed-ratio

What is the schedule of reinforcement for a behavior that is reinforced after a set number of responses?

Fixed-ratio

Researchers have found that high-achieving students tend to do all of the following except which one?

Get frustrated when goals are difficult to attain

Chunking is a beneficial strategy for improving memory that involves which of the following?

Grouping information into higher-order units

Since the brain has plasticity, or the ability to change, which of the following learning environments is most likely to stimulate brain development?

Hands-on learning centers integrate the core subject areas with art and music

Barry Zimmerman is well known for his work in which of the following areas?

Helping students become high self-regulatory learners

Bandura's reciprocal determinism model consists of all of the following main factors except which one?

Intelligence

Which of the following statements best describes shaping?

It is a strategy of setting increasingly more difficult goals for the student, all directed toward attaining a target behavior.

Loreli's teacher introduces her to a new student named Jerome. Loreli immediately smiles and says, "Hello, Jerome, nice to meet you." A minute later, she wants to introduce Jerome to her friend Myla, but cannot remember his name. According to the Atkinson-Shriffin model of memory, how far in Loreli's memory system did Jerome's name get?

It reached working memory.

Semantic memory includes all of the following except which one?

Knowledge in the form of skills that can be performed

Which of the following activities would be recommended if someone wanted to be an expert?

Motivation

Which of the following does not characterize a teacher with adaptive expertise?

Mr. Wallace does not modify his instruction for English language learners in the classroom.

Brianna is completing her reading comprehension questions. Her teacher keeps interrupting her work to check it; however, Brianna performs well on reading comprehension and can do this task without the help of her teacher. According to Vygotsky, is reading comprehension in Brianna's zone of proximal development?

No, because she can complete it on her own.

Which of the following is not a strategy that experts would use?

Not monitoring their own learning by asking themselves questions

The interference theory states that which of the following circumstances causes individuals to forget information that has already been stored?

Other information gets in the way.

Mrs. Benson is considered one of the best math teachers at Lincoln Middle School. Her students say that she is good at helping them learn new concepts and that she gives them strategies for overcoming the difficulties they experience. They say she is a challenging teacher but she knows how to help students succeed. Which type of knowledge is Mrs. Benson using to help her students learn?

Pedagogical content knowledge

Researchers say that the very last part of the brain to develop is responsible for which functions?

Planning, setting priorities, suppressing impulses, and weighing the consequences of actions

Knowledge about how to swim is most likely to be stored in long-term memory as which of the following?

Procedural knowledge

Trisha is trying to remember the sequential list of steps that will be on her final exam. What type of memory is Trisha trying to remember?

Procedural knowledge

Which brain hemisphere is responsible for processing nonverbal information?

Right

Which of the following is the best example of classical conditioning?

Samantha covers her work (UR and CR) whenever the teacher begins to walk around the room (CS) because, in the past, the teacher had a tendency to stop at Samantha's desk, lean over her shoulder, and sigh (US).

The belief that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes is which of the following?

Self-efficacy

Which of the following is a good note-taking strategy?

Summarizing Asking questions Concept maps Outlining

Kathy's heart rate increases every time she goes down a certain hallway at school. The boy that she likes has a locker in that hallway, and he often stands beside his locker and talks with friends. In the preceding scenario, what is most likely the *unconditioned* stimulus?

The boy

Total brain volume stabilizes by?

The end of middle and late childhood

Kathy's heart rate increases every time she goes down a certain hallway at school. The boy that she likes has a locker in that hallway, and he often stands beside his locker and talks with friends. In the preceding scenario, which of the following is best described as the conditioned stimulus?

The hallway where the boy's locker is located

Piaget believed that children construct knowledge by transforming, organizing, and reorganizing previous knowledge.

True

Piaget's stages of cognitive development are an example of discontinuity in development in which the individual undergoes a qualitative change when progressing from one stage to the next.

True

According to a 2003 poll, which of the following statements about U.S. parents' attitudes about spanking is true?

Twenty-six percent of parents with 3- and 4-year-olds spank their own children frequently.

Short-term or "working" memory is retained for approximately how long?

Up to 30 seconds

Sensory memory lasts approximately how long?

Up to several seconds

Which of the following scenarios best depicts elaboration?

When his class studied primates, John recalled the monkeys he saw at the zoo earlier that year.

Which of the following scenarios is most appropriate for the use of terminating positive reinforcement as a strategy for decreasing undesirable behaviors?

Whenever George interrupts the class, the teacher makes him stand in the hallway where he frequently talks to friends.

Tiny gaps between neurons where connections between neurons are made are called:

synapses.

Kiley is having trouble learning the steps involved in using a microscope correctly. If we consider Vygotsky's description of how children help themselves through difficult tasks, we should suggest that Kiley

talk herself through the steps.