LearningCurve 5a - 5d

Which child displays externalizing tendencies?

Ginny, who is implusive

In mathematics education, the abstract concept of the variable, usually represented as "x" or "y," is often introduced when children are about 12 years old, marking the transition from the _____ stage to the _____ stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

concrete operations; formal operations

Emotional regulation difficulties that involve turning one's emotional distress inward are called _____ problems.

internalizing

For the past 40 years, the treatment of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has centered around _____.

operant conditioning

Overextensions show that the child doesn't understand _____.

semantics

Today, the top-ranking health disorder among U.S. children affects roughly 1 in 10 children. It is _____.

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A second-grader is telling her aunt about events she experienced as a first-grader. The child is drawing on ______ memory to recount the events.

autobiographical

Eleven-year-old Frankie tells his best friend Alex his recollection of a bicycle crash he had while riding down a steep hill last summer. Frankie's recollection of this event is an example of a(n) _____ memory.

autobiographical

Arthur has _____ because he tends to act on his immediate emotions and behave aggressively.

externalizing tendencies

Empathy refers to _____.

feeling the emotions of another person

"Imagine how hurt you would feel if your friend treated you that way." This type of child-rearing intervention is called _____.

induction

Erik Erikson called the psychosocial task children face during elementary school _____.

industry versus inferiority

A cognitive developmentalist asserts that thinking is best thought of as a set of skills that may be divided into components. The developmentalist appears to endorse a(n) ______ approach to thinking.

information processing

_____ is an error in early language development in which young children apply verbal labels too narrowly, such as believing the word "grandpa" refers only to the child's own grandfather.

underextension

The mean length of utterance refers to the number of _____.

units of meaning in a sentence

Eight-year-old Jewel will _____ if she successfully resolves the Eriksonian psychosocial task of middle childhood.

work for what she wants

John has sympathy for his friend Tom who recently went through a divorce. This means that John feels _____.

terrible for Tom, without necessarily feeling his intense stress

Children's first understanding that other people have perspectives and beliefs different from their own is called _____.

theory of mind

Which statement BEST expresses historical trends in childhood obesity rates in the United States?

Childhood obesity rates began increasing in the 1980s, but have recently leveled off or even declined

Children attain a realistic understanding of the world during the _____ stage.

concrete operations

Which child is the LEAST likely to be prosocial?

Lizzie, an anxious and fearful child

Which fourth-grader is the LEAST apt to be the victim of bullying?

Luis, who is friendly and confident

_____ is to externalizing tendencies as ______ is to internalizing tendencies.

aggression; timidity

A young child's belief that natural objects and phenomena are alive is called _____.

animism

Four-year-old Justin believes that his stuffed tiger understands and enjoys their conversations. In Piagetian terms, Justin is showing _____.

animism

"Mr. Sun goes to bed because I do." This 3-year-old child's statement shows signs of _____.

animism and egocentrism

Pablo gets teased for looking different and is pushed around by some classmates almost every day at school. Pablo is the victim of _____.

bullying

A color-matching activity is within Cleo's zone of proximal development. In other words, Cleo _____.

can perform this activity with guidance or is being taught by a more skilled person

In Piaget's theory, _____ refers to a child's knowledge that a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape or form.

conservation

Research suggests that friendships teach us how to manage _____.

emotions and conflict

Six-year-old Beth is loud, disruptive, and aggressive. Beth may have _____ tendencies.

externalizing

Selective attention refers to the ability to _____.

focus only on relevant information

Climbing a ladder is an example of a _____ motor skill.

gross

At age 2, a child is still quite clumsy and may fall down frequently or bump into stationary objects. This is because his or her gross motor skills are _____.

immature but will improve dramatically over the next few years

Cyberbullies may feel _____ than bullies who harass others face to face.

less guilt

Bryce is celebrating his ninth birthday. Bryce is in the _____ stage of life.

middle childhood

People who feel sympathy instead of empathy are _____ likely to help people in need because _____.

more; empathy can cause anxiety and paralysis

A security guard is shot during an attempted robbery of a jewelry store. The guard's shooting exemplifies the thieves' _____ aggression.

proactive

Which environmental intervention is helpful in relieving attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms?

regular recess breaks

Mrs. Brierly tells her study skills class that "repetition is the key to learning." This advice emphasizes the role of _____ in learning.

rehearsal

About _____ percent of children are subject to chronic harassment by a bully.

10 to 20

By ages _____, children initiate their own past-talk conversations, indicating the development of _____ memory.

4 or 5; autobiographical

Early childhood spans from age 3 to age _____.

6

Marcus can copy two short words and catch a ball with both hands with his arms in front of his body. Mastery of these skills indicates that Marcus is at LEAST _____ year(s) old.

6

Even the nicest children might engage in bullying if they _____.

are in a classroom where the behavior is frequent and tolerated

Fourteen-year-old Kevin is a bully and a bully-victim. He most likely exhibits _____.

externalizing behaviors

Jamal is watching his best friend being bullied by some older children. Jamal is frozen with fear and unable to run and get an adult or to step in to help his friend. Jamal is most likely experiencing _____.

empathy

Following a stroke, Harriet has difficulty ordering problem-solving steps in a logical sequence. Additionally, she is much more impulsive than she had been before the stroke. Harriet's _____ appear(s) impaired, reflecting damage to the _____ lobe.

executive functions; frontal

Chelsea is 18 years old and has just acquired her driver's license. Despite her mother's warnings, she still acts impulsively when she drives. For example, she always speeds up to "beat" yellow lights, and she changes lanes without looking. Chelsea's impulsivity may be caused by the slow development of her _____ lobes.

frontal

Four-year-old Reece struggles to take risks. He is anxious and stays close to his teachers at school and his parents at home. He does not participate with the other children on the playground. Erik Erikson might say that Reece is struggling to achieve _____.

initiative

Suppose a developmental scientist developed a measure called the Helicopter Parenting Inventory (HPI). Higher scores on the HPI indicate more extensive parental surveillance of children. Scores on this measure should be ______ correlated with the amount of physical activity among middle school students.

negatively

An example of rough-and-tumble play is _____.

play wrestling

In elementary school classes, children who get no "most liked" rankings and many "most disliked" rankings are defined as _____ children.

rejected

A destructive act designed to harm a person's relationships is called _____ aggression.

relational

Reggie can ride a bike only if his mom is providing some physical support and coaching. Lev Vygotsky would say that _____.

riding a bike is within Reggie's zone of proximal development

Trace and Emmitt are running around outside. Their goal is to catch one other, tackle each other to the ground, and wrestle until one of them gets up; then they begin the chase again. They are engaging in _____ play.

rough-and-tumble

Mrs. Taylor gives help to her class when needed and then backs off when a student masters a specific skill. Mrs. Taylor is using a teaching technique called _____.

scaffolding

Chelsea has noticed that when she and her son go to the public swimming pool, instead of saying, "No in water" when he protests going in, he has begun to say, "Don't put me in the water." Chelsea's son is beginning to master grammar, also known as _____.

syntax

Professor Landry is describing rough-and-tumble play. She uses _____ as an example.

playing at wrestling

Which child is the MOST likely to be rejected in elementary school?

Rafael, who acts much more feminie than his male peers

Eleven-year-old Laurel tells her friend Alyson her recollection of a bicycle crash she had while riding down a steep hill last summer. Laurel's recollection of this event from her life history is an example of a(n) _____ memory.

autobiographical

Cade is 4 years old and often shares spontaneously with his preschool classmates. According to research, Cade has a high likelihood of _____ as he grows older.

being prosocial

Five-year-old Frank is shown a table with five red cars and three white cars. A researcher asks Frank to count the cars and then asks, "Are there more red cars or cars?" Frank answers red cars, which shows he lacks an understanding of _____.

class inclusion

Ronah is a young child who has reached the point where she seems to understand that other people's beliefs and perspectives may not be the same as her own. Ronah is demonstrating _____ and is probably at least _____ years of age.

theory of mind; 4

Evolutionary psychologists believe that the reason humans have advanced intellectually when compared to other animals is because humans have the capacity to _____.

think about other people's minds and decode their intentions and thoughts

An example of a gross motor skill is _____.

throwing a ball