Lecture 1: The Cell (PART 1)

a) Prokaryotic cell division is called? b) Eukaryotic cell division is called?

a) Binary fission b) Mitosis

a) Prokaryotic Cells have (simple/complex) cell wall? b) Eukaryotic Cells have (simple/complex) cell wall?

a) Complex (always present) b) Simple (not always present)

a) Do Prokaryotic Cells have cytoskeletons? b) Do Eukaryotic Cells have cytoskeletons?

a) No b) Yes

a) Do Prokaryotic Cells have membrane bound organelles? b) Do Eukaryotic Cells have membrane bound organelles?

a) No b) Yes

a) Do Prokaryotic Cells have membrane bound receptors? b) Do Eukaryotic Cells have membrane bound receptors?

a) No b) Yes

a.) Does prokaryotic cells have nucleus? b.) Does eukaryotic cells have nucleus?

a) No b) Yes

a) What are the 3 types of layers of epithelial tissue? b) What are the 3 types of shapes of epithelial tissue?

a) Number of Layers: Simple Epithelia - 1 layer Stratified Epithelia - multiple layers Pseudostratified epithelia - appears to have multiple layers, but in reality, it has only 1 layer b) Shape: Cuboidal cells - cube-shaped Columnal cells - long & thin Squamous cells - flat & scalelike

a.) Prokaryotic cells are (unicellular/multicellular or both) organisms? b.) Eukaryotic cells are (unicellular/multicellular or both) organisms?

a) Prokaryotic - unicellular b) Eukaryotic - both uni- and multicellular

a) Prokaryotic Cells have (simple/complex) appendages? b) Eukaryotic Cells have (simple/complex) appendages?

a) Simple b) Complex

a) Prokaryotic Cells have (small/big) ribosomes? b) Eukaryotic Cells have (small/big) ribosomes?

a) Small b) Big

a.) Does Prokaryotic Cells have DNA? b.) Does Eukaryotic Cells have DNA?

a) Yes b) Yes

a) What is the shape of the DNA of a Prokaryotic Cell? b) What is the shape of the DNA of a Eukaryotic Cell?

a) circular DNA w/ histone-like proteins b) linear DNA w/ histone proteins

a) The outer surface of the eukaryotic cell has? b) What is its function?

a) hydrophilic phospholipid bilayer b) to electrostatically interact with the aqueous environments inside & outside of the cell

a) The inner portion of the eukaryotic cell is? b) What is its function?

a) hydrophobic b) to serve as a high selective barrier between the internal & external environment of the cell

a) Where is the centrioles located? b) What are centrioles to microtubules? c) During mitosis, what do centrioles do?

a) in the centrosome b) organizing centers of microtubules (structures as 9 triplets of microtubules w/ a hallow center) *total of 27 microtubules c) during mitosis, they serve as anchoring site for the microtubules that are attached to the chromosomes and then the microtubules will become shorter, pulling the chromosomes apart and migrating to opposite poles of the dividing cell

a) Prokaryotic Cells have unbound? b) Eukaryotic Cells have membrane bound? i) Nucleus ii) Nucleoid iii) Nucleolus

a) unbound nucleoid b) membrane bound nucleus & nucleolus

The enzymes in the lysosomes are known as?

acid hydrolases (lysosomal acid lipase)

What is the "receiving" side of the Golgi apparatus?

cis face

What are the sacs/folds of the Golgi Apparatus called?

cristernae

What is the structure of the Intermediate Filaments?

diverse groups of filamentous proteins (keratin, desmin, vimentin, and lamins) that are strung together into polymers and twisted

In flagella/cilia, what protein helps with the movement?

dynein

How does dynein help with the movement of the flagella/cilia?

dynein comes out of the microtubules; it helps with ATP break-down and uses that energy to help the microtubules move past each other, driving the movement of the flagella and cilia

What is the main function of the microfilament?

gross movement of cell via the polymerization and depolymerization of the actin

The eukaryotic linear DNA coil around organizing proteins called?

histones

What is the structure of Microtubules?

hollow polymers of tubulin proteins; organized into a ring of 9 doublets (A & B tubules) + 2 central microtubules

What is the powerhouse of the cell?

mitochondria

Bacteria are: a) mutualistic symbiotes b) pathogens/parasites c) both

mutualistic symbiotes (both human and bacteria benefit each other) pathogens/parasites (causes diseases to the host); may live intracellularly or extracellularly

In flagella/cilia, what protein helps in keeping the "9+2" microtubules in place ?

nexin

What is the structure of a flagellum/cilium?

pairs of microtubules with "9+2" arrangement

What is the environment in a lysosome?

Acidic (pH = 5)

What is the function of the eukaryotic nuclear membrane?

Acts as a double-membrane barrier that separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm

What is autophagy vs crinophagy?

Autophagy means "self-eating"; it is when lysosomes digest molecules that are part of the cell itself, or other cells Crinophagy when lysosomes digest excess secretory products

Epithelial tissue is joined by a connective tissue called?

Basement membrane

Why is the mitochondria semi-autonomous?

Because it has their own genes & uses binary fission to replicate independently of the nucleus

Why are viruses not considered living?

Because they cannot reproduce on their own. They have to invade other organisms & use RNA as their genetic information.

What are the 3 Prokaryotic Domains?

1) Archaea 2) Bacteria 3) Eukarya

What are the 2 different processes lysosomes do?

1) Autophagy 2) Crinophagy

What are the 2 types of MTOCs?

1) Centrosome 2) Basal body

Which organelle does the cis-side of the Golgi Apparatus face?

ER

What are the 3 types of shapes of bacteria?

1) Cocci - spherical 2) Bacilli - rod-shaped 3) Spirilli - spiral-shaped (rare) Ex: Treponema pallidum (causes syphilis) Borrelia burgdorferi (causes Lyme disease) Leptospira interrogans (causes Weil's disease)

What are the 4 types of Animal Tissue?

1) Epithelial Tissue 2) Connective Tissue 3) Muscle 4) Nervous tissue

What are the 6 similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

1) Flagella 2) Plasma membrane 3) Cytoplasm 4) Ribosomes 5) Chromosomes 6) Cell division

What are examples of Autophagy?

1) Lysosomes breakdown organelles that are no longer function within the cell 2) Macrophages of the immune system will engulf bacteria/viruses and they will take them to the lysosomes for digestion

What are the 3 Cytoskeletal Elements?

1) Microtubules 2) Intermediate filaments 3) Microfilaments Microfilaments

From the Golgi Apparatus, where do the secretory vesicles transported throughout the cell?

1) Plasma Membrane 2) Lysosome 3) mitochondria 4) nucleus

What are the 3 functions of Microfilaments?

1) Protection: actin filaments resists compressions and fracture 2) Movement: actin filament interacts w/ myosin to use ATP for muscle contraction 3) Cytokinesis: division of materials between daughter cells via cleavage furrow

What are the 2 Structures of ER?

1) Rough ER (RER) 2) Smooth ER (SER)

In the axonal transport, what are 4 things that can be transported through the microtubules?

1) Synaptic vesicles w/ neurotransmitters 2) proteins 3) lipids 4) organelles (mitochondria)

What are the 2 models of protein trafficking through the Golgi Apparatus?

1) Vesicular Transport Model 2) Cisternal Maturation Model

How does the Golgi Apparatus work with the RER? What are the 4 steps?

1) When a protein is made in the ER, something called a transition vesicle is made. This vesicle or sac floats through the cytoplasm to the Golgi apparatus and is absorbed into the cis-Golgi 2) The transition vesicles empty their contents into the lumen of the medial-Golgi, where the proteins are chemically modified and sorted 3) After the Golgi does its work on the molecules inside the sac, a secretory vesicle is created and delivered into the cytoplasm through the trans-Golgi 4) From there, the vesicle moves to other organelles within the cell or outside of the cell through the plasma (cell) membrane via exocytosis

What are the 5 main primary compartments of the Golgi Apparatus?

1) cis-Golgi network (CGN) 2) cis-Golgi (CG) 2) medial-Golgi (MG) 4) trans-Golgi (TG) 5) trans-Golgi network (TGN)

What are the 5 characteristics of an Archaea?

1) externally similar to bacteria 2) internally similar to eukaryotes 3) extremophiles (doesn't like harsh environments) 4) photosynthetic and chemosynthetic 5) resistant to many antibiotics

What are the 4 parts of a eukaryotic nucleus?

1) nuclear membrane or envelope 2) nuclear pores 3) DNA 4) nucleolus

What are the 2 Functions of Microtubules?

1) primary pathways for motor proteins like kinesin & dynein via the axonal/axoplasmic transport 2) compose motile structures like cilia & flagella via the basal body

What are the 3 main functions of cytoskeletons?

1) structure/shape 2) movement 3) transport

What are the 4 Functions of Connective tissue?

1. Body support 2. framework provider for epithelial cells to carry out their functions 3. contribute to the stroma (support structure) Ex: Bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue, and blood 4. produce & secrete collagen & elastin to form the extracellular matrix

What are the 6 Membrane-bound organelles of a Eukaryotic Cell?

1. Nucleus 2. Mitochondria 3. Lysosomes 4. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) 5. Golgi Apparatus 6. Peroxisomes

What are the 3 Functions of Epithelial Tissue?

1. Protection against pathogen invasion & desiccation (dryness) by covering the body & line its cavities 2. Involved in absorption, secretion, and sensation 3. contribute to the parenchyma (functional parts of the organ) Ex: Nephrons in the kidney, hepatocytes in the liver, & acid-producing cells of the stomach

What are the 3 main parts of a Bacteria?

1. cell membrane 2. cytoplasm 3. flagella/ fimbriae (some only)

What are the 4 parts of mitochondria and their functions?

1. outer membrane: barrier between the cytosol & inner environment of the mitochondrion 2. Intermembrane space: space between the inner & outer membrane 3. inner membrane: arranged into infoldings called cristae, which contains molecules & enzymes of the electron transport chain 4. Matrix - space inside the inner membrane

What are the 4 Fundamental Tenets of Cell theory?

1.) Cells compose all living things 2.) Cel is the basic functional unit of life 3.) Cells arise only from preexisting cells 4.) Cells carry DNA, which is passed on from parent to daughter cell

Each cisterna or region of the Golgi contains different protein modification enzymes. What do these enzymes do?

Catalyze: 1) the addition or removal of sugars from cargo proteins (Glycosylation) 2) the addition of sulfate groups (sulfation) 3) the addition of phosphate groups (phosphorylation)

Eukaryotic Linear DNA strands are called?

Chromosomes

What is the difference between the function of cilia and flagella?

Cilia movement of materials along the surface of the cell flagella movement of the cell itself

What is the difference between structures of cilia and eukaryotic flagella?

Cilia - shorter, hair-like projections that come out of a cell Eukaryotic Flagella - longer, tail-like projections that come out of a cell, helping it move (Ex: Sperm)

Which one is bigger between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?

Eukaryotes

What is the difference between fission and fusion?

Fission is the splitting of a LARGE NUCLEUS Fusion is the joining of LIGHT NUCLEI

The Golgi Apparatus is also known as?

Golgi complex or dicytosome

Which cytoskeletal element/s is/are permanent?

Intermediate filaments

What process are involved in the lengthening and shortening of microfilaments?

Lengthening: via actin polymerization Shortening: via actin depolymerization

What are lysosomes and what do they do?

Lysosomes are vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes that digests things like food and viral/bacterial particles. Things you want to digest gets into a vacuole by endocytosis or phagocytosis, and then the vacuole fuses with the lysosome. Anything inside gets digested by the hydrolytic enzymes.

What are basal bodies?

MTOCs for cilia and eukaryotic flagella

At one end, a microtubule is connected to ?

Microtubule organizing center (MTOC)

Which cytoskeletal element/s is/are dynamic?

Microtubules and Microfilaments

What is the Serial Endosymbiosis Theory?

Organelles are formed by the engulfing of one prokaryote by another, creating a symbiotic relationship Examples: 1. Mitochondria originated when an anaerobic prokaryote engulfs an aerobic prokaryote, resulting into a symbiotic relationship 2. Chloroplasts in plant cells 3. Organelles of motility (flagella)

What are the simplest organisms?

Prokaryotes

What is the difference between RER and SER?

Rough ER (RER): has ribosomes on surface and modifies proteins Smooth ER (SER): no ribosomes; makes lipids and transports proteins from RER to the Golgi apparatus

What are the 3 similarities and differences of Archea from Eukaryotes?

Similarities: 1. start translation w/ methionine 2. contain similar RNA polymerases 3. associate their DNA w/ histones Differences: 1. has single circular chromosome 2. divide by binary fission/budding 3. Share similar structure w/ bacteria

What is the structure and functions of the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?

Structure System of interconnected folded membranes (cristernae) forming a maze of enclosed spaces Functions Intracellular highway and synthesis of proteins

What is the structure and function of Golgi Apparatus?

Structure flattened stack of membrane-bound sacs Functions The "Post Office" of the cell: - modifies, sorts, and repackages proteins from the ER in the secretory storage vesicles and directed to the correct cellular location via exocytosis

What is the function of the eukaryotic nuclear pores?

To allow selective 2-way exchange of material between cytoplasm & nucleus

What does the tans-side of the Golgi Apparatus face?

plasma (cell) membrane

Epithelial tissue is (polarized/unpolarized)?

polarized: one size faces a lumen or the outside Ex: Small intestine: one side is for absorption of nutrients from the lumen and the other side is for releasing those nutrients into the body

Cargo proteins are modified by Golgi enzymes located within each cisterna. What are these enzymes called?

resident enzymes

What is the structure of Microfilaments?

solid polymerized rods of actin

What is the main function of the Intermediate filaments?

structural support: resist mechanical stress *act similarly to the springs inside a mattress

How do Peroxisomes help the cell?

they protect the cell from the damaging effects of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by isolating it and then by breaking it down into H2O and O2 via catalase

What is the main function of Peroxisomes?

to break down fatty acids via B-oxidation and produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

What is the function of the eukaryotic DNA?

to store genetic information (genes)

What is the function of the eukaryotic nucleolus?

to synthesizes ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

What is the "shipping" side of the Golgi apparatus?

trans face