lecture 10

factorial design

-Designs with more than one independent variable (or factor) -2 x 2 factorial design - Hastwo independent variables - Each independent variable has two levels

A researcher manipulates a defendant's appearance (attractive, average, or unattractive) and gender (male or female) to study how these variables affect judgments of criminal behavior. How many interactions are possible in this design? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 6

1

In a study examining the effect of room illumination (low, medium, high) and room temperature (cold, warm, hot) on test performance, how many interactions are possible? A. 1 B. 2 C. 6 D. 9

1

A 4 3 factorial design would have _____ conditions. A. 3 B. 4 C. 7 D. 12

12

A researcher examined judgments of responsibility for an automobile accident by manipulating the type of injuries received (none, mild, or severe) and the time of the accident (7 a.m., 12 p.m., 6 p.m., or 3 a.m.). How many main effects are possible in this study? A. 2 B. 4 C. 7 D. 12

2

In a study examining the effect of room illumination (low, medium, high) and room temperature (cold, warm, hot) on test performance, how many main effects are possible? A. 2 B. 3 C. 6 D. 9

2

A marketing company wants to determine which cola beverage is most preferred by consumers. A group of participants tastes Cola A and then rates the taste. The group then tastes Cola B and rates the taste for this cola. A second group of participants follows the same procedure. However, they first taste Cola B and then Cola A. This is an example of a(n) _____ type of design. A. 2 2 independent groups B. 2 2 repeated measures C. 2 2 mixed factorial D. IV PV

2 2 mixed factorial

A 4 5 factorial design would have _____ conditions. A. 4 B. 5 C. 9 D. 20

20

In a 4 3 factorial design, for a completely repeated measures design, how many participants are needed in order to have 20 participants per condition? A. 70 B. 40 C. 10 D. 20

20

Identify the design of a study that manipulates the temperature in a room (warm or cold); difficulty of material (easy, difficult); and the amount of material (low, moderate, high). A. 2 2 B. 2 3 C. 2 2 3 D. 3 3 E. 2 2 2

223

In a 2 3 factorial design, there are _____ main effect(s) and _____ interaction effect(s) possible. A. 2; 2 B. 2; 1 C. 1; 1 D. 1; 2

2:1

A study involves a 3 4 2 factorial design. How many independent variables are being studied? A. 24 B. 9 C. 4 D. 3

3

A researcher designs an experiment by manipulating the age of an applicant (young, middle, old); gender (male, female); and the type of job applied for (blue collar, white collar). Identify the type of design this experiment represents. A. 3 2 B. 3 2 3 C. 3 2 2 D. 2 2 2

3 2 2

A researcher examines the physical attractiveness of a driver involved in an automobile accident (unattractive, average, or attractive) and the severity of damage caused ($500, $1500, or $2500) on judgments of responsibility assigned to the driver. Which of the following represents the factorial design? A. 2 2 B. 2 3 C. 3 3 D. 1 3

3 3

Which of the following is a reason why a researcher may design an experiment with more than two levels of an independent variable? A. A design with only two levels of an independent variable cannot provide much information about the exact form of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. B. When there are only two levels of an independent variable, the relationship between the independent and dependent variables cannot be described with a straight line. C. An experiment with only two levels of one independent variable always tends to show that there is a positive relationship between the independent and dependent variables. D. An experimental design with only two levels of the independent variable can only detect curvilinear relationships between the independent and dependent variables.

A design with only two levels of an independent variable cannot provide much information about the exact form of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables

A researcher attempts to study the effect of fear arousal on attitude change. One group experiences no fear while the other group experiences a very high level of fear. Results show no difference in the amount of attitude change in the two groups. Which of the following should have been used in the research? A. A third group with a moderate level of fear B. A less reliable measure of attitude change C. A stronger manipulation of fear D. A single level of the independent variable

A third group with a moderate level of fear

hich of the following is the general format for describing factorial designs? A. Number of levels of first IV Number of levels of second IV B. Number of IVs Total number of levels C. Number of main effects Number of interactions D. Number of conditions of first IV Number of conditions of second IV

A. Number of levels of first IV Number of levels of second IV

Internet research by Strassberg and Holty (2003) compared responses to women's Internet personal ads. The researchers presented participants with an ad focusing on different characteristics such as 1) slim and attractive, 2) sensual and passionate, 3) painting and hiking, or 4) financially independent and ambitious. This is an example of a _____ design. A. factorial B. matrix C. multiple D. non-experimental

A. factorial

Which of the following is true of factorial designs? A. It eliminates the possibility of confounding variables. B. All levels of each independent variable are combined with all levels of the other independent variable. C. A control group is unnecessary. D. The simplest factorial design has three independent variables, each having three levels.

All levels of each independent variable are combined with all levels of the other independent variable

Dunn et al. (2005) conducted an experiment of the relationship between exercise and depression. Participants were randomly assigned to either a low or a high intensity workout regime. Some were assigned to work out 3 days a week, while other participants worked out 5 days a week. Identify the independent variable(s) in this study. A. Energy condition B. Participants' interest in exercise and health conditions C. Amount of exercise and frequency of exercise D. Depression

Amount of exercise and frequency of exercise

A 2 2 factorial design was used to study the effects of participant gender and style of persuasion on attitude change using 40 individuals. This is an example of a(n) _____ design. A. IV PV B. repeated measures C. Latin Square D. Solomon four-group

IV PV

A researcher has second-grade boys and girls view aggressive or non-aggressive cartoons. After viewing the cartoons, the children are observed playing in a room that contains a variety of toys. The number of aggressive acts displayed by the children is measured. This research design is an example of a(n) _____ design. A. mixed factorial B. repeated measures C. IV PV D. interaction

IV PV

A study that uses both manipulated and measured variables in a factorial design is called a(n) _____ design. A. mixed repeated measures and independent groups B. IV PV C. 2 2 D. multiple correlation

IV PV

If a researcher has male and female participants drive a course under dry or wet road conditions, what kind of research design does he or she have? A. Repeated measures design B. Mixed factorial design C. 1 2 factorial design D. IV PV design

IV PV design

Which of the following is NOT true of a study with only one independent variable? A. Interactions can be studied. B. Internal validity can be high. C. A repeated measures design can be used. D. A between-subject design can be used.

Interactions can be studied.

. Which of the following best describes a mixed factorial design? A. It always assigns different groups of participants to each of the conditions. B. It typically assigns the same individuals to participate in all the conditions. C. It either uses a between-subjects design or a within-subjects design. D. It uses both—completely independent groups and completely repeated measures.

It uses both—completely independent groups and completely repeated measures.

Which of the following is true of interactions? A. The concept of interaction is a relatively complex one that people seldom use. B. Interactions are a new source of information that can be obtained through a simple experimental design. C. When there is a statistically significant interaction, researchers need to carefully examine the means to understand why the interaction occurred. D. An interaction shows that the effect of one independent variable does not depend on the particular level of the other.

When there is a statistically significant interaction, researchers need to carefully examine the means to understand why the interaction occurred.

Which of the following is least likely to be true of a 2 2 factorial design? A. There may or may not be a significant main effect for independent variable A. B. There are two independent variables, each with two levels in a 2 2 factorial design. C. There may or may not be a significant main effect for independent variable B. D. There is always a significant interaction between the independent variables.

Which of the following is least likely to be true of a 2 2 factorial design? A. There may or may not be a significant main effect for independent variable A. B. There are two independent variables, each with two levels in a 2 2 factorial design. C. There may or may not be a significant main effect for independent variable B. D. There is always a significant interaction between the independent variables.

An IV PV design allows: A. the manipulation of a participant variable. B. a researcher to investigate how different types of individuals respond to the same manipulated variable. C. the measurement of the participant variable. D. a researcher to exclude subject variables or attribute variables from the study.

a researcher to investigate how different types of individuals respond to the same manipulated variable.

A problem with designing an experiment with only two levels of the independent variable is that: A. only one dependent variable can be used with this design. B. curvilinear relationships between variables cannot be detected. C. this design is more susceptible to confounds than other designs. D. the results cannot be generalized

curvilinear relationships between variables cannot be detected.

n a factorial design, a main effect is the _____. A. effect of one independent variable at one level of another independent variable B. effect of one independent variable averaged over the levels of the other independent variables C. only effect of interest D. effect of dependent variable on the independent variable

effect of one independent variable averaged over the levels of the other independent variables

In order to ascertain the main effect of an independent variable, a researcher must use a(n) _____ design. A. interaction B. multiple correlation C. factorial D. independent groups

factorial

If a researcher believes that a nonmonotonic relationship may exist between two variables, he or she would need to: A. manipulate two or more independent variables. B. have a stronger manipulation of the dependent variable. C. include more than two levels of the independent variable. D. measure more than one dependent variable.

include more than two levels of the independent variable

Although the final conclusions would be based on statistical significance tests, these results indicate a(n) _____. A. lack of effect of the control versus story variable B. main effect of the alone versus peer group variable C. absence of interaction between the two variables D. increase in prejudice among participants in the story group

increase in prejudice among participants in the story group

The main reason for using a 2 2 factorial design instead of two separate experiments (with one IV per experiment) is to: A. find the main effects of each independent variable. B. find an interaction between the independent variables. C. save time. D. manipulate one independent variable at a time.

ind an interaction between the independent variables

In a factorial design, a main effect is the effect each _____ variable has by itself. A. independent B. dependent C. correlated D. situational

independent

Individuals with work experience and those without work experience are given identical resumes of a male or female applicant and asked to indicate the likelihood that they would hire the individual. The PV in this design is: A. the gender of the applicant. B. the gender of the participant. C. individuals with or without wok experience. D. the hiring likelihood.

individuals with or without wok experience

A researcher states that "anxiety decreases performance irrespective of the participants' motivation levels." This means that there is a(n)_____. A. main effect of anxiety B. interaction between anxiety and motivation C. main effect of motivation D. error in the study

main effect of anxiety

A factorial design involves: A. manipulating two or more independent variables in a single experiment. B. specifying the overall effect of a dependent variable. C. having multiple dependent measures. D. using one independent variable or factor.

manipulating two or more independent variables in a single experimen

A simple main effect analysis examines: A. the overall effect of one independent variable. B. mean differences at each level of the independent variable. C. the overall effect of the interaction. D. relationships between independent and dependent variables.

mean differences at each level of the independent variable

A researcher designs a study where participants are randomly assigned to one of the two conditions. Each participant is then measured under two different circumstances. This is an example of a(n) _____ design. A. independent groups B. repeated measures C. mixed factorial D. within-subjects

mixed factorial

With a(n) _____, the results are analyzed as if you had separate experiments at each level of the other independent variable. A. main effect B. interaction C. analysis of variance D. simple main effect

simple main effect

While analyzing the interaction between age and gender, Reba finds a difference between the likelihood of being hired in young and old applicants when they are females. However, she finds no such difference among young and old applicants that are males. Based on the findings, Reba has examined the: A. main effect of age. B. main effect of gender. C. simple main effect of age. D. simple main effect of gender.

simple main effect of gender.

Factorial designs are often employed because: A. very few variables tend to affect behavior. B. they give a greater approximation of real-world conditions. C. two or three independent variables cannot operate simultaneously. D. combining all levels of each independent variable with all levels of the other independent variables is not possible.

they give a greater approximation of real-world conditions

In order to find a curvilinear relationship, the researcher needs to use: A. factorial designs. B. three or more levels of the independent variable. C. more than one dependent variable. D. a mixed factorial design.

three or more levels of the independent variable

The simplest factorial design is that which has: A. two independent variables with two levels each. B. 6 conditions and 3 possible main effects. C. one independent variable with three levels. D. 4 possible interactions and 8 conditions.

two independent variables with two levels each.

An educational researcher examines the effect of speaker credibility on attitude change in university and community college students. The PV in this design is the: A. credibility of the speaker. B. type of student. C. educational researcher. D. attitude change.

type of student.