Lecture Exam #2 Review

91. Explain the functions of the pericardial sac.

- protects heart, holds it in place, reduce friction, prevent overfilling

69. Discuss what is measured in a hematocrit, and know the normal readings for healthy men and women at Chicago's elevation. Would a person's hematocrit reading at a high altitude be higher or lower than that same person's reading in Chicago? Why?

-% of formed elements in blood -males 42-56% -females 38-46% -high altitude results in higher hematocrit because body makes more RBC to carry additional oxygen

117. List and describe the functions of various lymphatic cells in the body.

--macrophage (was monocyte): phagocytic -B lymphocytes mature in red bone marrow -T lymphocytes mature in thymus gland -natural killer T cells do not memorize antigen -dendritic cells: engulf pathogen and move to lymph node for destruction -epithelial cells: thymus gland secrete hormones to help T lymphocytes mature

16. Describe the anatomy of a skeletal muscle fiber at the microscopic level. How large is a muscle fiber, and why are there multiple nuclei in each fiber?

-10-100 nm in length and a few tenths of a mm in diameter -produced by fusion of embryonic cells

79. Explain the types and functions of globulins, and note the normal percentage of plasma proteins that consist of globulins.

-37% of all plasma proteins -defend against pathogen -bind/protect hydrophobic molecules

80. Explain the functions of fibrinogen, and note the normal percentage of plasma proteins that consist of fibrinogen.

-4%of all plasma proteins -form blood clots -liquid fibrinogen is converted to solid strands of fibrin

70. Provide detailed characteristics regarding red corpuscle abundance, production, physical structure, and recycling.

-4-6 million per ul of blood -produced in red bone marrow from stem cells -biconcave -no nucleus or mitochondria -flexible -has hemoglobin (protein that carries gases) -100-120 days (circulate 75,000 times) -1% replaced daily, old cells recycled in liver and spleen

73. Provide detailed characteristics regarding leukocyte abundance, production, longevity, and major categories of cells.

-5000-10000 per ul -nucleus and organelles -protect against infection -produced in red bone marrow and lymphatic system organs -12 hours-12 years

78. Explain the functions of albumins, and note the normal percentage of plasma proteins that consist of albumins.

-58% of all plasma proteins -regulate water movement between blood and interstitial fluid -transport protein that carry ions, hormones, some lipid

81. List some major regulatory proteins, and note the normal percentage of plasma proteins that consist of regulatory proteins.

-<1% of all plasma proteins -enzymes, hormones, proenzymes (inactive enzymes)

97. Note the division of the nervous system that innervates the heart. Contrast sympathetic activity vs. parasympathetic activity, with respect to effects on the rate and force of heart contraction.

-ANS increase or decrease heartbeat -sympathetic-increase -parasympathetic-decreases

17. Name the type of cell that stimulates a skeletal muscle fiber, as well as the specific location on a muscle fiber where it is stimulated. What is the one and only neurotransmitter that is used to stimulate skeletal muscle?

-One motor neuron stimulates a muscle fiber at the motor end plate with acetylcholine neurotransmitter and has a neuromuscular junction with each fiber it controls

84. List the four valves of the heart, and note each of their locations. What is the function of these valves?

-RA: accepts blood from body -RV: accepts blood from RA; pumps to lungs -LA: accepts blood from lungs -LV: accepts blood from LA, pumps to body -tricuspid: RA/RV -pulmonary semilunar valve: RV/pulmonary trunk -bicuspid or mitral valve: LA/LV -aortic semilunar valve: LV/aorta

72. Describe the basic characteristics of the ABO blood group; where are the antigens located, and where are the antibodies located? Why shouldn't your own antibodies attack your red blood cells?

-Type A: RBC had antigen A on the surface that reacts with Ant-B antibodies on plasma -Type B: RBC has antigen B and reacts with Anti-A antibodies on plasma -Type AB: RBC has both antigen A and B and plasma has neither Anti-A nor Anti-B antibodies -Type O: no antigen and has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies -If mismatched blood comes in, agglutination occurs/clumps -antigen and antibody should not match

18. Describe the two cell types that meet at the neuromuscular junction, as well as the activity that occurs at the junction to activate the skeletal muscle fiber to contract. Explain what a motor unit is, and how it works.

-a motor neuron and a muscle fiber meet at the neuromuscular junction -motor unit: a single motor neuron plus the fibers it controls

51. List the flexors and extensors of the wrist, hand and fingers, as well as their general actions.

-abducts: radialis -adducts: ulnaris

107. Explain the functions and importance of the Circle of Willis.

-arteries that serves brain for network around sella turcica -equalize BP and provides alternate routes in vessel blockage

100. Compare and contrast arteries, arterioles, veins, venules, and capillaries.

-arteries/arterioles (smaller): carry high oxygen blood away from heart -veins/venules (smaller): carry deoxygenated blood blood to heart -capillaries: between arteries and veins, begins with high oxygen and end with low oxygen

98. Explain how the cardiac muscle receives blood and has its blood drained; note the major arteries and veins that are involved.

-arteries: right coronary artery serves right side of heart; branches into posterior interventricular artery left coronary artery branches into anterior interventricular artery and circumflex artery; serves left atrium and ventricle -veins: great, middle and small cardiac veins drain blood into coronary sinus, which drains to right atrium

86. Describe the three regions of the aorta, as well as the three main blood vessels that branch off of the aortic arch.

-ascending aorta, aortic arch, descending aorta -brachiocephalic trunk (artery) -left common carotid artery -left subclavian artery

93. Note the various sulci located on the external surface of the heart.

-atria and ventricle separated by coronary sulci -ventricles separated by anterior and posterior interventricular sulci

27. Compare and contrast muscle atrophy vs. muscle hypertrophy. When a muscle grows in size, is it because it is producing new muscle cells?

-atrophy: reduction in muscle size and power -hypertrophy: increase in muscle size and power -muscles do not produce more cells

95. Discuss the cardiac cycle, including the general timing and events that occur. Differentiate between systole and diastole.

-beginning of one heartbeat to beginning of next -atria and ventricle alternate to contract -systole: contraction, force blood into another chamber or blood vesselc -diastole: relaxation (die); chamber fills with blood

111. Describe the general pathway of the vessels of the lymphatic system, from smallest to largest vessels. Is there a central heart to pump the fluid?

-blindended capillaries, lymphatic collecting vessels, larger trunks/ducts ducts -no pump

88. Beginning with the body arteries, trace the pathway of a drop of blood throughout the body.

-body arteries, capillaries, body veins, superior or inferior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve, aorta, body arteries

94. Describe the unique characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue and cardiac muscle cells.

-cells are short, striated, branched, one or two nuclei per cell, many mitochondria for ATP -have intercalated discs which are junctions that electrically and mechanically link cells

118. Describe the locations of lymph node concentrations in the body, as well as their general functions.

-cervical, axillary, tracheobronchial, mesenteric/inguinal -connected by vessels -filter lymph and trap foreign stuff -has lymphocytes/macrophage to destroy foreign cells -becomes swollen due to large amounts of WBC

5. Describe skeletal muscle tissue characteristics, including location, as well as general structural and functional information. What part of the nervous system controls skeletal muscle, and how is the contraction activated?

-characteristics: multiple nuclei, striated (stripes), contracts rapidly but tires easily -location: cover bony skeleton -controlled voluntarily by somatic nervous system -contraction activated by axon sending nerve impulse

7. Describe smooth muscle tissue characteristics, including location, as well as general structural and functional information.

-characteristics: single nuclei, not striated ad involuntary, diagonal arrangement, contraction is slow and resistant to fatigue -location: hollow visceral organ

6. Describe cardiac muscle tissue characteristics, including location, as well as general structural and functional information. What unique structural and functional characteristics does it have for activating contraction?

-characteristics: striated, involuntary , intercalated disk to increase speed of electrical conduction -location: heart -contracted at steady rate set by pacemaker (autorythmic cells) and neural controlled

32. Describe the various fascicle organizational patterns, and be able to name some muscles that have those patterns.

-circular: orbicularis oculi -convergent: pectoralis major -parallel: rectus abdominis -pennate: 1+ tendon extend through body: rectus femoris, deltoid

31. Describe changes that occur to skeletal muscles as we age. What can we consciously do that can reverse some of the effects of aging in our muscles?

-connective tissue increase and muscle fibers decrease -regular exercise

24. Compare and contrast the contraction vs. relaxation phases of skeletal muscle with regard to the neuromuscular junction and the contents of the skeletal muscle fiber.

-contraction: ACh released binding to receptors, action potential reaches T Tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum releases Ca2+, active site exposure, cross bridge binding -relaxation: ACh removed by acetylcholinesterase, sarcoplasmic reticulum recaptures Ca2+, active sites covered, no crosss bridge interaction

46. List the functions of the appendicular muscles of the body.

-control the movements of the upper and lower limbs & girdles -stabilize the movements of the pectoral and pelvic girdles -work in groups that are either synergistic or antagonistic -40% of skeletal muscles of the body

14. Differentiate between direct and indirect attachments for skeletal muscles.

-direct: epimysium is fused to periosteum of bone -indirect: connective tissue wrappings extend beyond muscle as a tendon (thick) or aponeurosis (thin)

120. Discuss the functions of the thymus gland, and explain how the size of the thymus gland changes from early childhood into adulthood.

-disappear in adulthood and turns into adipose tissue -T lymphocyte maturation

12. Describe the nerve and blood supply of a muscle, and differentiate between the functions of arteries vs. veins. Note that blood vessels and veins can travel through the epimysium and perimysium of the muscle.

-each muscle is served by one nerve, one artery, 1+ veins through epimysium and perimysium -each skeletal muscle fiber is supplied with a nerve ending that controls contraction -arteries-continuous delivery of oxygen and nutrients -veins-waste

90. List and define the three layers of tissues within the heart wall.

-epicardium: visceral layer of serous pericardium -myocardium: cardiac muscle -endocardium: endothelial layer of inner myocardial surface

68. Provide details regarding the percentages and functions of the three different formed elements of the blood.

-erythrocyte: make up 99% of formed elements, transport respiratory gases -leukocyte: 0.01% of formed elements, defend against pathogen -platelets: 1% of formed elements, helps with blood clotting

92. Describe the auricles of the heart.

-external extension of atrium

44. Describe the functions of the abdominal wall muscles. Be able to list some of the names of these muscles

-external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis, rectus abdominis

10. Understand and be able to explain all of the levels of skeletal muscle structure, including fascicles, muscle fibers, myofibrils, sarcomeres, and myofilaments. Note the locations of epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium.

-fascicles: bundles of muscle fibers -muscle fibers: muscle cells -myofibrils: contain many myofilaments -sarcomere: basic contractile unit of a muscle fiber -myofilament: a threadlike structure that makes up the myofibril -endomysium: fine sheath of connective tissue surrounding each muscle fiber -perimysium: surrounds fascicles -epimysium: surrounds the entire muscle

109. Describe some of the unique characteristics and functions of the lymphatic system.

-fight against infection -vessels system no pumps -transport excess fluid from tissue to blood -transport fat from intestine to blood -produce lymphocytes

115. Discuss how lymph flows through the body, and when the body experiences its fastest lymph flow.

-flows towards the heart but slowly -fastest lymph flow during exercise

64. Explain how the blood is involved in the maintenance of fluid levels in the body, and discuss how this affects blood pressure.

-fluid is continuously exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid -too much absorbed in blood=high BP too much escape=BP drops, tissues swell

66. How can blood clots protect the body? What are some substances that help to make up blood clots?

-formation of blood clots prevent blood loss from damaged vessels -use platelets and proteins

36. Describe the origins, insertions and functions of the extrinsic eye muscles. Be able to list some of the names of these muscles.

-four rectus muscles: medial rectus, lateral rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus -two oblique muscles: superior oblique, inferior oblique

60. What is the term for blood cell production, and where is blood produced in the body? What is the name of the stem cells that produce blood cells?

-hemopoiesis: blood cell formation in red bone marrow -hemoblast: stem cells that produce all blood cells

112. Explain the movements of fluid due to hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure that lead to the production of lymph fluid. What are the general contents of interstitial fluid?

-hydrostatic pressure: interstitial fluid leaks out from blood capillaries walls due to BP -osmotic pressure: reabsorbed back into blood capillaries by osmosis -plasma without protein, as antibodies, immune cells

29. Describe the development of neuromuscular control from birth to adulthood. How is athletic training associated with this control?

-improve it

42. Describe the functions of the respiration muscles, and differentiate between inhalation and exhalation. Be able to list some of the names of these muscles.

-inhale: muscles contract to enlarge the thoracic cavity and lungs -diaphragm, external intercostals, internal intercostals

26. Compare and contrast isometric vs. isotonic contractions in skeletal muscle.

-isometric: increase in muscle tension, muscles do not shorten during contraction b/c load is too great -isotonic: muscles shorten during contraction, muscle tension>resistance

82. Describe the general functions and characteristics of the heart. Differentiate between the right and left sides of the heart.

-left: gets oxygenated blood from lungs, pumps it to body vessels -right: gets deoxygenated blood from body vessels, pumps lungs for gas exchange -4 chambers, 2 pumps, valves prevent backflow

114. Describe the unique characteristics of lacteals. Where are they located?

-located in small intestine -take up fat, lymph, lipid soluble vitamins

113. Describe the unique characteristics of lymphatic capillaries. Differentiate between interstitial fluid and lymph.

-lymph capillaries function like veins: no pump, has smooth muscles to push fluid, valves to prevent back flow, pulsation next to arteries -interstitial fluid has the same content as lymph except interstitial fluid is floating outside while lymph is inside a lymph vessel

67. List and describe the various components of separated blood.

-matrix: plasma 55-58% -formed: <1% buffy coat (platelets and leukocytes), 42-45% erythrocytes (RBC)

19. Explain the all-or-none principle regarding the neuromuscular junction.

-muscle fibers in a motor unit either contract completely or not at all -synaptic left: location of acetylcholine release for communication between neuron and muscle fiber

33. Discuss some factors that are involved in the naming of muscles.

-muscles are named for appearance, location, function, orientation, or unusual features

59. Describe general characteristics of blood tissue. How much blood does an average adult circulate throughout the body?

-only liquid connective tissue -cells, liquid substance (plasma), dissolved protein fibers -5 liters/person

13. Differentiate between origins and insertions of muscles. Note that skeletal muscles typically span joints.

-origin: immovable bone -insertion: muscles contract at the movable bone

89. Describe the location of the heart within the body.

-pericardial cavity of anterior thoracic cavity

63. Explain how the blood is involved in the regulation of pH in the body.

-plasma has compounds/ions to maintain normal pH -normal is 7.4 +/0.05

65. Describe how leukocytes can help to defend the body against infection by pathogens. How can antibodies improve the defensive action of these leukocytes?

-plasma transports antibodies which can neutralize antigen until a leukocyte can kill or remove them

76. Provide detailed characteristics regarding thrombocyte abundance, production, function, and longevity.

-platelets (thrombocyte) -150,000-450,000 ul -cell fragments from large stem cells in bone marrow -blood clotting -last up to 10 days in blood

121. Describe the location and unique characteristics and functions of the spleen. Differentiate between the white pulp and red pulp of the spleen.

-posterior and lateral to stomach -largest lymph organ -white pulp: WBC suspended on reticular fibers, -red pulp: RBC, stores blood/iron, recycles RBC, destroys worn out RBC, dispose of blood born pathogen

15. Understand the definitions and functions of the prime mover, the antagonist, the synergist, and the fixator in muscles.

-prime mover: main responsibility to produce specific movement -antagonist: opposes or reverses -synergist: aids prime mover -fixator: immobilizes a bone or muscle origin

110. Discuss the general aspects of the immune response within the body.

-produce antibodies (B cells): bind/neutralize antigen, lets other parts of immune system know they here -indirectly attack: B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes become memory cells that remember antigen and attack more efficiently in the future -directly: natural killer t lymphocytes, T lymphocytes

50. Note the forearm muscle that causes pronation, as well as the forearm muscle that causes supination.

-pronation: pronator teres -supination: biceps brachii

101. Explain how the pulmonary arteries and veins differ from the other arteries and veins in the body.

-pulmonary arteries carry low oxygen blood from heart to lungs -pulmonary veins carry high oxygen blood from lungs to heart

85. Explain the general structures and functions of the pulmonary trunk and aorta.

-pulmonary trunk: large artery carry blood from RV to pulmonary circuit -aorta: carry blood from LV to systemic circuit

35. Describe the origins, insertions and functions of the facial expression muscles. Be able to list some of the names of these muscles.

-quizzed

38. Describe the origins, insertions and functions of the tongue muscles (origins and insertions for the extrinsic muscles only).

-quizzed

47. Describe the origins, insertions and functions of the pectoral girdle muscles. Be able to list some of the names of these muscles.

-quizzed

48. List the abductors and adductors of the arm, as well as their general actions.

-quizzed

49. List the flexors and extensors of the forearm (these move the elbow).

-quizzed

52. List the functions of the muscles of the lower limb of the body.

-quizzed

53. List the extensors, flexors, and abductor of the thigh, as well as their general actions.

-quizzed

55. List the three muscles that comprise the hamstring group, and indicate their collective action.

-quizzed

56. List the flexors and extensors of the leg.

-quizzed

57. List the muscles that move the foot, as well as their actions.

-quizzed

58. Know the origins, insertions, and actions of the skeletal muscles listed in the lab manual.

-quizzed

61. Discuss the various functions of the blood.

-regulate body temp, pH, fluid maintenance, immune response/clotting -transport nutrients, O2, CO2, hormones, waste, specialized cells

106. Discuss some factors that help the veins to return blood back to the heart.

-respiratory "pump: pressure changes during squeezing and move blood to heart -muscular "pump": contraction of skeletal muscles massage blood toward heart

20. Describe the arrangement and functions of the following structures in the muscle fiber: sarcolemma, transverse tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum, terminal cisternae, myofibrils, sarcomeres, myosin, and actin.

-sarcolemma: muscle plasma membrane that dips into cell forming transverse tubules -transverse tubules: invade sarcoplasm to coordinate muscle contraction by conducting electricity into cell to activate sarcoplasmic reticulum: Ca++ storage in terminal cisternae -myofibrils: have repeating sarcomeres with myofilaments -sarcomeres: contracting unit of muscle fiber -myosin: thick filament -actin: think filament

77. List and describe the various components of blood plasma. Differentiate between plasma and serum.

-serum: plasma without proteins -92% water, 6-8% proteins (albumin), 0.8% salt, 0.6% lipids, 0.1% glucose

104. Describe some unique characteristics of capillaries.

-single layer of tunica intima and basement membrane -gas exchange, nutrient, waste -low BP, no pulse

96. Explain the four major components of the heart's conduction system, including the functions of each component.

-sinoatrial node: pacemaker, in RA, spontaneously reach threshold , initiate impulse and atria contracts -atrioventricular node: interatrial septum, slows down impulse -AV bundle: passes impulse to interventricular septum -purkinje fibers: carry impulse throughout ventricle for contraction

25. Explain what is meant by muscle tone. Why is muscle tone necessary for the body, and how is it controlled by the nervous system?

-slightly contracted state of all muscles, no active movement -spinal reflexes activate motor units alternatively

28. Differentiate among the three different types of skeletal muscle fibers.

-slow oxidative fibers (red): contract slowly, fatigue resistant -fast oxidative fibers (red): contract quickly, moderate fatigue resistance -fast glycolytic fibers (white)-contract quickly, easily fatigue

39. Describe the functions of the pharynx muscles. Be able to list some of the names of these muscles.

-superior, middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictors

34. List the functions of the axial muscles of the body.

-support and move the head and vertebral column -affect facial features for nonverbal communication -move the mandible during chewing -assist in food processing and swallowing -aid breathing -support and protect the abdominal and pelvic organs

119. Describe the detailed structures of lymph nodes.

-surrounded by fibrous capsule -has reticular fibers in between sinuses with macrophages (like fishing) to catch foreign particles

108. Explain the functions and importance of the hepatic portal system.

-system of veins that carries blood from GI to liver for inspection -blood leaves liver through hepatic veins that travel to inferior vena cava to heart

37. Describe the function of the mastication muscles. Be able to list some of the names of these muscles.

-temporalis, masseter

23. Discuss the sliding filament model of contraction, and determine whether or not this process requires ATP.

-thin filaments slide past thick filaments so they overlap and upon, stimulation myosin binds to actin and sliding begins (ATP) -relaxed state, overlaps slightly

105. Describe some unique characteristics of veins and the smaller venules. Why do many valves have veins?

-thin walls/large lumen -hold blood at rest -low BP -systemic veins run to right atrium -1 way valve and prevent backflow

123. List the four sets of tonsils, their locations, and their functions. Can tonsils grow back after they have been removed?

-tonsils rarely grow back after being removed -palatine: posterior end of oral cavity (typical tonsils) -lingual: base of tongue -pharyngeal: posterior walls of nasopharynx (adenoids) -tubal: surrounds openings of auditory tubes into pharynx

122. Explain the functions of MALT, and note some structures throughout the body that are part of the MALT system.

-tonsils, vermiform appendix, Peyer's patches in intestines, solitary lymphatic follicles -bundles of lymph tissue but does not filter lymph

71. Explain the general structure of hemoglobin, and note the gases that it can carry.

-transports O2 and CO2 -bright red with high O2 in arteries -dark red with low O2 in veins -has 4 heme groups with Fe2+ in center -each heme groups can weakly bind one gas molecule

41. Describe the functions of the vertebral column muscles. Be able to list some of the names of these muscles.

-trapezius, latissimus dorsi

102. Differentiate among the three tunics of the arteries and veins. How do capillaries differ in structure from the arteries and veins?

-tunica interna: endothelium -tunica media: circular layer of smooth muscle and elastic -tunica externa: connects vessel to surrounding tissue -capillaries have single cell thickness of endothelium and basement membrane

43. Describe the unique characteristics of the diaphragm

-umbrella shaped -separates thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities -most important breathing muscle -muscle fibers converge from margin to a central tendon

45. Describe the functions of the pelvic floor muscles. Note that there are three layers of muscles, and know the external body

-urogenital triangle: external genitalia, urethra -anal triangle: anus

87. Differentiate between the atria and ventricles. Name the two major blood circuits of the body, and state which ventricle is responsible for sending blood to each of the circuits.

-ventricles more muscular than atria b/c they develop blood pressure as contract -pulmonary circuit -systemic circuit -left side is more muscular

62. Explain how the blood is involved in the regulation of body temperature.

-water is plasma absorbs and distributes heat throughout body -dermal blood vessels dilate/radiate heat to integument -dermal vessels constrict/shove warm blood to deeper vessels in body

30. Compare and contrast men vs. women with regard to muscle mass. Which steroid hormone is the primary reason for these differences?

-women skeletal muscle=36% -men=42% -testosterone

1. List the three different types of muscle tissues in the body.

1. Smooth Muscle 2. Skeletal Muscle 3. Cardiac Muscle

103. Describe some unique characteristics of arteries. What are the three major types of arteries, from the largest size to the smallest size?

1. elastic (largest) 2. muscular 3. arterioles (smallest) -lumen maintains shape -handles high BP

2. Name and explain the four different functional characteristics that all muscle tissues have in common. Be able to list functions that are specific to the three different types of muscle tissues.

1. excitability-ability to receive and respond to stimuli 2. contractility-ability to shorten forcible 3. extensibility-ability to stretch 4. elasticity-ability to resume original resting length

74. List the five major types of white blood cells, and then describe their functions (including the various subtypes and functions of lymphocytes).

1. granulocyte (visible organelles) -neutrophils: phagocytize and kill bacteria 2. eosinophils: phagocytize and kill allergens/parasitic worms 3. basophils: increase inflammatory response 4. agranulocyte (lack of visible organelles) -lymphocytes: T cells: directly attack B cells: produce antibodies NK cells: special granular lymphocytes that attack viral infected tissue cells 5. monocytes: very large, become macrophage and eat bacteria, dead cells, other debris

75. Know the relative levels of the five major types of white blood cells in a healthy person's blood.

1. neutrophil: 50-70% 2. lymphocyte: 20-40% 3. monocyte: 2-8% 4. eosinophils: 1-4% 5. basophils: 0.5-1% Never let Monkeys Eat Bananas

8. Define regeneration as it pertains to muscle tissue, and be able to discuss the regenerative abilities of the three different types of muscle tissues.

1. smooth-yes, easily 2. skeletal-little bit but from satellite cells 3. cardiac-no

116. List the two lymphatic ducts, and explain their functions.

1. thoracic duct- drains LR, LL, UL into eft subclavian vein 2. right lymphatic duct- drains UR into right subclavian vein

9. Approximately how many skeletal muscles can be found within the body? Describe the general contents of an entire skeletal muscle.

700 each muscle is distinct organ with muscle tissue, blood vessels, nerve fibers, connective tissue

21. Describe the detailed structure and function of the sarcomere. Be able to label its structures with the names indicated by alphabetical letters.

H band- light central area in A band z line- separate each sarcomere A band-both thick and thin but spans thick I band-thin filament only and crosses Z line m line- middle of the sarcomere -sarcomere chorten as muscle contracts

4. Define the following terms and prefixes: sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, myo-, mys-, and sarco-.

sarcolemma: muscle plasma membrane sarcoplasm: cytoplasm of muscle cell myo-muscle mys-muscle sarco-muscle

11. Define deep fascia and understand its function in the body.

sheet of connective tissue that separates individual muscles and binds muscles that have similar functions

3. Understand and be able to describe some microscopic structures that the three muscle tissues have in common.

skeletal and smooth muscle are elongated and called muscle fibers

40. Describe the functions of the neck muscles. Be able to list some of the names of these muscles.

sternohyoid, sternocleidomastoid