Lecture Exam 3 - Anatomy & Physciology II
Select the correct statement about the regulation of gastric secretion.
Gastric secretion can be stimulated before food has entered the mouth.
Which statement about CO2 is FALSE?
More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs.
Fat digestion (in children) begins here.
Mouth
In order for external respiration to operate correctly, which of the following circumstances must be true?
PO2 must be higher in alveolar air than in the blood.
Which of the following occur when the diaphragm contracts?
The pressure in the thorax decreases. The volume of the thorax increases.
What is the effect observed when the respiratory rate increases?
Blood pH increases.
The statement, "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases ________.
Dalton's law
Which of the following conditions would be expected to cause a low pH in blood/body fluid?
Exercise, leading to lactic acid production High PCO2 in blood/body fluid
Gastric pits are:
openings into gastric glands.
The exocrine portion of the pancreas is composed of
pancreatic acini (acinar cells).
The epithelium of the upper respiratory airways consists of:
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
Which of the following refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs?
pulmonary ventilation
The region of the stomach that empties into the duodenum is the
pyloric part.
What structure controls the release of chyme into the small intestine?
pyloric sphincter
All of the following are true of the lining of the stomach, except that it:
recycles bile.
The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II alveolar cells. The function of type II alveolar cells is to ________.
secrete surfactant
What are the possible outputs of reflex arcs that control digestive activities?
smooth muscle contraction gland secretion
A stratified squamous epithelial lining can be found in all of the following except in the
stomach
Protein digestion begins here.
stomach
The esophagus is lined with:
stratified squamous epithelium
Which of the following is responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall?
surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity
Which of the following is NOT a local factor that stimulates digestive activity?
taste and sight of food
Which of the following affects how much energy is spent on inspiration?
the amount of surface tension in the alveoli lung compliance presence of scar tissue in the lungs
Which of the following describe how the diaphragm changes during inspiration?
the diaphragm contracts the diaphragm moves inferiorly
Which of the following is least involved in the mechanical breakdown of food, digestion, or absorption?
the esophagus
How is the bulk of carbon dioxide transported in blood?
as bicarbonate ions in plasma after first entering the red blood cells
When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo chemical reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. This series of reactions is called ________.
chemical digestion
Pepsinogen, an inactive digestive enzyme, is secreted by the ________.
chief cells of the stomach
Which of the following is exchanged for bicarbonate as it is shuttled out of red blood cells?
chloride
Which of the following counteracts the movement of bicarbonate ions from the RBC?
chloride shifting
A feature of the digestive tract wall that increases surface area available for absorption is the
circular folds.
The fusion of the hepatic duct and the cystic duct forms the
common bile duct.
Specific enteroendocrine cells of the stomach, called G cells, are stimulated by partially digested proteins, caffeine, and rising pH. When stimulated, G cells secrete ________.
gastrin
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is:
greater than atmospheric pressure.
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ________.
greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
The stomach is different from other digestive organs in that it
has three layers of muscle in the muscularis externa.
The symptoms of hyperventilation may be averted by breathing into a paper bag because it ________.
helps retain carbon dioxide in the blood
The ducts that deliver bile and pancreatic juice from the liver and pancreas, respectively, meet at the ________.
hepatopancreatic sphincter
What tissue is responsible for maintaining the shape of the trachea?
hyaline cartilage
Aggregated lymphoid nodules (Peyer's patches) are found in the:
ileum.
Which of the following statements are correct matches between parts of the small intestine and their overall function?
ileum: contains lymphatic tissue to protect against large intestine bacteria jejunum: contains large circular folds and villi to provide surface area for nutrient absorption duodenum: contains numerous glands that secrete protective mucus and buffers to protect the small intestine from acid in the chyme
The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is ________.
increase of carbon dioxide
Damage to the type II cells (pneumocytes) of the lungs would result in:
increased surface tension in the alveoli. a loss of surfactant.
Which of the following descriptions is not related to cholecystokinin (CCK)?
increases the sensation of hunger
Sarah just ate a salad with grilled chicken. Where is the protein in the chicken absorbed into her bloodstream?
jejunum
Which region of the small intestine has a lining with large villi and circular folds?
jejunum
This organ is primarily responsible for water absorption.
large intestine
Voice production occurs in the:
larynx
Bile salts break up the fat globule into smaller fat droplets. This role of bile salts is best described as ________.
lipid emulsification
Where is bile produced?
liver
Secondary bronchi supply air to the:
lobes of the lungs
Gastrin secretion in response to elevated pH in the digestive tract is an example of:
local stimulation.
Respiratory control centers are located in the ________.
medulla and pons
Where are the major structures that control respiration located?
medulla oblongata
The ________ are double sheets of peritoneal membrane that suspend the visceral organs and carry nerves, lymphatics, and blood vessels.
mesenteries
The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place are called ________.
mesenteries
Carbohydrate digestion begins here.
mouth
From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen.
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa
The layer of the digestive tract that faces the external environment is called the:
mucosa.
The activities of the digestive system are regulated by:
nerves in the wall of the digestive tract. the contents of the digestive tract. hormones.
The building blocks of nucleic acids are called:
nucleotides
Fat absorption through the plasma membrane of epithelial cells ________.
occurs by simple diffusion because lipids are able to penetrate the hydrophobic fatty acid tails within the plasma membrane
Hemoglobin is 75% saturated with O2 when it is carrying:
three O2 molecules.
The larynx contains ________.
thyroid cartilage
The chloride shift occurs in order to
transport bicarbonate ions into the blood plasma.
The absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining. Which of the following accomplish this task?
villi, and microvilli
Which of the following are functions of the large intestine?
water reabsorption fermentation production of vitamin K
Peristaltic waves are ________.
waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another
Which of the following participate as part of the cephalic phase of gastric secretion?
there is an increased flow of action potentials along the vagus nerve to the stomach the special senses are stimulated by the sight and/or taste of food
Select the correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation.
As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required.
The relationship between gas pressure and gas volume is described by ________.
Boyle's law
Which law describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas?
Boyle's law
Peripheral chemoreceptors monitor:
CO2 in arterial blood. O2 in arterial blood. pH in arterial blood.
________ are arranged within a lobule of the liver into a series of plates converging toward a central vein.
Hepatocytes
Which of the following is true regarding normal quiet expiration of air?
It is a passive process that depends on the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration.
Which of the following are true regarding the presence of mucus in the stomach?
It is secreted by cells found in the gastric glands. It acts to lubricate the stomach lining to protect against abrasion from food. It protects the mucosa from the acids and enzymes in the stomach lumen.
Carbohydrate digestion by human enzymes is completed here.
Small intestine
Carbohydrates are absorbed here.
Small intestine
Protein digestion by human enzymes is completed here.
Small intestine
Which of the following is the best explanation of the benefit in the digestive system having the largest collection of Peyer's patches at the distal end of the small intestine?
The huge numbers of bacteria living in the large intestine must be prevented from entering the lumen of the small intestine and being absorbed with food's nutrients into the blood stream.
Functions of the large intestine include:
absorption of water and compaction of feces.
Which of the following determines lung compliance?
alveolar surface tension
Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange?
alveoli
Which structure is lined with simple squamous epithelium?
alveolus
You have just eaten a meal high in polysaccharides. Which of the following enzymes will help to digest the meal?
amylase
The most important chemical regulator of respiration is:
carbon dioxide.
Which of the following are regions of the stomach?
cardia fundus body pyloric part
Which of the following is not a component of the portal triad found at the edges of a liver lobule?
central vein
For inspiration of air, which of the following happens first?
diaphragm descends, thoracic volume begins to increase, and rib cage rises
Which of the following are methods by which oxygen is transported in the body?
dissolved in plasma as O2 bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells
A doctor consulting a patient that recently has had their gall bladder removed would likely advise ________.
eating foods that are low in fat
Cells in the digestive tract that release hormones that locally affect digestive activities are called:
enteroendocrine cells.
The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the:
epiglottis
What occurs if intrapulmonary pressure rises to 763 mm Hg?
expiration
Movement of CO2 and O2 between the alveolar air space and the blood is:
external respiration.
Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________.
interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid
Inspiration occurs when the ________ is less than the ________.
intrapulmonary pressure; atmospheric pressure
Waves of muscular contractions that propel the contents of the digestive tract are called
peristalsis.
Which of the following types of molecules are broken down by amylase?
polysaccharides
Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________.
pressure within the alveoli of the lungs