lecture quiz 7-9

Which of the following is not necessary for natural selection to occur? -Individuals in the population vary. -There is a struggle for existence among individuals. -Individuals need to have several opportunities to reproduce. -There are differences in Darwinian fitness among individuals. -Variation has a genetic basis.

Individuals need to have several opportunities to reproduce.

Which of the following statements is false regarding infanticide? -It is a form of male competition. -It is a good example of how evolution occurs for the good of the species. -It is a way for some males to increase their Darwinian fitness. -It is the killing of young that are not your own.

It is a good example of how evolution occurs for the good of the species.

Which of the following statements about combat is true? -It is one of the lines of evidence that supports our understanding of evolution. -It plays an important role in allopatric speciation. -It occurs as a type of intersexual selection -It occurs as a type of intrasexual selection.

It occurs as a type of intrasexual selection.

Which of the following statements is false? -Differences in parental investment typically lead to the evolution of females that are choosy in their selection of mates. -Mating guarding is a strategy that may evolve as a result of sperm competition. -Differences in parental investment typically lead to the evolution of males that are competitive. -Males tend to have greater parental investment than females. -The dominant male is the one that usually has the highest reproductive success.

Males tend to have greater parental investment than females.

Which of the following statements would Darwin have disagreed with? -Members of a population vary in their features. -Unequal reproduction leads to some traits becoming more prevalent in the population while other traits become less prevalent. -Natural selection occurs when parents pass characteristics acquired over their lifetime to their offspring. -Some individuals produce more offspring than others.

Natural selection occurs when parents pass characteristics acquired over their lifetime to their offspring

Which of the following is not a reason why it's important for populations to maintain a high level of genetic variation? -Variation is what allows populations to better adjust to changing environments. -Variation is necessary for natural selection and evolution to occur. -Populations with high variation have greater access to resources. -Variation allows populations to better resist diseases.

Populations with high variation have greater access to resources.

Which of the following statements regarding speciation is false? -Speciation is considered to be a microevolutionary event. -Most speciation events occur via the allopatric model. -Speciation is the process largely responsible for the diversity of life on this planet.

Speciation is considered to be a microevolutionary event

Which of the following statements is true? -Mutations typically do not affect the gene pool. -Macroevolutionary studies examine changes in the gene pool of a population. -The gene pool is entire collection of genes and alleles present in a population. -In order for evolution to occur, the gene pool must remain static.

The gene pool is entire collection of genes and alleles present in a population.

From the female's perspective, which of the following does not reflect male quality? -Providing material benefits such as nuptial gifts. -Having bright, flashy feathers. -Helping take care of the young. -The number of females a male has mated with. -Possessing good genes.

The number of females a male has mated with.

Which of the following statements is false? -There is a lot of variation with respect to how organisms go about reproducing. -Sexually reproducing species have a much lower reproductive potential than asexually reproducing species. -The red queen hypothesis helps to explain the prevalence of asexually reproducing organisms. -Many species with internal fertilization are induced ovulators and require the stimulation of copulation before an egg is released.

The red queen hypothesis helps to explain the prevalence of asexually reproducing organisms.

A population of 1,000 birds exists on a small Pacific island. Some of the birds are yellow, a characteristic determined by a recessive allele. The others are green, a characteristic determined by a dominant allele. A hurricane on the island kills most of the birds from this population. Only ten remain, and those birds all have yellow feathers. Which of the following statements is false? -Assuming that no new birds come to the island and no mutations occur, future generations of this population will contain only yellow birds. ---The ten remaining birds will mate only with each other, and this will contribute to gene flow in the population. -This situation illustrates genetic drift.

The ten remaining birds will mate only with each other, and this will contribute to gene flow in the population.

A dog breeder wishes to develop a breed that does not bark. She starts with a diverse mixture of dogs; some that bark a lot and others that bark very little. For many generations she selects only the quietest dogs and allows them to breed. After 30 years of work she has a new breed of dog with interesting traits, but on average, the dogs continue to bark at about the same rate as other dog breeds. What would be a logical explanation for her failure?

The tendency to bark is not a heritable trait.

Which of the following statements regarding the allopatric model of speciation is false? -It is a model that suggests how speciation can occur. -Secondary contact initiates the appearance of biological barriers to reproduction. -This model requires that all individuals in the population stop breeding. -The first step of the model requires the appearance of a geographic barrier to reproduction.

This model requires that all individuals in the population stop breeding.

Biological evolution is defined as

a change in the genetic structure of a population

Parental investment is

anything a parent does to increase the probability that its offspring will survive to reproduce.

Which of the following best expresses the concept of natural selection?

differential reproductive success based on inherited characteristics

Microevolutionary studies focus on

factors that can cause a population's allele frequencies to change over a span of generations.

T/F An individual can adapt to its environment.

false

A biological species is defined as a

group of organisms whose members have the potential to interbreed and produce fertile offspring

Which of the following types of reproductive barriers works to prevent individuals from interbreeding because one prefers to mate in forests where it can hide and the other prefers to mate on open plains where it can see danger approaching?

habitat isolation

A species that is dioecious

has individuals that are either male or female.

Selection acts on__________ which allows __________to evolve.

individuals.....populations/species

Male peacocks have large, brightly colored feathers that they display for females during courtship. Females prefer, and choose, to mate with males that have larger, more elaborate feathers. This is an example of

intersexual selection

the process during which females choose the best male to mate with is

intersexual selection

Male platypi possess venomous spines on their thighs that they use for fighting other males. Females do not have these spines. This is a good example of a trait favored by

intrasexual selection

What is the ultimate source of new genetic variation in populations?

mutation

darwinian fitness is increased when an organism

passes on a greater proportion of its genes to the next generation (compared to its peers)

An organism that is able to produce both eggs and sperm at the same time is

simultaneous hermaphrodite

The Monterey pine and the Bishop's pine inhabit some of the same areas of central California. The Monterey pine releases pollen in February, while the Bishop's pine does so in April. This is an example of ________ isolation.

temporal

A family begins to use antimicrobial soap to clean their kitchen. The soap kills 95% of the bacterial population in the kitchen area. You would expect the next generation of bacteria

to be more resistant to the antimicrobial soap.

Which of the following is not true about the advantages of asexual reproduction? -Asexual species are guaranteed to be able to reproduce because they do not depend on others. -Asexual species have a much higher reproductive potential. -Asexual species are better able to maintain desired or beneficial combinations of traits. -Asexual species can easily respond to changes in the environment.

-Asexual species can easily respond to changes in the environment.

Name the 4 primary factors that can cause microevolutionary change and indicate for each if they generally function to increase, decrease or have no effect on the amount of genetic variation in a population.

1) mutation: increases variation 2) gene flow/ gene migration: increases variation 3) genetic drift: decreases variation 4) selection: no effect on variation

which of the following is true about adaptations? -All traits are adaptations. -Adaptations are necessary for the survival of the organism. -Evolutionary biologists define adaptation as the process in which an organism adjusts to its environment. -Adaptations are the result of natural selection.

Adaptations are the result of natural selection.

Mothers and teachers have often said they need another pair of eyes on the backs of their heads. And another pair of hands would come in handy in many situations. You can imagine that these traits would have been advantageous to our early hunter-gatherer ancestors as well. According to sound evolutionary reasoning, what is the most likely explanation for why humans do not have these traits?

Because these variations have probably never appeared in a healthy human. As terrestrial vertebrates we are pretty much stuck with a four-limbed, two-eyed body plan; natural selection can only edit existing variations, it can't make a trait appear because it wants it to.

Define biological evolution.

Biological evolution is the change in genetic makeup of a population over generations.

Which of the following statements about evolution is true? -Individuals evolve within the span of their own lifetimes. -Organisms evolve structures in response to needs. -Evolution is generally a random process. -Evolution aims to improve species. -Evolution is deliberate and purposeful.

Evolution is generally a random process.