Lecture Test 4

Match structure to function: White matter

Bundles of axons which carry impulses to and from the brain

Match structure to function: Spinal nerve

Carries impulses into/out of spinal cord

Match structure to function: Ventral root

Carries impulses to skeletal muscles

Match structure to function: Dorsal root

Carries sensory information into spinal cord

Match structure to function: Gray matter

Collections of nerve cell bodies

Match structure to function: Ventral (anterior) horn

Contains cell bodies of motor neurons

Match structure to function: Dorsal root ganglion

Contains cell bodies of sensory neurons

Identify the type, sensory function, and motor function of the following cranial nerve? *Trigeminal*

Type: Mixed Sensory Function: Sensory to face & scalp Motor Function: Muscles of mastication

Identify the type, sensory function, and motor function of the following cranial nerve? *Facial*

Type: Mixed Sensory Function: Taste buds ant. 2/3 tongue Motor Function: Muscles of facial expressions

Identify the type, sensory function, and motor function of the following cranial nerve? *Glossopharyngeal*

Type: Mixed Sensory Function: Taste buds post. 1/3 tongue Motor Function: None

Identify the type, sensory function, and motor function of the following cranial nerve? *Vagus*

Type: Mixed Sensory Function: Taste buds; pharynx/epiglottis Motor Function: Pharynx/larynx muscles involved in swallowing

Identify the type, sensory function, and motor function of the following cranial nerve? *Abducens*

Type: Motor Sensory Function: None Motor Function: Eye muscle

Identify the type, sensory function, and motor function of the following cranial nerve? *Trochlear*

Type: Motor Sensory Function: None Motor Function: Eye muscle

Identify the type, sensory function, and motor function of the following cranial nerve? *Oculomotor*

Type: Motor Sensory Function: None Motor Function: Eye muscles

Identify the type, sensory function, and motor function of the following cranial nerve? *Hypoglossal*

Type: Motor Sensory Function: None Motor Function: Muscles of tongue

Identify the type, sensory function, and motor function of the following cranial nerve? *Accessory*

Type: Motor Sensory Function: None Motor Function: Sternocleidomastoid; Trapezius

Identify the type, sensory function, and motor function of the following cranial nerve? *Vestibulocochlear*

Type: Sensory Sensory Function: Sense of hearing & equilibrium Motor Function: None

Identify the type, sensory function, and motor function of the following cranial nerve? *Olfactory*

Type: Sensory Sensory Function: Sense of smell Motor Function: None

Identify the type, sensory function, and motor function of the following cranial nerve? *Optic*

Type: Sensory Sensory Function: Sense of vision Motor Function: None

What is the function of the CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)?

What acts as a shock absorber for the CNS?

What is an example of an enzyme? (Breaks down Acetylcholine)

What are Acetylcholinesterase?

What is a type of neurotransmitter? (Am)

What are Amino acids (glycine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, GABA 4)?

What is a functional region of the cerebral cortex? (A)

What are Association areas a functional region of?

What is a type of neurotransmitter? (Mo)

What are Monoamines (ex: epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin)?

What is an example of an enzyme? (Breaks down Monoamines)

What are Monoaminoxidases?

What is a type of neurotransmitter? (Pe)

What are Peptides (- enkephalins, substance P)?

What is a part of the cerebrum? (S)

What are Sulci apart of?

What is the gyri?

What are convolutions (hills)?

What are fissures?

What are deep grooves?

What is a part of the cerebrum? (F)

What are fissures apart of?

What is a part of the cerebrum? (G)

What are gyri apart of?

What are basil nuclei?

What are islands of gray matter found deep in white matter?

What is the sulci?

What are shallow grooves?

What is a characteristic of a synapse? (Sy V)

What are synaptic vesicles a characteristic of?

What are the three layers of the meninges?

What are the dura matter, arachnoid, and pia mater?

What are neurotransmitters?

What are the substances released at synapses. Most neurons release only one type. Stored in synaptic vesicles (35 known different types)?

Neurotransmitters can be _______ or _________

What can be excitatory or inhibitory?

Where do pons carry information to?

What carries information to and from the cortex?

What happens when neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the post synaptic neuron?

What causes a change in membrane potential at the local site?

What are excitatory neurotransmitters?

What causes a decrease in membrane potential (depolarization) on the post-synaptic membrane? (Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential - EPSP)

What are inhibitory neurotransmitters?

What causes an increase in membrane potential (hyperpolarization) of the postsynaptic membrane? (Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential - ISPS)

What is the brainstem?

What connects the brain with the spinal cord?

What does the cerebellum consist of?

What consists of two hemispheres connected by the vermis?

What is the Cerebral Cortex (gray matter)? (2)

What contains 75% of the neuron cell bodies in the nervous system (1/8 inch thick)?

What is the subarachnoid space?

What contains cerebrospinal fluid and is the space between the arachnoid and pia mater?

What does the ventral (anterior) horn contain?

What contains motor neurons which stimulate skeletal muscles to contract?

What do the pons contain?

What contains pneumotaxic respiratory center?

What three important centers are contained by the medulla oblongata?

What contains the cardiac center, vasomotor center, and respiratory center?

What is controlled by the hypothalamus? (p)

What controls pituitary gland functions?

What is one of the two functions of the cerebellum? (C)

What coordinates skeletal muscle contractions?

What passes through the thalamus?

What do all descending fibers from the cortex to the body pass through?

What determines whether an action potential is generated?

What does the integrated sum of the EPSP's and IPSP's determine?

What layer of the meninges covers the surface of the brain and spinal cord?

What does the pia mater of the meninges cover?

What influences the direction in which the potential does (depolarization or repolarization)?

What does the type of neurotransmitter binding influence?

What must be reached in order to generate an action potential?

What happens when threshold is met?

What does the thalamus have a crude awareness of?

What has a crude awareness of pain, touch, and temperature?

What do all neurotransmitters have? What do they do?

What has specific enzymes that destroy them once released into the synaptic cleft?

What is the hypothalamus?

What has the critical importance in many homeostatic mechanisms?

What is the cerebrum?

What in the brain is made of two cerebral hemispheres which are connected by corpus callosum?

What is a type of neurotransmitter? (Ac)

What is Acetylcholine?

What is a functional region of the cerebral cortex? (M)

What is a Motor area a functional region of?

What is a functional region of the cerebral cortex? (S)

What is a Sensory area a functional region of?

What is it called when bleeding occurs between the arachnoid and the dura (after blow to head)?

What is a subdural hematoma?

What is it called when bleeding occurs between the dura and the skull (after blow to head)?

What is an epidural hematoma?

Where are pons located?

What is between midbrain and medulla oblongata?

Where is the medulla oblongata located?

What is between the pons and spinal cord?

What is the outer layer of the cerebellum?

What is composed of an outer layer of gray matter which covers the inner white matter?

What is the structure of the spinal cord? (C)

What is composed of central core of gray matter surrounded by tracts of white matter?

What is the diencephalon?

What is composed of the thalamus and hypothalamus?

What is the brainstem composed of?

What is composed of tracts (bundles of axons) and nuclei (collections of cell bodies)?

What is the cerebellum connected to? How is it connected?

What is connected to the brainstem by three pairs of cerebellar peduncles (nerve tracts)?

Gyri: What are postcentral gyrus?

What is immediately behind the central sulcus and is part of brain which receives most of the sensory information form the opposite side of the body?

Gyri: What are precentral gyrus?

What is immediately in front of central sulcus and is the portion of the brain which initiates all nerve impulses for voluntary movement on the opposite side of the body?

Lobes of Cerebrum: What is the insula?

What is located deep inside the lateral sulcu?

What is the white matter?

What is made up of large groups of axons?

What are the functions of the spinal cord? (C M)

What is responsible for carrying motor information muscles and glands from brain (descending tracts)?

What are the functions of the spinal cord? (C S)

What is responsible for carrying sensory information to brain from body (ascending tracts)?

What are the functions of the spinal cord? (S R)

What is responsible for spinal reflexes?

What is a part of the cerebrum? (CC)

What is the Cerebral Cortex (gray matter) apart of?

Lobes of Cerebrum: What is the frontal lobe?

What is the anterior position of cerebrum found in front of the central sulcus?

Which layer of the meninges is separated from dura by thin layer of fluid?

What is the arachnoid separated by?

What is a principle part of the brain? (B)

What is the brainstem a principle part of?

What is a principle part of the brain? (Cbell)

What is the cerebellum a principle part of?

What is a principle part of the brain? (Cbrum)

What is the cerebrum a principle part of?

What changes are referred to as synaptic potentials? How can synaptic channels be described?

What is the change in membrane potential at the local site referred to as? Hint: these types of channels are graded.

What is the spinal cord?

What is the continuation of brainstem which is contained in the vertebra foramen?

What is a principle part of the brain? (D)

What is the diencephalon a principle part of?

What layer of the meninges is attached to the skull and vertebrae?

What is the dura matter attached to?

What is one part of the dura? (F Cli)

What is the falx cerebelli a part of?

What is one part of the dura? (F Cri)

What is the falx cerebri a part of?

Which lobe of the brain is responsible for voluntary movement, speech, personality?

What is the frontal lobe responsible for?

Lobes of Cerebrum: What is the parietal lobe?

What is the lobe just behind central sulcus?

What is the medulla oblongata?

What is the lowest part of the brainstem?

What is the Cerebral Cortex (gray matter)? (1)

What is the outer surface of brain, composed of nerve cell bodies and dendrites?

Which lobe of the brain is responsible for the experience of sensation, understanding speech?

What is the parietal lobe responsible for?

What is the midbrain?

What is the part of the brainstem which connects the thalamus and pons?

Lobes of Cerebrum: What is the occipital lobe?

What is the posterior lobe of the brain?

What is a characteristic of a synapse? (Po)

What is the postsynaptic neuron a characteristic of?

What is a characteristic of a synapse? (Pr N)

What is the presynaptic neuron a characteristic of?

What are meninges?

What is the protective membrane that protects the CNS?

What is the thalamus?

What is the relay station for sensory information coming to the cerebral cortex from the body?

What is a characteristic of a synapse? (Sy C)

What is the synaptic cleft (space between two neurons) a characteristic of?

Which lobe of the brain is responsible for hearing and understanding what is heard?

What is the temporal lobe responsible for?

What is one part of the dura? (T C)

What is the tentorium cerebelli a part of?

What is the structure of the spinal cord? (V)

What is the ventral (anterior) horn?

What is one of the two functions of the cerebellum? (M)

What maintains posture?

What may be the result of a blow to the head?

What may cause damage to the blood vessels which supply the meninges?

What passes through the medulla oblongata?

What must all ascending and descending pathways between brain and spinal cord pass through?

What is the falx cerebelli?

What part of the dura is between cerebellar hemispheres?

What is the falx cerebri?

What part of the dura is between cerebral hemispheres?

What is the tentorium cerebelli?

What part of the dura is between the cerebrum and cerebellum?

Where do the tracts which ascend and descend from the cerebral cortex pass through?

What passes through the midbrain?

What are Motor areas?

What region of the cerebral cortex controls voluntary motor function?

What are Association areas?

What region of the cerebral cortex functions in analysis, interpretation of sensory experiences, memory reasoning, judgement, emotions?

What are Sensory areas?

What region of the cerebral cortex functions in perception of sensation?

What is regulated by the hypothalamus? (b)

What regulates body temperature?

What is regulated by the hypothalamus? (h t)

What regulates hunger and thirst?

What is regulated by the hypothalamus? (s w)

What regulates sleep and wakefulness?

What is regulated by the hypothalamus? (h b)

What regulates the heart rate and blood pressure?

What is regulated by the hypothalamus? (w)

What regulates water and electrolyte balance?

Where do pons send impulses to?

What sends impulses from the cerebrum to the cerebellum?

Sulci and fissures: What are transverse fissures?

What separates cerebrum from cerebellum?

Sulci and fissures: What is central sulcus?

What separates frontal and parietal lobes?

Sulci and fissures: What is lateral sulcus?

What separates frontal/parietal lobes from temporal?

Sulci and fissures: What are longitudinal fissures?

What separates the two cerebral hemispheres?

What is third part of the third step of synaptic transmission?

When do Neurotransmitters attach to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane?

What is the second step of synaptic transmission?

When do impulses move along an axon toward an end (synapse)?

What is the first step of synaptic transmission?

When do impulses move through dendrites toward the cell body?

What is second part of the third step of synaptic transmission?

When do vesicles fuse to postsynaptic membrane and release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft?

What is first part of the third step of synaptic transmission?

When does an impulse causes calcium to move inward and fuse to vesicles containing neurotransmitters?

What is fourth part of the third step of synaptic transmission?

When does the following occur: If a threshold level is reached, then the impulse is generated in the post- synaptic neuron?

What is the third step of synaptic transmission?

When does the impulse reach the end (terminal knob) of the axon causing more events to occur

What is the respiratory center of the medulla oblongata responsible for?

Which center of the medulla oblongata is responsible for breathing?

What is the cardiac center of the medulla oblongata responsible for?

Which center of the medulla oblongata is responsible for heart rate?

What is the vasomotor center of the medulla oblongata responsible for?

Which center of the medulla oblongata is the blood center?

Which layer of the meninges is the middle layer?

Which layer of the meninges is the arachnoid?

What is the dura mater of the meninges?

Which layer of the meninges is the outermost tough layer?

Lobes of Cerebrum: What is the temporal lobe?

Which lobe lies below the lateral sulcus?

What is the occipital lobe responsible for?

Which lobe of the brain is responsible for vision and interpretation of what is seen?

What are synapses?

what is the junction between two neurons?