LEJA Practice Final

About ________ of police-citizen interactions involve citizen resistance.

14

What is the percentage of sexual assaults reported to the police?

25%

Approximately 1 out of every ________ adult American is under some form of correctional supervision.

38

Approximately ________ of incarcerated women have minor children (under the age of 18).

65

How many federal district courts are present in the United States?

94

Who has the right to a jury trial?

A defendant in a misdemeanor criminal case who is facing 9 months in jail

Which of the following statements is true about forensics?

A principal reason for the demand for DNA testing is a skyrocketing increase in the number of DNA samples from violent crimes.

Which of the following individuals is most likely to be part of a jury in a death penalty case?

conservative white males

The dark figure of crime refers to the:

crimes not reported to the police

Defendants in ________ cases often are entitled to automatic, nondiscretionary appeals to the high court.

death penalty

Federal courts have jurisdiction over all of the following cases EXCEPT cases involving:

less than $25,000 in controversy.

Historically, people believed that the only way to control crime was through severe punishments and:

fear of being caught

A(n) ________ is a serious criminal offense that brings a potential punishment of a year or more in state or federal prison.

felony

While interrogating a suspect for murder, the police beat and whipped the suspect in the interview room. This is a violation of the ________ Amendment.

fifth

________ is the capacity to learn or comprehend, manifested by the ability to solve problems and adapt to life's everyday experiences.

intellignece

In the heat of an argument, a young woman accidentally throws a pot of flowers from a window in her office, which is located on the second floor. The pot falls on a passerby's head, and he dies immediately. Which of the following crimes did the woman commit?

involuntary manslaughter

Jack and Jill have both been convicted of possession of illegal drugs and have been sentenced. Jack is sentenced to 9 months of incarceration, while Jill has been sentenced to 18 months of incarceration. Jack will most likely serve his sentence in a:

jail

Maintaining order is also known as:

keeping the peace

Eventually, correctional philosophy shifted from punishment to ________, which emphasizes changing an individual from an offender into someone who is law-abiding.

rehabilitation

After Mapp v. Ohio, the Supreme Court held that the exclusionary rule applies only to ________.

criminal trials

It is argued that the judiciary lacks:

gender diversity. ethnic diversity social class diversity.

Who is considered a state's head law enforcement officer?

The attorney general

The criminal justice process:

is long and complicated

________ refers to a situation in which judges use the courts to further their own personal or social agendas.

Judicial activism

Which of the following statements best describes inmates' First Amendment rights with respect to freedom of religion?

In general, inmates may practice their religion while in prison as long as their religious practices do not compromise the security and safety of the prison.

________ is an officers' maintenance of a visible presence in communities to serve as a deterrent to a variety of street-level crimes.

Preventive patrol

What has research indicated concerning the cost-effectiveness of private prisons?

Private prisons as just as expensive as government-run prisons to operate.

Reuben visits a small-time restaurant every day at 2:00 p.m. He notices that the cashier leaves the billing counter unattended every day at 2:10 p.m. for a coffee break. On one such day when the cashier leaves the counter unattended, Reuben steals all the money from the cash register and leaves the restaurant undetected. Which of the following theories best describes Reuben's behavior?

Routine activities theory

Which of the following is a difference between Schedule I and Schedule II drugs?

Schedule I drugs do not have an accepted medical use, whereas Schedule II drugs have a medical use.

Which of the following is a difference between sheriffs' offices and police departments in the United States?

Sheriffs' offices typically function in rural areas, whereas police departments typically function in urban areas.

Sheeba's ex-husband Samson calls her one day to tell her that he loves her and misses her. She gets irritated and hangs up the phone. Samson calls her again the next day threatening her of direct consequences if she refuses to take him back in her life. Unable to bear the harassment, Sheeba reports this to the police and changes her phone number. Upset over the situation, Samson commits suicide by consuming sleeping pills. Which of the following crimes did Samson commit in this scenario?

Stalking

Sally is a good student and does not get into trouble. After her father gets killed in a car accident, she gets upset and starts exhibiting patterns of violent behavior. Which of the following theories best explains Sally's shift in behavior?

Strain theory

Which perspective argues that laws are influenced and created by those who control the political and economic power within the society?

The conflict perspective

Which of the following is a FALSE statement according to research on elder abuse?

The majority of the victims of elder abuse were males.

Which defense is also known as the "lesser of two evils" defense?

The necessity defense

Which of the following statements is true about criminal laws?

The procedures for prosecuting misdemeanors are considerably less complex than those for felonies.

Which of the following is true about the effectiveness of harsh punishments as deterrents to crime?

The threat of harsh punishment does not necessarily reduce crime.

What has research found concerning the effectiveness of faith-based prisons?

Their effectiveness was not clear.

The ________ is considered to be the first penitentiary.

Walnut Street Jail

Newly appointed deputy sheriffs are usually first assigned to ________.

a stint in the county's jail facility

Johnny Smith shot and killed his wife. Johnny's act is an example of:

actus rea

On September 6, 2009, the Florida Department of Education adopted the Florida Educational Leadership Examination Rule 6A-4.00821. This rule deals with the testing and certification of teachers. The rule in the scenario is ________.

administrative law

Surveys of prison inmates show that offenders who had been under the influence of ________ when they committed their crimes were more likely to be incarcerated for violent offenses than were those who had been using crack or powder cocaine.

alcohol

________ provide direct oversight of trial judges.

apellate courts

Most felony suspects in the United States:

are poor and thus are represented by appointed counsel.

The ________ system was a system of prison administration in which prisoners were isolated in cells at night but allowed to congregate during the day for work duty and meals, but in total silence.

auburn

From the mid-1960s to the early 1980s, crime rates increased, mostly due to:

baby boomers reaching their mid-teen years.

Which of the following is a self-report approach that examines the experiences of an individual offender at length and in detail and can suggest useful hypotheses to test later with a larger sample of the same kind of offender?

case studies

Which group of inmates is considered to be at the bottom of the hierarchy of prison society?

child molesters

Larry's fingerprints were found on the murder weapon that was used in the murder of his wife, Jennifer. This is ________ evidence.

circumstantial

The level of mens rea where the offender intends the offense and its consequences is referred to as:

purposefully

________ law is the foundation of the legal system in the United States.

common

________ is the legal system created in England after the Norman Conquest and still used in the United States today.

common law

Alan, Charlie, and Alex are neighbors. While rushing out of his house on a Sunday afternoon, Charlie trips over Alan's cat that is sitting on his porch and hurts himself. On seeing Charlie take a bad fall, Alex rushes to help Charlie to his feet. After recovering from his minor injury, Charlie decides to sue Alan and demands in his suit that Alan cover his medical expenses and lost wages. In this scenario, Charlie's demands are called ________.

damages

In the United States, federal courts consist of ________.

district courts, appellate courts, and the U.S. Supreme Court

Most women are incarcerated for ________ crimes.

drug

According to the rule of law in the United States, the ________.

government can punish people only when there are written laws, created by established procedures, prohibiting specific activities

When a defendant is found not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI), ________.

he or she is generally viewed as needing psychiatric treatment

One of the early forms of punishment in England was to hold convicts in abandoned ships, which are called:

hulks

Robert Morris is a convicted murderer housed in a state prison. Since his conviction 10 years ago, he has been transferred three different times. Each time he gets transferred, he must learn both the formal and informal rules of the new prison. One of his observations is that each prison seems to focus on a different goal of punishment. His first prison, New York State Prison (NYSP), provided Robert with the opportunity to finish his GED and take college courses as well as participate in many different programs including anger management classes and substance abuse programs. The second prison, East New York Penitentiary (ENYP), did not provide Robert the opportunity to participate in any of the programs offered at NYSP. In this prison, Robert did little more than sit in his cell. He felt that he was simply being warehoused in the prison with no opportunities for change. Eventually, Robert was moved across the state to West New York Penitentiary (WNYP). The corrections officers and administration at WNYP seemed to be focused on making the inmates' time in prison as difficult as it could be. The conditions were harsh and often unsanitary, and the corrections officers often verbally abused the inmates. WNYP employees found pride in trying to prevent the inmates' return to prison by making the conditions unbearable. Finally, Robert is now at Central New York Penitentiary (CNYP), where he is currently housed. At CNYP, there is a significant focus on the victims of crime and inmates must participate in victim awareness classes. The employees at CNYP often focus on making it clear to the inmates that they are in prison because they deserve to be there, based on the harm that they caused to the victim and the victim's family. At ENYP, the focus was likely on:

incapacitation

What is the most common form of victimization in the United States?

larceny

Police discretion is necessary because:

law and policies are vague and can be interpreted in many ways.

An individual was issued a speeding ticket by a traffic cop. This offense can best be classified under ________ of the wedding cake model.

layer 4

A Florida study found that inmates housed in private prisons had ________ inmates housed in state-run prisons.

lower recidivism rates than

The ________ is a report, published in 1974, indicating that rehabilitative efforts, for the most part, were having little to no effect on recidivism.

martinson report

Steve, Brandon, and Dylan are three friends who have been convicted of burglary. After their sentencing, they are all sent to a prison where they take many tests to determine their programming needs. After they complete these tests, they are each sent to a different prison. Steve does not have a prior prison record and is considered a nonviolent offender, so he is sent to a prison where he resides in a dormitory-style housing unit and has a great deal of freedom of movement. Brandon, like Steve, does not have a prior prison record and is sent to a prison where he must share his cell with another inmate, but he does not have many opportunities for educational or vocational programs. Dylan is considered a high security risk given his prior record and his behavior while he was on bail awaiting trial. He is sent to a prison where he is subjected to a count at least four times a day and spends very little time outside of his cell. Dylan has been sentenced to a ________ prison.

maximum security prison

A local news station reports a burglary that occurred in a small town. The house was broken into, and only small items were taken. After watching the news, some neighbors on the other side of the town decide to get together and set up a vigilante group to police their streets. They also decide that it is necessary to arm themselves with firearms while they roam their neighborhood. This reaction is an example of:

moral panic

There are ________ people with HIV/AIDS in prisons and jails as/than in the general population of the United States.

more

Most public defenders are:

overworked underpaid inexperienced

Sworn personnel are usually referred to as ________.

peace officers

Penitentiaries embraced the principle of:

penitence or sorrow. solitude solitary segregation.

During the late eighteenth century, an American judge who wished for an offender to repent for his or her sins or wrongdoings would most likely be inclined to sentence the offender to a:

penitentiary

Most federal judges are nominated by the:

president

Police driving around certain neighborhoods in the night to keep a watch is an example of ________.

preventative patrols

Upon entering prison, most inmates go through a process where they learn and adopt the values and norms of the prison. Some of these values and norms include not portraying themselves as weak or needy, not associating with corrections officers, and always being suspicious of the motives of others. The process of learning these norms and values is called:

prisonization.

________ is a policing strategy based on conducting specific and detailed research on a community's challenges to discover the underlying dynamics of crime.

problem oriented

The U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) and the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) are responsible for all of the following EXCEPT:

providing security for federal judges.

Serious mental disorders that cause individuals to be out of touch with reality and thus unable to cope with the demands of everyday living are called ________.

psychoses

Four friends, Bob, Sue, Tom, and John, have been convicted of robbery. Upon sentencing, they discover that they are being sent to four different prisons, each with its own philosophy of corrections. Bob spends much of his sentence in an isolation cell; he is also subject to strict rules and regulations and has no access to rehabilitation programs. Sue finds herself in a prison that is filled with individuals serving very lengthy sentences as well as some low-level offenders, who, she thinks, should never have been incarcerated because their crimes are not serious. Tom, on the other hand, has access to many different treatment programs. Finally, the prison where John is incarcerated is focused on John's success when he returns to the community. He spends his time preparing for release. Bob is most likely incarcerated in a prison that adheres to the ________ model of corrections.

punishment

Jack and his cellmate, Vlad, get into an argument one day. Jack assaults Vlad and is put into solitary confinement. Because he was the aggressor and assaulted Vlad, it is likely that Jack is placed into:

punitive segregation.

Four friends, Bob, Sue, Tom, and John, have been convicted of robbery. Upon sentencing, they discover that they are being sent to four different prisons, each with its own philosophy of corrections. Bob spends much of his sentence in an isolation cell; he is also subject to strict rules and regulations and has no access to rehabilitation programs. Sue finds herself in a prison that is filled with individuals serving very lengthy sentences as well as some low-level offenders, who, she thinks, should never have been incarcerated because their crimes are not serious. Tom, on the other hand, has access to many different treatment programs. Finally, the prison where John is incarcerated is focused on John's success when he returns to the community. He spends his time preparing for release. John is most likely incarcerated in a prison that adheres to the ________ model of corrections.

reintegration

Robert Morris is a convicted murderer housed in a state prison. Since his conviction 10 years ago, he has been transferred three different times. Each time he gets transferred, he must learn both the formal and informal rules of the new prison. One of his observations is that each prison seems to focus on a different goal of punishment. His first prison, New York State Prison (NYSP), provided Robert with the opportunity to finish his GED and take college courses as well as participate in many different programs including anger management classes and substance abuse programs. The second prison, East New York Penitentiary (ENYP), did not provide Robert the opportunity to participate in any of the programs offered at NYSP. In this prison, Robert did little more than sit in his cell. He felt that he was simply being warehoused in the prison with no opportunities for change. Eventually, Robert was moved across the state to West New York Penitentiary (WNYP). The corrections officers and administration at WNYP seemed to be focused on making the inmates' time in prison as difficult as it could be. The conditions were harsh and often unsanitary, and the corrections officers often verbally abused the inmates. WNYP employees found pride in trying to prevent the inmates' return to prison by making the conditions unbearable. Finally, Robert is now at Central New York Penitentiary (CNYP), where he is currently housed. At CNYP, there is a significant focus on the victims of crime and inmates must participate in victim awareness classes. The employees at CNYP often focus on making it clear to the inmates that they are in prison because they deserve to be there, based on the harm that they caused to the victim and the victim's family. Robert's last prison, CNYP, was likely focused on the ________ goal of sentencing.

retribution

Many states impose restrictions on convicted felons after they are released from prison. Which of the following is one of these restrictions?

right to vote On the right to run for public office on the right to carry a gun

A person rejects society's cultural goals but decides to continue working in a minimum wage job without looking for opportunities to improve his skills or standing in society. According to Merton's strain theory, the person's response to the strain falls under the category of ________.

ritualism

The ________ is the guiding principle of the U.S. legal system, which states that no single person is more powerful than the law.

rule of law

________ is an intentional killing not planned ahead of time.

second degree murder

Glynn was driving home from work one evening when he was struck and killed by a drunk driver. Glynn's family is the ________ victim in this incident.

secondary victim

While walking down the street, John witnesses a friend being robbed and beaten. The police rely heavily on what John saw to find the perpetrator and ask him to testify in court against the assailant. John is traumatized by his friend's suffering and his own involvement in the trial. In this scenario, John is a:

secondary victim

________ is the degree of danger associated with the inmates being housed in a prison.

security level

Many states require judges to sentence certain offenders (often drug offenders or those who use a firearm in the commission of their crime) to a specific minimum sentence, referred to as a(n):

statutory minimum sentence

Police detectives believe that Anna is a drug dealer. They do not have evidence to prove this, but, nonetheless, they search her home. This is a violation of ________ due process.

substansive

________ due process means that the government cannot unfairly, or without just cause, deprive people of certain liberties.

substansive

Which group experiences more property crimes than the other age groups?

the elderly

Merton argued that crime would be most prevalent in:

the lower class

One of the most significant reasons that reformatories fell out of popularity was because:

the prisons were overcrowded.

Henry works at the CIA and has access to confidential government information. The government of another country bribes him to pass on certain information. Henry agrees and provides the government with the necessary information. Based on this scenario, it is clear that Henry's actions directly challenge the state. Which of the following crimes did Henry commit?

treason

In 2014, judges and juries sentenced ________ offenders to death.

under 100

The greatest influence on the decision to arrest is the:

victim's preference for arrest.

Crimes against public order often are called ________.

victimless crimes

A writ of habeas corpus is a:

writ requesting a judge to determine if a person is being held unconstitutionally.