Lesson 1.1 Ch 12 Pt 2

The ___-___ stain is a modified Wright's stain that is commonly used in clinical practice to stain a blood smear quickly.

"Diff-Quik"

The normal life span of a mature red blood cell in dogs is ___ days

120

The normal life span of a mature red blood cell in horses and sheep can be up to __ days

150

The normal life span of a mature red blood cell in cows can be up to ___ days

160

On the other end of the scale are mice, whose red blood cells live only ___ to ___ days.

20 to 30

The normal life span of a mature red blood cell in cats is __ days

68

___, ___, ___, and ___ have elliptic red blood cells that are nucleated even when they are mature.

Birds, fish, amphibians, and reptiles

___ have elliptic or oval red blood cells

Camelids (llamas, camels, and their relatives)

___ will have between 4 billion and 12 billion white blood cells per liter and only 15% to 45% of the cells should be neutrophils.

Cattle

___ polycythemia is a result of hypoxia. The bone marrow is stimulated to make more red blood cells because the tissues aren't getting enough oxygen. Animals living at high altitudes develop ___ polycythemia.

Compensatory

___ have sickle-shaped (like a crescent moon) red blood cells

Deer

___ have the largest red blood cells with a prominent central zone of pallor.

Dogs

___ dissolved in RBC cytoplasm makes them stain red with a polychromatophilic hematology stain.

Hemoglobin

___ analysis measures the concentration of hemoglobin contained in the red blood cells in a specific volume of blood.

Hemoglobin (Hgb)

___ ___ ___ ___ is another parameter that is clinically helpful to evaluate the erythrocytes in the presence of anemia. It measures the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of red blood cells.

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

___is a condition that results in the animal's PCV being higher than normal, or an increase above normal in the number of red blood cells.

Polycythemia

When viewed microscopically, mature ___ appear as non-nucleated, biconcave discs with a central zone that is thinner and therefore appears lighter (central pallor) on a stained blood smear.

RBCs

___ ___ ___ ___ is a numerical expression of variation in red blood cell size.

Red cell distribution width (RDW)

___ polycythemia is seen when there is a loss of fluid from blood (hemoconcentration), such as when an animal is dehydrated because of vomiting, diarrhea, profuse sweating, or not drinking enough water.

Relative

What happens if red blood cells are not removed from the blood sample quickly enough when measuring a blood glucose level?

The red blood cells could eat up enough glucose to bring an elevated blood glucose level down into the normal range. This could lead to a misdiagnosis and possibly inappropriate treatment. Red blood cells could even utilize enough glucose to take a normal blood glucose level down below normal. Samples that sit around long enough before the red blood cells are removed can have a blood glucose level of zero.

___ and ___ are used to describe a higher than normal or lower than normal platelet count, respectively.

Thrombocytosis and thrombocytopenia

Many polychromatophilic hematology stains are a combination of blue and red dyes dissolved in methyl alcohol. One commonly used stain is a ___ stain, which contains blue and red-orange dyes. The methylene blue dye component will stain acidic structures such as RNA or DNA a blue or purple color. This means nuclei will stain blue or purple. Basic structures such as hemoglobin and some cytoplasmic granules are stained orange or red by the eosin dye component.

Wright's

There are automated hematology analyzers that will provide differential count numbers for total white blood cells, but they won't pick up all cellular ____. For this reason, you should always look at a stained blood smear even if you're using an automated analyzer. You don't have to complete a differential count; just look for physical abnormalities.

abnormalities

New methylene blue stain is a monochromatic stain that will stain only ___ structures. When exposed to new methylene blue stain, ribosomes in the cytoplasm of immature RBCs that are still making hemoglobin are precipitated into the cytoplasm and can be seen as small blue dots or a blue meshlike structure in the cytoplasm. There is no hemoglobin production in mature RBCs so there are no ribosomes present to precipitate. There are normally a few reticulocytes in circulating blood, but the number will increase if the bone marrow is releasing the RBCs before they are mature.

acidic

Leukemias are considered a form of malignancy or cancer and can be ___ or ___. They are classified by the type of cell involved (e.g., lymphocytic leukemia, monocytic leukemia, eosinophilic leukemia).

acute or chronic.

Basophilia is an increase in the number of basophils in peripheral blood. It can occur during an __ response or hypersensitivity reaction in tissue.

allergic

Eosinophilia is an increased number of eosinophils in peripheral blood. It is seen during ___ reactions and with certain ___ infections. The increased numbers are a response to a demand created by a pathologic condition in the animal.

allergic, parasite

The membranes of the phagocytized cells are ruptured and hemoglobin is released and degraded into:

amino acids, iron, and heme

Some clinical conditions that can result in ___ include hemorrhage, red blood cell parasites, and radiation therapy for cancer. Also, iron deficiency can be a cause.

anemia

The PCV is a useful test to screen a patient for ___.

anemia

There can be several causes of ___: a low number of circulating mature red blood cells caused by blood loss, increased blood destruction, or decreased red blood cell production.

anemia

Marked ___ can be seen in cases of severe anemia where the bone marrow is pumping RBCs out at such a high rate they don't have time to mature fully. These immature RBCs are larger than a fully mature RBC already in circulation.

anisocytosis

The variation in size from cell to cell in a blood sample is called ___.

anisocytosis

The two methods for determining the PCV are:

automated analyzers (blood analyzers) and gross examination of a centrifuged microhematocrit tube.

It is important for a red blood cell to maintain its ___ ___ shape. This shape provides more membrane surface area for the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Also, it allows for a shorter diffusion distance in and out of the cell.

biconcave disc

There are many factors that influence hemoglobin's ability to carry oxygen, including:

blood pH, body temperature, and blood levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

When the RBCs reach the tissue cells, there is an exchange of oxygen and ___ ___. Oxygen is taken from the hemoglobin in the RBCs by the cells in the tissues. At the same time, ___ ___, along with other metabolic waste, is released into the blood where it breaks down into ions that are transported to the lungs. Some of the ___ ___ is taken up by the RBCs but not bound to the iron in the heme molecules.

carbon dioxide

In ___, there may be a false thrombocytopenia due to platelet clumping in the blood sample and/or platelets overlapping with red blood cells, making the two indistinguishable by an automated blood analyzer.

cats

The red cells of ___ and ___ do not have a prominent central zone of pallor.

cats and horses

A patient with congestive heart failure may become polycythemic because the heart isn't pumping enough blood to the tissues. This causes the kidney to produce more erythropoietin that will stimulate red bone marrow pluripotential stem cells to mature to red blood cells. This is another form of ___ polycythemia.

compensatory

Lymphopenia is a decreased number of lymphocytes in peripheral blood. It can be the result of many factors, including:

decreased production of lymphocytes, the presence of corticosteroids, immune deficiency diseases, or acute viral diseases

Membrane ___ refers to the flexibility of the cell membrane, allowing it to change shape to travel through the various blood vessels in the body.

deformability

When hemoglobin gives up its oxygen to tissues in the body, it is becomes ___.

deoxyhemoglobin

To find out which white blood cells are affecting the total white blood cell count, we have to look at a stained smear of the blood. The usual method for evaluating the blood smear is to count the first 100 white blood cells observed microscopically and keep track of the number of each white blood cell type you see. This is called a ___ ___. Because you're counting 100 cells, the number of each cell type you see can be expressed as a percentage. For example, if you count 100 cells and find that 20 of the cells are neutrophils and 80 of the cells are lymphocytes, you would report you saw 20% neutrophils and 80% lymphocytes.

differential count, commonly referred to as the diff

Neutrophilia is an increased number of neutrophils in peripheral blood. It can be seen:

during stressful situations or when there is an increased need for neutrophils in tissue, for example during an inflammatory response.

As a red blood cell ages, its ___ activity decreases and the cell membrane loses its deformability by becoming rounder, enclosing a smaller volume.

enzyme

Ninety percent of the destruction of senescent red blood cells occurs by ___ hemolysis

extravascular, or destruction of red blood cells outside the cardiovascular system.

One hemoglobin molecule can carry ___ molecules of oxygen.

four

RBCs are able to transport oxygen to tissues using hemoglobin, a protein that is formed during RBC development. Hemoglobin is made up of ___ heme units associated with one globin chain

four

Oxidative stresses known as ___ ___ contribute to the rapid aging and destruction of red blood cells. These stresses are exacerbated by certain diseases and toxins present in an animal's body.

free radicals

When heme is broken down into bilirubin and transported to the liver, it will then be conjugated or bound to a compound called ___ ___

glucuronic acid

While in circulation, a red blood cell is exposed to many oxidative stresses, which can result in red blood cell fragmentation and/or destruction. When the red blood cell membrane ruptures within a vessel, hemoglobin is released directly into the bloodstream. The unconjugated hemoglobin is quickly picked up by ___, a transport protein in plasma, to form a ___-hemoglobin complex. This complex travels to the macrophages in the liver for further breakdown, similar to what happens with extravascular hemolysis.

haptoglobin

Even though most people use the terms packed cell volume and hematocrit interchangeably, there is a technical difference. The ___ is determined by automated hematology analyzers that actually count the number of red blood cells per specific volume of whole blood sample. The ___ is also expressed as a percentage of red blood cells in a blood sample, but it is considered more accurate because the red blood cells are counted directly by the analyzer.

hematocrit

The ___ unit is the pigmented portion of hemoglobin.

heme

The ___ will be further broken down into free or unconjugated bilirubin. It will attach to the plasma protein albumin, and be transported to the liver.

heme

When haptoglobin is filled with unconjugated hemoglobin, as in cases of severe hemolysis, excess unconjugated hemoglobin appears in the plasma, making it a pink, red, or brown color. This is referred to as ___.

hemoglobinemia

The excess of unconjugated hemoglobin has no way to get to the liver, so it is carried to the kidney, where it is eliminated in the urine, making it red in color. This is referred to as ___.

hemoglobinuria

Monocytosis is an increased number of monocytes in peripheral blood. It is often associated with a chronic ___ condition, such as an infection.

inflammatory

About 10% of normal red blood cell destruction takes place by ___ hemolysis

intravascular, or destruction that takes place within blood vessels.

Approximately 1% of aging, dead, or abnormal red blood cells are removed from circulation and destroyed every day. This may occur ___ or ___.

intravascularly or extravascularly.

The ____ is transported to the bone marrow where it will be recycled during erythropoiesis to make new red blood cells.

iron

Each heme unit contains an ___ atom to which one oxygen molecule can attach

iron (Fe2+)

Excess red blood cell breakdown results in an excess amount of unconjugated bilirubin in plasma (hyperbilirubinemia). If the amount of unconjugated bilirubin exceeds the ability of the liver to conjugate it, the excess unconjugated bilirubin will be deposited in tissues. This causes the tissues to turn yellow, a condition called ___ or ___. These two terms are used interchangeably. Clinically, it is most readily seen as a yellowish color of the mucous membranes and the whites (sclera) of the eyes.

jaundice or icterus

The word ___ means "white blood." It is caused by an abnormal proliferation of one of the white blood cell types.

leukemia

Lymphocytosis is an increased number of lymphocytes in peripheral blood. It can be the result of:

leukemia (a form of cancer of the lymphocytes), chronic infections, or epinephrine release as part of the fight-or-flight response.

The increased number of neutrophils will also increase the total number of white blood cells in the sample. This is called ___ and usually is detected using an automated blood analyzer or by observing the thickness of the buffy coat in a spun microhematocrit tube.

leukocytosis

The total white blood cell count will also decrease in leukocytosis, and this is termed ___.

leukopenia

In leukemia, the response to some unknown stimulus causes the stem cells in the bone marrow start producing abnormal cells in one cell line at an increased rate. These abnormal cells show up in peripheral blood in large numbers, many times before they are mature, and cause the total white blood cell numbers to increase dramatically known as ___

leukopoeisis

Monocytopenia is a decreased number of monocytes in peripheral blood. It can be difficult to identify because of the __ numbers of monocytes normally found in peripheral blood.

low

Eosinopenia is a decreased number of eosinophils in peripheral blood. It is difficult to identify because their numbers in peripheral blood are normally ___

low.

The red blood cells are removed from circulation by ___ located primarily in the spleen.

macrophages

The ___ ___ ___ measures the average volume or size of the individual red blood cells. It is a helpful way to evaluate the erythrocytes in the sample, especially when anemia is present.

mean corpuscular volume (MCV)

Leukocytosis with accompanying neutrophilia can indicate an infection somewhere in the animal's body. If the infection is out of control or left untreated, all the reserves of neutrophils, including the immature neutrophils, can be used up faster than the bone marrow can replace them. If this happens, the number of neutrophils in circulation decreases, because the neutrophils are leaving the bloodstream and entering tissue, and there are no cells in the bone marrow to replace them. This condition is called ___.

neutropenia

If there is an increased demand for neutrophils in tissue, red bone marrow will release its reserve stores of mature and, if necessary, immature neutrophils into blood so they can be transported to the site where neutrophils are needed. If a blood sample is drawn while these neutrophils are in transit between the bone marrow and tissue, there will be a higher than normal number of neutrophils in the sample. This is called ___.

neutrophilia

A dog will normally have between 6 billion and 17 billion white blood cells per liter of blood, and 60% to 70% of these cells should be ___.

neutrophils.

Hemoglobin that has oxygen bound to it is referred to as ___.

oxyhemoglobin

The ___ or ___ is the volume of packed erythrocytes measured and expressed as a percentage of a total volume of blood.

packed cell volume (PCV) or hematocrit (HCT)

Neutropenia is a decreased number of neutrophils in peripheral blood. It commonly accompanies a severe ___ condition where all the mature neutrophils plus the bone marrow reserves have been used before the bone marrow can replace them.

pathologic

Since they have no mitochondria, erythrocytes utilize glucose from ___ for energy.

plasma

The complete blood count is also known as the hemogram or CBC. It is used to evaluate:

plasma proteins, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

The amino acids are returned to the liver where they are used to build more ___.

proteins

Basopenia is a decreased number of basophils in peripheral blood. It is difficult to identify because basophils are so ___ seen in peripheral blood.

rarely

The ___ count measures the number of red blood cells in a specific volume of blood.

red blood cell count (RBC count)

Total plasma protein (TP) measures the amount of protein in the plasma portion of a specific volume of blood. It can be measured by an automated blood analyzer or by using a hand-held __.

refractometer

There are three types of polycythemia:

relative, compensatory, and rubra vera

The ___ ___ is a count of the number of immature forms of the red blood cells per a specific total number of red blood cells. This count is used to characterize the type of anemia in an animal.

reticulocyte count (RETIC)

Polycythemia ___ ___ is a rare bone marrow disorder characterized by increased production of red blood cells for an unknown reason.

rubra vera

The process of aging is called ___.

senescence

Some of the urobilinogen will be converted to ___ and excreted in the feces as ___.

stercobilinogen, stercobilin

Trauma, fear, and exercise are a few of the stresses that may lead to a temporary transfer of neutrophils from the marginal pool to the circulating pool (discussed later in this chapter). This predictable neutrophil response is part of a larger physiologic reaction called the ___ response.

stress

The ___ ___ ___ expresses the total number of white blood cells in a specific volume of blood. The number of each type of white blood cell is also counted either by an automated blood analyzer or by evaluating a stained blood smear.

total leukocyte count (WBC count)

Some of the urobilinogen will be reabsorbed and eliminated in the urine as ___.

urobilin

Conjugated bilirubin will be excreted into the intestines from the liver as a bile pigment, where it will eventually be converted into ___ by intestinal bacteria.

urobilinogen

Mature red blood cells (RBCs), also known as erythrocytes, are highly specialized cells that lack a nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes, but contain:

water, hemoglobin, and other structural elements.