life 7

_________ refers to the belief that environmental features were made by people. ​ a. Artificialism b. Transductive reasoning c. Precausal thought d. Animism

a. Artificialism

Which of the following is a similarity between enuresis and encopresis? a. Both are elimination disorders. b. Both are sleep disorders. c. Both usually become more frequent with age. d. Both usually occur during the day.

a. Both are elimination disorders.

_____ is putting oneself at the center of things such that one is unable to perceive the world from another person's point of view. a. Egocentrism b. Sociocentrism c. Symbolic thinking d. Cognitive flexibility

a. Egocentrism

_________ refers to a process of quickly determining a word's meaning, which facilitates children's vocabulary development. ​ a. Fast mapping b. Rehearsal c. Pragmatics d. Scaffolding

a. Fast mapping

Which of the following is a difference between growth during preschool years and growth during infancy? a. Growth during preschool years is significantly slower than growth during infancy. b. Growth during preschool years develops only motor skills, whereas growth during infancy develops only cognitive skills. c. Growth during preschool years is significantly faster than growth during infancy. d. Growth during preschool years develops only cognitive skills, whereas growth during infancy only develops only skills.

a. Growth during preschool years is significantly slower than growth during infancy.

Which of the following is true of transductive reasoning? a. It involves reasoning by going from one isolated event to another. b. It involves reasoning by looking into multiple events together. c. It involves reasoning by going to only the most complicated event among a group of events. d. It involves reasoning by looking into similar, related events.

a. It involves reasoning by going from one isolated event to another.

Which of the following is true of children's zone of proximal development? a. It refers to an area in which children develop new cognitive skills as a function of working with more skilled people. b. It refers to an area in which children develop new cognitive skills through self-learning. c. It refers to an area in which children develop their gross motor skills through rough-and-tumble play. d. It refers to an area in which children develop their drawing skills on their own with the passage of time.

a. It refers to an area in which children develop new cognitive skills as a function of working with more skilled people.

Which of the following is true of motor activity in early childhood? a. Motor activity begins to decline after two or three years of age. b. High motor activity ensures high intelligence quotient. c. Boys show an increase in motor activity compared to that of girls. d. Children become more restless with decrease in motor activity level.

a. Motor activity begins to decline after two or three years of age.

Which of the following is true of handedness? a. Some infants show no hand preference during infancy. b. It is not influenced by genetics. c. Identical twins have identical hand preference. d. It is exclusively associated with emotional development.

a. Some infants show no hand preference during infancy.

Which of the following is true of gross motor skills in preschoolers? a. They are acquired by imitating other children. b. They are acquired most commonly through adult instruction. c. They are acquired faster by girls than by boys. d. They are acquired by the virtue of gender differences.

a. They are acquired by imitating other children.

Which of the following statements is true of two-year-olds? a. They typically have a more erratic appetite. b. They need about 2,300 calories per day. c. They need more calories per day than an infant. d. They typically have an increased appetite for salty foods.

a. They typically have a more erratic appetite.

. Harsh punishment in response to encopresis: a. aggravates the problem and causes anxiety. b. causes the problem to stop immediately. c. appears to work for boys but not for girls. d. teaches self-control.

a. aggravates the problem and causes anxiety.

. Martha is two years old. She claims that the moon plays peekaboo with her and often hides behind the clouds. In this scenario, Martha is displaying _____. a. animism b. artificialism c. latency d. class inclusion

a. animism

. Focusing on only one dimension at a time, a characteristic of preoperational thought identified by Piaget's cognitive developmental theory, is known as _________ . ​ a. centration b. scaffolding c. rehearsal d. conservation

a. centration

A parent who demonstrates to a child how to tie his or her shoes and then gradually turns over the responsibility of the task to the child is exhibiting _________ . ​ a. cognitive scaffolding b. cognitive centration c. cognitive attachment d. cognitive conservation

a. cognitive scaffolding

Caitlin thinks that all people love dolls because she loves dolls. Caitlin is displaying _____. a. egocentrism b. sociocentrism c. symbolic thinking d. cognitive flexibility

a. egocentrism

Sleepwalking is related to: a. immaturity of the nervous system. b. not being able to control impulses. c. general misbehavior. d. developmental and learning disorders.

a. immaturity of the nervous system.

A preoperational child fails to show conservation because: a. of the irreversibility of a process. b. of the lack of egocentrism. c. conservation requires the ability to focus on just one aspect of a situation at once. d. a preoperational child focuses on more than one dimension at a time.

a. of the irreversibility of a process.

Brendan is a one-year-old boy and recently suffered an injury to the part of the brain that controls language. On examining him, the neurologist says that other areas of the brain will assume functions of the damaged part and he will not lose the ability to speak or understand a language. The neurologist bases this diagnosis on the _____ of Brendan's brain. a. plasticity b. carcinogenicity c. elasticity d. immunogenicity

a. plasticity

In right-handed individuals, the left hemisphere of the brain is relatively more involved in _____ functions. a. problem-solving b. visual-spatial c. aesthetic d. emotional

a. problem-solving

The ability to pretend involves: a. the use and recollection of symbols. b. the ability to use language. c. concrete operational thought. d. mental representation of things that children have never heard of.

a. the use and recollection of symbols.

Appearance-reality distinction is the understanding that _____. a. there is a difference between real events and mental events. b. novel words refer to unfamiliar objects and events. c. more than one aspect of a real situation can be focused on at a time. d. the world can be perceived from another person's point of view.

a. there is a difference between real events and mental events.

Which of the following is a limitation of assessing memory in young children? a. Underdevelopment of their brains b. Inaccuracy in their verbal reports c. Slow development of neurons d. Poor development of the amygdalae

b. Inaccuracy in their verbal reports

Which of the following is true of contrast assumption? a. It is the assumption that novel terms must refer to something that you already know b. It is the assumption that novel terms must refer to unfamiliar objects c. It is the assumption that words refer to whole objects and not characteristics of objects d. It is the assumption that similar objects must belong to the same category

b. It is the assumption that novel terms must refer to unfamiliar objects

Which of the following is an example of a gross motor skill? a. Four-year-old Betty solving simple mathematical calculations b. Jon, a two-year-old, walking up the stairs, two feet to a step c. Mia, a three-year-old, drawing vertical and horizontal lines d. Five-year-old Paul tying his shoelaces without help

b. Jon, a two-year-old, walking up the stairs, two feet to a step

Which of the following statements is true of accidents? a. Girls are more likely than boys to incur accidental injuries. b. Poor children are more likely to die from fires than other children. c. Poor children are less likely to die in motor vehicle accidents than other children. d. Accidents cause less deaths than any other causes of deaths.

b. Poor children are more likely to die from fires than other children

Which of the following factors influences cognitive development in early childhood? a. Mental disorders b. Preschool education c. Psychological conditioning d. Philosophical reasoning

b. Preschool education

Janet is learning how to ride a tricycle. For the most part, she is able do it by herself. When she finds pedaling too difficult, her father pushes the tricycle for her. Which of the following cognitive development techniques is used by Janet's father? a. Fast mapping b. Scaffolding c. Contrast assumption d. Rehearsal

b. Scaffolding

Which of the following is a difference between scripts and episodic memory? a. Scripts are accounts of specific events, while episodic memories are accounts of repeated events. b. Scripts are rarely recollected in adulthood, while episodic memories are recollected in adulthood. c. Scripts are orderly accounts of information, while episodic memories are abstract accounts of information. d. Scripts are coherent in nature, while episodic memories are generalized accounts of information.

b. Scripts are rarely recollected in adulthood, while episodic memories are recollected in adulthood.

_____ refers to the thick bundle of nerve fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres of the human brain. a. The cerebrum b. The corpus callosum c. The cerebral cortex d. The cerebellum

b. The corpus callosum

Which of the following statements is true of sleep terrors? a. They are the same as nightmares. b. They usually occur during deep sleep. c. They are more common in infancy than at other ages. d. They occur more often as the child grows older.

b. They usually occur during deep sleep.

Which of the following is true of sleep terrors? a. They are outgrown by early adolescence. b. They wane as children develop. c. They occur during lighter rapid-eye-movement sleep. d. They are less severe than nightmares.

b. They wane as children develop.

Myelination of neural pathways linking the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex: a. accounts for the decrease in memory abilities of a child. b. accounts for the increase in fine motor skills, balance, and coordination of a child. c. is linked to poor verbal skills in a developing child. d. is linked to dramatic increase in a child's ability to imagine and be creative.

b. accounts for the increase in fine motor skills, balance, and coordination of a child.

Unlike the left hemisphere of the brain, the right hemisphere is relatively more involved in: a. intellectual undertakings that require logical analysis in right-handed individuals. b. aesthetic and emotional responses in right-handed individuals. c. problem-solving and computation in left-handed individuals. d. processing visual information in left-handed individuals.

b. aesthetic and emotional responses in right-handed individuals.

. Enuresis may be caused by: a. hyperactivity of the prefrontal cortex. b. an immature motor cortex. c. lack of specific neurotransmitters needed to achieve physical control. d. a pathological connection in the diencephalon.

b. an immature motor cortex.

Gross motor skills are those skills that: a. are used in manipulation and coordination involving small and precise movements. b. are used in locomotion that involve large muscle groups. c. are used by children when drawing images or playing a musical instrument. d. are acquired in late childhood or early adolescence.

b. are used in locomotion that involve large muscle groups.

In the context of height and weight gains during early childhood, as compared with infancy, _____. a. boys and girls gain some more baby fat b. boys and girls become more slender c. girls as a group become heavier and taller than boys d. girls as a group outgrow boys significantly

b. boys and girls become more slender

Increase in brain weight during the preschool years is due to the: a. increase in thickness of the skull. b. continuing myelination of nerve fibers. c. increase in size of the spinal cord. d. continuing of growth of the medulla.

b. continuing myelination of nerve fibers.

Plasticity of the brain is greatest at about _____. a. four to five years of age b. one to two years of age c. six to seven years of age d. eight to nine years of age

b. one to two years of age

Neurological factors that enable _____ include the growth of new dendrites and redundancy of neural connections. a. elasticity b. plasticity c. handedness d. enuresis

b. plasticity

Conservation is the understanding that: a. parents are aware of everything happening to their children, even when they are not present. b. properties of objects remain the same, even if you change their superficial characteristics. c. one's perspective is the same as other people's perspective, irrespective of the situation. d. environmental features, such as mountains and thunder, have been designed and created by people.

b. properties of objects remain the same, even if you change their superficial characteristics.

Somnambulism is also known as _____. a. bed-wetting b. sleepwalking c. soiling d. sleep apnea

b. sleepwalking

Knowing the distinction between actual and mental events and between how things appear and how they really are indicates that a person has a(n) _________ . ​ a. zone of proximal development b. theory of mind c. autobiographical memory d. appearance-reality distinction

b. theory of mind

. Four-year-old Jason says that he has to go out and play in the garden since there is bright light outside, while the light is actually because of a glowing bulb and not because of the sun. Jason is displaying _____. a. fast mapping b. transductive reasoning c. animism d. artificialism

b. transductive reasoning

In right-handed individuals, the right hemisphere of the brain is usually superior in _____. a. logical analysis b. visual-spatial functions c. computation d. problem-solving functions

b. visual-spatial functions

Which of the following is true of inner speech? a. It is proof that cognitive development precedes language development. b. It is proof that language development precedes cognitive development. c. It is the ultimate binding of language and thought. d. It is the conversation that a child has with his or her imaginary playmate.

c. It is the ultimate binding of language and thought.

_________ thought is characterized by the use of symbols to represent objects and relationships among them. ​ a. Deductive b. Transductive c. Preoperational d. Precausal

c. Preoperational

Which of the following activities involves gross motor skills? a. Painting a picture using a paintbrush b. Stringing four beads using a large needle c. Riding a bicycle with training wheels d. Building a tower with six cubes

c. Riding a bicycle with training wheels

Which of the following is an example of a major childhood illness in developing countries? a. Cold b. Vomiting c. Tetanus d. Nausea

c. Tetanus

Which of the following is true of childhood immunizations? a. They are used to eliminate diseases like arthritis and diabetes. b. They are still unavailable for diseases like rubella and diphtheria. c. They have greatly reduced the incidence of serious childhood illnesses. d. They have completely eliminated major childhood illnesses.

c. They have greatly reduced the incidence of serious childhood illnesses.

During preschool years, _____. a. girls as a group outgrow boys significantly b. boys as a group become more intelligent than girls c. boys as a group become slightly taller and heavier than girls d. girls as a group are better than boys in physical challenges

c. boys as a group become slightly taller and heavier than girls

During a recent parent-teacher meeting, the teacher explains to the parents of 3-year-old Cameron that he is in the design stage of artistic development. According to the teacher, Cameron should be able to draw _____. a. basic geometric shapes b. artistic pictures of landscapes c. combinations of the basic shapes d. recognizable objects like houses and airplanes

c. combinations of the basic shapes

By about age _________ , many children have learned to verbalize information silently to themselves by counting mentally, for example, rather than aloud. ​ a. one b. ten c. five d. three

c. five

. By the age of five, a child's brain: a. has reached 50% of its adult weight. b. has reached 75% of its adult weight. c. has reached 90% of its adult weight. d. has reached 10% of its adult weight.

c. has reached 90% of its adult weight.

Class inclusion tasks are difficult for a preoperational child because: a. it requires the child to have the ability of seriation. b. the child unnecessarily compares various subclasses of information. c. it requires the child to focus on two aspects of a situation at once. d. the child focuses on assigning one item to a category at a time.

c. it requires the child to focus on two aspects of a situation at once.

According to Piaget, the preoperational stage of cognitive development: a. lasts from approximately age eight to age eleven. b. involves the use of abstract reasoning. c. lasts from approximately age two to age seven. d. involves a growing mastery of formal logic.

c. lasts from approximately age two to age seven.

In a 24-hour period, most preschoolers sleep: a. 15 to 16 hours at night and two hours during the day. b. three to four hours at night and take two naps of three hours each. c. nine to ten hours at night and take a nap of one to two hours. d. 11 to 12 hours at night and four hours during the day.

c. nine to ten hours at night and take a nap of one to two hours

. Younger preschoolers are more likely to engage in _____ than older preschoolers. a. sociodramatic play b. cooperative play c. physical play d. role play

c. physical play

Changing one's speech to fit a particular social situation demonstrates _________ . ​ a. grammar b. syntax c. pragmatics d. egocentrism

c. pragmatics

Which of the following is true of bed-wetting? a. Bed-wetting is a sign of poor parenting. b. Bed-wetting increases in occurrence with age. c. Bed-wetting is more common among girls than boys. d. Bed-wetting occurs more often during deep sleep.

d. Bed-wetting occurs more often during deep sleep.

Which of the following is a similarity between sleep terrors and somnambulism? a. Both take place during lighter rapid-eye-movement sleep. b. Both involve violent agitation when awakened during an episode. c. Both intensify as children develop. d. Both occur during deep sleep.

d. Both occur during deep sleep.

Which of the following is an example of a minor illness? a. Tuberculosis b. Measles c. Pneumonia d. Diarrhea

d. Diarrhea

_____ are skills that involve the small muscles used in manipulation and coordination. a. Social skills b. Gross motor skills c. Cognitive skills d. Fine motor skills

d. Fine motor skills

Which of the following is a result of the myelination of the corpus callosum? a. It hinders the development of the cerebellum. b. It restricts the brain from exhibiting plasticity. c. It helps in distinguishing between left- and right-brained children. d. It enables the integration of logical and emotional functioning.

d. It enables the integration of logical and emotional functioning

Which of the following is true of somnambulism? a. It usually occurs more commonly in adults than children. b. It usually occurs during light rapid-eye-movement sleep. c. It causes violent agitation in children if awakened during an episode. d. It tends to occur during deep sleep.

d. It tends to occur during deep sleep.

Which of the following is true of the corpus callosum? a. It starts developing only after the age of five. b. Its use is limited to processing visual information. c. It connects the brain stem to the frontal regions of the brain. d. Its myelination is largely complete by the age of eight.

d. Its myelination is largely complete by the age of eight.

Which of the following statements is true of the development of motor skills in early childhood? a. Girls are significantly better at tasks requiring gross motor skills than boys. b. Boys are significantly better at tasks requiring precise movements than girls. c. Motor skills of boys develop at a slower rate than that of girls. d. Motor skills are very similar in boys and girls.

d. Motor skills are very similar in boys and girls.

_________ refers to the application of regular grammatical rules for forming inflections to irregular verbs and nouns. ​ a. Fast mapping b. Rehearsal c. Pragmatics d. Overregularization

d. Overregularization

Which of the following activities involves fine motor skills? a. Walking upstairs, two feet to a step b. Kicking a large ball c. Hopping on one foot d. Placing simple shapes in the correct holes

d. Placing simple shapes in the correct holes

Nathan and Joseph are chasing each other around the park and wrestling in the grass. Which of the following forms of play are the children involved in? a. Sociodramatic play b. Cooperative play c. Creative play d. Rough-and-tumble play

d. Rough-and-tumble play

Which of the following is true of imaginary friends? a. They are a sign of serious cognitive problems. b. They are an indication of the child having problems with real relationships. c. They are companions for 95% of preschoolers. d. They are most commonly found among firstborn and only children.

d. They are most commonly found among firstborn and only children.

Which of the following holds true for children moving from infancy into their second and third years? a. They need to consume more carbohydrates. b. They need a significantly less intake of vitamin. c. They need a significantly high intake of fat. d. They need to consume fewer calories.

d. They need to consume fewer calories.

Which of the following is an example of a child showing fine motor skills? a. Five-year-old Leah throwing a ball forcefully b. Two-year-old Kyron pushing and pulling large toys c. Four-year-old Farah riding a tricycle very well d. Three-year-old Dana building a tower with nine cubes

d. Three-year-old Dana building a tower with nine cubes

Gina is three years old. She can tell her friend that, before going to bed, she puts her pajamas on, brushes her teeth, and listens to a story. Gina's account of this repeated event is called _____. a. a scaffold b. rehearsal c. fast mapping d. a script

d. a script

Preschoolers who engage in violent pretend play demonstrate: a. higher levels of paranoia than other children. b. less antisocial behavior in later childhood. c. more helping behavior toward other children. d. lower levels of empathy than other children.

d. lower levels of empathy than other children.

Children's artistic development is linked to the development of _____. a. social and sensory skills b. conservative and redundant skills c. emotional and behavioral skills d. motor and cognitive skills

d. motor and cognitive skills

In preschoolers, _____ enables other areas of the brain to compensate for injuries to particular areas of the brain. a. elasticity b. specificity c. efficacy d. plasticity

d. plasticity

Unlike children who do not have imaginary companions, children with imaginary companions: a. are more aggressive. b. are less cooperative. c. show low levels of creativity. d. show more advancement in language development.

d. show more advancement in language development.

Sleep terrors differ from nightmares in that: a. nightmares are more frightening. b. sleep terrors occur during rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep. c. nightmares are usually outgrown. d. sleep terrors occur during a deeper sleep stage.

d. sleep terrors occur during a deeper sleep stage.