Life Science Final

Which of the following would be a theory?

****Specific pathogens are directly responsible for specific diseases and conditions.***** A fungal infection is responsible for the spread of white noses and associated higher mortality across bat populations and species. Bats with white noses have been observed in the wild. A fungal infection causes bats to wake up repeatedly during the winter and use up their fat reserves.

The gene for a certain sex-linked trait is found only on the Y chromosome. If the male parent has this gene, the trait will be expressed in......

100 percent of the male offspring.

Humans have ________ pairs of homologous chromosomes.

23

Consider a gene with two alleles that show complete dominance. When two heterozygotes for this gene breed, they have a 25 percent chance of producing a homozygous recessive offspring. The next time these two individuals breed, what are the chances that they will once again have a homozygous recessive progeny?

25 percent

If a plant has a total of 18 chromosomes, how many chromosomes would be present in each of its gametes?

9

Which of the following examples indicates a situation where the researcher is MOST likely to have a possible bias regarding his or her work?

A researcher, funded by a pharmaceutical company, is testing the clinical effectiveness and safety of a new vaccine. A researcher, funded by a public grant, is testing the clinical effectiveness and safety of a new vaccine. A federally funded researcher is working on developing a genetically engineered microbe to quickly digest oil spills. *****A privately funded researcher is working on developing a genetically engineered and patented microbe to quickly digest oil spills. If successful, the microbe would be marketed worldwide.*****

If a genetic disorder is caused by a dominant allele, individuals with which of the following genotypes would be affected by the disorder?

AA and Aa

Which of the following is either consumed or synthesized in virtually every cellular reaction?

ATP

Which of these molecules carries the most energy?

ATP

Which of the following must be true for a woman who is heterozygous for a given gene?

All of her eggs will contain one allele or the other but not both alleles.

The coat color in a Siamese cat is determined by a temperature-sensitive allele that allows the brownish pigment melanin to be produced in extremities of the body. What might explain this phenomenon?

Alleles are used to produce proteins that function best in specific temperature ranges

Scientists working for a major cosmetics company are attempting to determine if a new face cream can reduce the number of fine lines and wrinkles on a person's face. This is an example of.....

Applied Research

A research team funded by federal grants is studying the coevolution of pain receptors in grasshopper mice and the neurotoxic venom of scorpions (one of their primary food sources) to determine how the mice have adapted to the venom of their prey. This is an example of ________ research.

Basic

Scientists at a major university are attempting to isolate the gene that slows the degeneration of collagen in skin. This is an example of.....

Basic Research

Which of the following statements is true of proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids?

Each of these molecules is built from a common set of monomers.

Which of the following represents all of the possible gametes that can be formed by an individual with the genetic makeup FfGgHH?

FGH, FgH, fGH, fgH

A scientist notices that a population of birds has decreased dramatically within one year and suspects that a newly introduced snail population may be affecting the bird population. Some individuals within the bird population eat snails, primarily, while other individuals avoid eating snails. Which of the following statements represents a prediction based on a well-constructed hypothesis for this observation?

If birds are affected by eating snails, then there will be a difference in the survival rate of birds that eat snails and those that avoid snails

Which of the following statements about cell division is correct?

It is the process by which organisms grow and maintain their tissues.

Which of the following molecules carries electrons to the electron transport chain of oxidative phosphorylation?

NADH

Recently, beekeepers have noticed an alarming and sudden disappearance of honeybees from their hives. Some beekeepers and environmentalists worry that crops genetically engineered to produce Bt insecticidal toxin may be killing the bees. Without data from a scientific experiment, is it reasonable to state that Bt-containing crops are responsible for the loss of honeybees?

No, because there could be some other unknown or unmentioned factor affecting the survival of honeybees.

What is the importance of photosynthesis to organisms other than plants?

Photosynthesis captures energy that other organisms access when they eat either plants or organisms that eat plants.

You are reading an article in National Geographic regarding the evolution of humans. This would be an example of ________ literature.

Secondary

Which of the following would be a fact?

Specific pathogens are directly responsible for specific diseases and conditions. A fungal infection is solely responsible for the spread of white noses and associated higher mortality across bat populations and species. **Bats with white noses have been observed in the wild.** A fungal infection causes bats to wake up repeatedly during the winter and use up their fat reserves.

Why did Mendel analyze thousands of plants while conducting his research?

The likelihood of seeing a clear pattern is higher with a larger data set.

What is the significance of crossing over?

The resulting gametes will have novel gene combinations compared to their parent cells' gene combinations.

In science, when a hypothesis or group of hypotheses supported by repeated experimental evidence holds true through time, it can be developed into a...

Theory

Autosomal dominant diseases are exhibited by anyone who carries at least one dominant allele for that gene. How is it that dominant lethal genes, such as the one that causes Huntington disease, can persist in a population?

These diseases usually take effect later in life after people have had children.

When determining whether a claim about a new cleansing juice diet is scientific or pseudoscientific, which of the following is NOT a helpful question to ask yourself?

What are the credentials and possible bias or agenda of the person(s) making the claim? Has the claim been published in a peer-reviewed, reputable scientific journal? Does the scientific study purporting to support the claim meet the standards of the scientific method? ******Are there a lot of people, including celebrities, endorsing the product as a healthy weight-loss method?******

Some questions fall outside the realm of science. Which of the following questions could NOT be answered using the scientific method?

What is the function of the appendix in human beings? Why is it so difficult to quit smoking? Why do smokers develop lung cancer more frequently than nonsmokers? *****Why is it unethical to test newly developed drugs in animals?****

Is it important for scientists to communicate their results to fellow scientists?

Yes. The quality and accuracy of the scientific work can be enhanced by input, further review, and possibly even repetition by other scientists working in the same field.

In making her morning tea, Dorothy drops a sugar cube into the hot water. She stirs the mixture but no longer sees the sugar cube at the bottom of her mug. In this scenario, the sugar is.....

a solute.

An allele is....

a version of a gene.

Which of the following would be the best analogy for the function of the Golgi apparatus?

a worker in a factory who places labels on products and then packs them into a shipping box

A researcher in a laboratory tests a food item and identifies protein in it. The food item must also contain....

amino acids

Chromosomes that are NOT involved in determining gender are known as...

autosomes.

All of the following contribute to genetic uniqueness EXCEPT...

binary fission.

The central element found in organic molecules is.....

carbon

The chromosomes in a homologous pair.....

carry the same genes.

Chemical reactions that break down lipids are.....

catabolic.

The membranes of the mitochondria provide a place for enzymes needed for ________to anchor and function.

cellular respiration

Homologous chromosomes......

consist of a maternal and paternal copy of each chromosome.

Most human genetic characters are....

controlled by more than one gene.

The fact that the onset of autism symptoms typically occur at about the same age children receive many of their vaccinations, including the MMR, is an example of an observed...

correlation but not necessarily evidence of a cause-effect relationship.

The subatomic particles that possess a single negative charge and surround the nucleus are the....

electrons.

Mendel used ________ as his research organism to study patterns of genetic inheritance.

garden peas

Mutations will affect the....

genotype, which may affect the phenotype.

Which step of cellular respiration occurs outside the mitochondria?

glycolysis

Ionic bonds ________, whereas covalent bonds ________.

hold together oppositely charged atoms; hold together atoms that share electrons

Phospholipids are large organic molecules with a hydrophilic, polar phosphate head connected to hydrophobic, nonpolar fatty acid tails. These molecules arrange themselves to form a mostly impermeable barrier between a liposome and its environment by lining up......

hydrophobic tails facing each other at the center line of the membrane with the hydrophilic heads facing outward, away from the center line of the membrane.

The possible combinations of alleles in gametes ________ due to independent assortment and crossing over.

increases

New medications undergo extensive human testing before receiving FDA approval. These tests represent an experiment, and variations in the dosage given to participants represents the.....

independent variable.

A solid waste (garbage) transfer facility that sorts and breaks down garbage into recyclables and waste to be thrown away in the landfill would be a suitable analogy for which cellular organelle?

lysosome

A solution with a pH of 4 is ________ acidic than a solution with a pH of 5. The solution with the pH of 4 has a ________ concentration of hydrogen ions than the solution with a pH of 5.

more; higher

Scientists repeat their experiments over and over again because they....

must make sure the results were not accidents and that they are repeatable.

A scientist observed a chemical that changes to bright red in the presence of organic compounds containing nitrogen and phosphorus. To test this chemical, a set of test tubes each containing a purified sample of one of the following organic compounds is prepared. The chemical is then added to each tube. The test tube containing ________ will always turn bright red.

nucleic acids

During meiosis I, the chromosome number is reduced to haploid by separating....

one of each homologous chromosome pair into two different daughter cells.

Cells naturally, without using energy, respond to changes in water concentration through the process of....

osmosis.

A ________ is a chart that shows genetic relationships within a family over several generations.

pedigree

The reliability of primary scientific literature is strengthened by the ________ process, in which the work is examined by other leaders in the same field. For instance, a scientific paper examining the evolution of tetrapods would be reviewed by other evolutionary biologists and paleontologists

peer-review

Cells lining blood vessels can form vesicles outside of the cell that can fold into the cell taking in liquids and solutes from the bloodstream. This is an example of.....

pinocytosis

Living cells have an intact phospholipid bilayer that separates the cell from its external environment; this structure is commonly referred to as the

plasma membrane.

Which of the following is LEAST likely to include unchecked bias when making scientific statements?

political groups religious groups marketing groups ****peer-reviewed scientific journals****

A Punnett square is used to....

predict the genotypes and phenotypes of a genetic cross.

The outcome of meiosis is the....

production of eggs and sperm.

Which of the following is the largest in size?

protein

Ribosomes are very small nonmembranous organelles that can either exist freely in the cytoplasm or be embedded in the endoplasmic reticulum of a cell. They are associated with the synthesis of.....

proteins

Most inherited human disorders are the result of.....

recessive mutations of genes located on autosomes.

Glycolysis is an anaerobic process, indicating that the glycolytic reactions......

require no oxygen.

Carbon dioxide is one product of a metabolic process, which occurs in both plants and animals. This process is called

respiration.

Which of the following would be likely to require facilitated diffusion to move across the plasma membrane?

sodium ions (Na+), hydrogen ions (H+), sugars, and amino acids

Photosynthetic organisms capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical bonds by forming.....

sugars

In Mendel's controlled mating experiments, the individuals produced by crossing two true-breeding parents are referred to as....

the F1 generation.

Announcing "scientific" findings in a press conference before they have been published in an established scientific journal suggests

there may be reason to question the validity of the results or conclusions.

If two parents are heterozygous for an autosomal recessive disease....

they are both considered genetic carriers for the disease.

Whenever we ________, we are proceeding scientifically.

try to solve a problem by systematically evaluating the plausibility of various solutions

The events of the Calvin cycle....

use ATP and NADPH to produce sugars.

In living systems, a critical component of many reactions is.....

water.

The successful union of one male and one female gamete forms a new single cell known as a....

zygote.