Life Span Development Exam 2

1.) Phase 1: birth to 2 months 2.) Phase 2: 2 to 7 months 3.) Phase 3: 7 to 24 months 4.) Phase 4: from 24 months on

1.) Children instinctively direct attachment to human figures. 2.) Attachment becomes focused on one figure. 3.) Specific attachments develop. 4.) Children become aware of others' feelings, goals, and plans.

1.) Freud 2.) Erikson 3.) Bowlby

1.) Infants become attached to the person who provides oral satisfaction. 2.) A sense of trust is the foundation for attachment. 3.) Infants and caregivers are biologically predisposed to form attachments.

Match the author or pair of authors with the appropriate temperament model. 1.) Chess and Thomas 2.) Kagan 3.) Rothbart and Bates

1.) easy, difficult, slow-to-warm-up 2.) degrees of inhibition to the unfamiliar 3.) extraversion, negative affectivity, effortful control

Self-conscious emotions develop around the age of:

18 to 24 months.

In part because of positive social interchanges with caregivers, infants begin to respond differently to people than they do to objects by ______ of age.

2-3 months

The frequency of face-to-face play becomes less common after about the age of:

7 months.

The Strange Situation, which was an observational means to identify individual differences in infant attachment, was developed by:

Ainsworth.

Which of the following people identified three basic types, or clusters, of temperament—easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up?

Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas

What type of infant cry has a loud, harsh sound to it, almost like shouting?

Anger cry

______ is defined as the close emotional bond between two people.

Attachment

As children progress from the _____________ (early/middle/late) through the _____________ (early/middle/late) childhood years, they come to recognize emotions, are able to identify and explain them, are increasingly concerned with self-regulating them, and appreciate that they can be ambiguous.

Blank 1: middle Blank 2: late

A _______________(reflexive/social) smile in an infant does not occur in response to external stimuli, but a ______________(reflexive/social) smile does.

Blank 1: reflexive Blank 2: social

Which of the following ideas are stressed by John Bowlby in his concept of attachment? (Choose every correct answer.)

Caregiver responsiveness is important. Attachment is crucial in the first year.

What must infants have in order to make generalizations about objects?

Concepts

______ are cognitive groupings of similar objects, events, people, or ideas.

Concepts

Chess and Thomas' classification system placed children into which categories of temperament? (Select all that apply)

Easy Slow-to-warm-up Difficult

Executive function involves managing one's thoughts for the purpose of which two of the following?

Engaging in goal-directed behavior Exercising self-control

Which of the following statements are true based on Harlow's conclusions from studying infant monkeys? (Select all that apply)

Feeding is not the crucial element in the attachment process. Contact comfort is crucial in the attachment process.

Which of the following theorists proposed influential theories of infant attachment?

Freud Erikson Bowlby

What emotion would an infant younger than 6 months likely NOT to experience?

Guilt

Baby Marlow uses mom as a base from which to explore the environment. When mom leaves, he protests mildly, and when mom returns, he reestablishes positive interactions with her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Marlow?

He is a securely attached baby.

Research has found that decreases in infants' negative emotionality are linked to which of the following? (Select all that apply)

Higher levels of parental sensitivity Higher parental involvement Higher levels of parental responsiveness

Which of the following statements apply to Bowlby's concept of attachment? (Select all that apply)

Infants and caregivers are biologically predisposed to form attachments. Attachment is important for survival.

Which of the following are true about the developmental cascade model? (Select all that apply)

It can involve social contexts such as families, peers, schools, and culture. It can include connections between biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes. It can produce positive or negative outcomes at different points in development.

Which of the following statements are true regarding face-to-face play? (Select all that apply)

It includes vocalization, touch, and gestures. It begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age.

Which of the following are true of infants' advances in processing information, as compared to how it was envisioned by earlier theorists?

It occurs earlier than previously envisioned. It is more gradual. It is much richer.

Which statement is true about fear in infants?

It typically begins when the baby is about 6 months old and peaks at about 18 months.

A research study was performed in which 6-month-old infants observed their mothers either giving attention to a lifelike baby doll or gently rocking it (Hart & others, 2004). Researchers had to decide if infant emotional expressions constituted __________. This illustrates the complexity of indexing early emotions.

Jealousy

Jack and Jill are brother and sister fraternal twins. Based on research, if both babies are crying, their mother will most likely respond to ______________ (Jack/Jill) simply because of the gender.

Jill

Which are important social cognitive accomplishments that are established at the end of the first year? (Choose every correct answer.)

Joint attention Perceiving that the behavior of others is goal-directed

Emotional changes in adulthood include which of the following? (Select all that apply)

Making decisions about a life partner Moving toward a more predictable lifestyle Making decisions about occupations

According to a recent longitudinal study, which of the following predicted secure attachment in adolescence and emerging adulthood?

Maternal sensitivity in childhood and adolescence

Infants' social sophistication and insight are reflected by which of the following?

Motivation to share and participate in others' intentionally motivated actions. Increase in emotional understanding and communication. Perceptions of others' actions as intentionally motivated.

The development of locomotor skills is the result of which of the following? (Choose every correct answer.)

Nervous system development Environmental support for the skill Infant motivation to reach a goal

Michael is a baby who has demonstrated that he can put all the red blocks in one pile and all the blue blocks in a different pile. What area of categorization has Michael demonstrated?

Perceptual categorization

Which two of the following are the most consistent outcomes of secure attachment in adolescence?

Positive peer relations Emotion regulation

Which type of emotions is most likely to be observed in infancy?

Primary

Social ______ occurs when one can understand the emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a given situation.

Referencing

Which type of infant smile does NOT depend on external stimuli?

Reflexive

Emotion ______ plays a key role for young children when managing the demands and conflicts that arise when interacting with others.

Regulation

As children acquire emotional competence they will exhibit which of the following behaviors? (Select all that apply)

Resilience in stressful circumstances Positive relationship development More effective management of their emotions

After developing self-awareness, children around the age of 18 to 24 months begin experiencing what type of emotion?

Self-conscious

One way to describe temperament is in terms of predispositions toward which two of the following?

Self-regulation Reactivity

Emotion regulation is key to which of the following? (Choose every correct answer.)

Social competence Coping with stress

______ refers to an individual's behavioral style and characteristic ways of responding.

Temperament

According to a study by Joseph Allen and his colleagues, adolescents who were securely attached at age 14 were more likely to report which of the following at age 21? (Select all that apply)

That they were in an exclusive relationship That they were comfortable with intimacy That they were attaining increased financial independence

If an infant categorizes birds and airplanes into the same group, which of the following statements is true regarding the infant's perceptual categorization and conceptual categorization?

The infant understands perceptual categorization but not conceptual categorization.

True or false: In development, biological, cognitive, and social processes are intricately intertwined.

True

True or false: Research has shown that categorization is influenced strongly by gender.

True

The term stranger ______ describes a situation in which infants demonstrate a wariness of people they do not know.

anxiety

Adults with a(n) ______ attachment style demand closeness, are less trusting, and jealous.

anxious

The close emotional bond between mothers and infants is called . (Make sure to spell it correctly in order to get credit!)

attachment

Adults with a(n) ______ attachment style are hesitant about getting involved in romantic relationships.

avoidant

A(n) ______ cry is a rhythmic pattern that usually consists of a cry, followed by a briefer silence, then a shorter inspiratory whistle that is higher pitched than the main cry, and then a brief rest before the next cry.

basic

The developmental _____________ model involves connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes.

cascade

Research has shown that of interests (such as trucks, trains, books, or reading) on particular items is influenced strongly by gender. (Watch your spelling!)

categorization

Which term refers to a child's ability to connect his or her own intentions with a peer's intentions and use this understanding to interact with the peer to reach a goal?

cooperation

Which of the following are aspects of the development of social orientation?

cooperation goal-directed behaviors locomotion

When people grasp the deeper meaning of ideas, keep an open mind about different approaches and perspectives, and decide for themselves what to believe or do, they are using ______ thinking.

critical

______________ thinking occurs when a person grasps the deeper meaning of ideas, keeps an open mind about different approaches and perspectives, and decides for themselves what to believe or do.

critical

The jealousy research study in which infants observed their mothers holding a lifelike baby doll illustrates the:

difficulty of interpreting infant emotion.

According to Ainsworth's model, insecure ______ babies may show confusion and fearfulness around their caregivers.

disorganized

According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n)________________ child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts readily to new experiences.

easy

A feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being, is called:

emotion

Katrina is a child who has good social skills. When she has a disagreement with her friend, she is able to talk calmly with her and not resort to yelling and crying. Developmentalists would say that Katrina has developed healthy

emotion regulation.

Older adults are motivated to spend more time pursuing ______ satisfaction.

emotional

Because they place a high value on ______, older adults spend more time with familiar individuals with whom they have had rewarding relationships.

emotional satisfaction

is characterized by behavior that reflects the pleasantness or unpleasantness of the state that individuals are in, or the transactions they are experiencing.

emotions

Which of the following are self-conscious emotions?

empathy, pride, shame, guilt, and embarrassment.

The use of ___________ to __________ play begins at about 2 to 3 months of age and includes vocalizations, touch, and gestures.

face face

True or false: Temperament remains stable throughout an individual's development.

false

Which of the following are important factors that shape one's temperament?

gender caregiver's culture

The match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope is known by the term:

goodness of fit.

As the nervous system in infants develops, locomotion becomes possible and children are able to develop a certain amount of:

independence.

Bowlby's internal working model of attachment eventually:

influences the child's subsequent responses to other people.

A key theme in emotional development in adulthood is the adaptive ______ of emotional experience and daily life.

integration

Being skilled at perceiving and expressing emotion, understanding emotion, using feelings to facilitate thought, and managing emotions effectively is a description of emotional:

intelligence.

According to twin studies, heredity has a ______ influence on differences in temperament within a group of people

moderate

Researchers are discovering that infants are (more/less) socially sophisticated and insightful at younger ages than was previously envisioned.

more

As compared to the parents, adolescents are more likely to experience:

more extreme and more fleeting emotions.

Adolescents can become moody from time to time, and it is important for parents to recognize that moodiness during adolescence is:

normal.

Infants seem to categorize on the basis of ______ features, such as shape, color, and pattern.

perceptual

Executive function refers to a number of higher level cognitive processes linked to the development of the brain's:

prefrontal cortex.

One way to describe temperament involves the variation in the speed and intensity with which an individual responds to situations with positive or negative emotions. This is referred to as:

reactivity.

Ineffective emotion regulation in adolescence is linked to all of the following EXCEPT:

rule following.

Self-conscious emotions do not appear until the second half of the ______ year of life.

second

Adults with a(n) ____________- attachment style have positive relationships.

secure

What term describes an infant who sees the caregiver as a base from which to explore the environment?

securely attached

Which type of emotion requires self-awareness and a sense of "me"?

self-conscious

Which of the following refers to an infant's ability to "read" the emotions of other people?

social referencing

Ainsworth created the ___________. Situation, an observational way to identify differences in infant attachment.

strange

Nine-year-old Aaron used to get really angry with his classmates, but that is not the case now. This example illustrates that in middle-to-late childhood, children learn to:

suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions.

Jeremy is a very active toddler whose parents try to avoid putting him in situations where he must sit still for long periods of time. This illustrates

the concept of goodness of fit.

Reasoning, reflection, solving problems, and making decisions are all parts of:

thinking.

The manipulating and transforming of information in memory is called:

thinking.

True or false: According to the fuzzy-trace theory dual-process model, it is more beneficial for adolescents to base their judgments and decisions on simple gist than on analytical thinking.

true

True or false: The human infant shows a remarkable degree of learning power and complexity in what is being learned.

true

Bowlby argued that infants develop an internal ____________ ___________ of attachment.

working model