Life-span Developmental Psych Final (Santrock)

Which of the following is true of the possible selves of older adults?

Acceptance of past selves increases

Joey has shot up in height over the past year, has developed a deeper voice, and is starting to grow facial hair. He is preoccupied with the pursuit of independence and identity and is spending more time with friends and less with family. Which of the following periods of development is Joey in?

Adolescence

Which of the following statements about religion and adolescents has research shown to be true?

Adolescent girls are more religious than are adolescent boys.

Which of the following is true about gender differences in adult friendships?

Adult male friendships are more competitive than those of women.

Which of the following statements is TRUE about work in midlife?

Age related declines occur in some occupations such as air traffic controllers and professional athletes.

Hidalgo, 8, is very good at addition and subtraction, but he has a hard time understanding the complex algebraic problems that his 14-year-old sister does. Hidalgo is currently in which of Jean Piaget's stages of development?

Concrete operational

According to Robert J. Sternberg, which of the following is the strongest and fullest form of love?

Consummate love

Dr. McLean has designed a study to test the cognitive skills of people in their 30s, 50s, and 70s, where data is collected over the course of a day through a series of tests. What type of research approach is Dr. McLean using?

Cross-sectional

Which of the following is an outcome of the reduced blood supply to the eye during late middle-age?

Decrease in the visual field's size

_____ is the global term for any neurological disorder in which the primary symptoms involve a deterioration of mental functioning.

Dementia

Identify the major task that must be mastered in early adulthood, according to Levinson.

Developing a stable life structure

_____ is a time of establishing personal and economic independence, career development, and, for many, selecting a mate, learning to live with someone in an intimate way, starting a family, and rearing children.

Early adulthood

Which of the following is NOT one of the factors that could be related to erectile problems in middle-aged men?

Excessive sexual activity

Which of the following is the positive resolution of the psychological conflict of identity vs. confusion?

Fidelity

Which of the following concepts have distinctions similar to the ones between cognitive mechanics and cognitive pragmatics?

Fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence

Which of the following statements about the trend in cross-cultural gender differences in sexual expression is true?

Gender differences in sexual expression and educational opportunities appear to be narrowing over time.

Which of the following is the probable reason for the decline in working memory in older adults?

Increased distractibility

Ms. Chang is trying to prepare her health-class students for the onset of puberty. What should she tell the boys that they are likely to experience first?

Increased penis and testicle size

Which of the following is true of the usage of Internet among older adults?

Increasing numbers of older adults use e-mail to communicate with relatives.

Which of the following is a significant observation by Neugarten regarding social clocks?

Individuals whose lives are synchronized with the social clocks are less stressed.

According to Erikson, the positive resolution of which developmental stage culminates an acceptance of the course of one's life and unfulfilled hopes in old age?

Industry vs. inferiority

Identify Erikson's developmental stage that individuals experience in school age.

Industry vs. inferiority

Julie describes how she feels about Mark: "I'm very physically attracted to him, but we aren't what you would call emotionally close. I love being with him, but I don't know that this will be a long-lasting relationship". According to Robert Sternberg's theory of love, which type of love is Julie experiencing?

Infatuation

According to Erik Erikson, which of the following is the sixth developmental stage?

Intimacy versus isolation

Which of the following is a potential benefit of romantic relationships over the Internet?

It benefits shy and anxious people who find it difficult to meet potential partners in person.

Which of the following is the effect of the drug treatment given to patients with Alzheimer disease?

It increases levels of acetylcholine in the brain.

As a result of aging, which of the following is NOT likely to deteriorate?

Language comprehension

Which living arrangement is the most common for elderly adults?

Living with a family member

Across a 10-year period, which of the following Big Five personality factors did NOT predict health outcomes involving physical health, blood pressure, and number of days limited at work or home due to physical health factors?

Openness

Which of the following is NOT a myth about parenting?

Parenting requires some training

Which one of the following is an advantage of having children late?

Parents have more income for child-rearing expenses

Which of the following statements does the new model of parent-adolescent relationships emphasize?

Parents serve as important attachment figures and support systems during adolescence.

_____ is triggered by degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain.

Parkinson disease

Which of the following is true about why males are more likely than females to succeed in committing suicide?

They use more lethal means than do females.

Which of the following is a problem that can plague cross-gender friendships?

Unclear sexual boundaries

Which of the following is a major difference between Levinson's and Valliant's view on midlife?

Unlike Levinson, Valliant maintains that only a minority of adults experience midlife as a crisis.

Which of the following strategies would be most helpful in improving memory in middle age?

Use an organization strategy to categorize information to be remembered.

According to the Seattle Longitudinal Study of individuals aged 25 to 95, which of the following abilities showed the least decline with age?

Verbal comprehension

The most effective way to treat adolescent depression is:

a combination of drug therapy and cognitive behavior therapy

Mr. Chang works at a boring but tense job. Stress from his job keeps him up late on most nights. Mr. Chang is experiencing the stress of:

a daily hassle

Bill wants to interview a sample of elderly adults for a project in his college human development course. He decides to go to a local nursing home for his interviews because he assumes that most of the elderly adults in his community live in an arrangement like that. Given statistics on living arrangements for the elderly, we know that Bill's sample is representative of:

a fraction of elderly adults, because only a small percentage live in nursing homes

For the majority of teens, adolescence is marked by:

a healthy self-image.

The event that comes closest to being a culture-wide rite of passage in the United States is:

a high school graduation ceremony

Exercise is related to all of the following positive outcomes in adolescence, EXCEPT:

a lower incidence of type I diabetes.

According to Erikson, in old age, the positive resolution of the conflict of identity vs. confusion culminates in:

a sense of complexity of life

According to Erikson, in old age, the positive resolution of the conflict of intimacy vs. isolation culminates in:

a sense of complexity of relationships.

In a longitudinal study of individuals from their early thirties through their late sixties/early seventies showed that:

a significant increase in spirituality occurred between late middle and late adulthood.

As opposed to the trend in young children, teenagers typically prefer to have:

a smaller number of friendships that are more intense and intimate

A recent study reported by De Meyer and others revealed that _____, which is a protein fragment that forms plaques in the brain, was present in the spinal fluid of approximately 75 percent of the individuals with mild cognitive impairment.

amyloid beta

Lesbian couples especially place a high priority on:

equality in their relationships

In contrast to Piaget's views, the development of formal operational thinking:

is promoted by education in the logic of science and mathematics

The 35-year-old grandmother, the 65-year-old father of a preschooler, the 15-year old surgeon, and the 70-year-old student, all serve to illustrate that:

old assumptions about the proper timing of life events no longer govern our lives.

In a study, almost 50 percent of high school dropouts cited _____ reasons for leaving school.

school-related

Trevor and Michelle's last child has just left home to attend college. According to a research conducted by Gorchoff, John, and Helson in 2008, this will most likely be a time when:

they will have increased marital satisfaction

"Amelia's all excited about this new guy she met," says Julie. "I guess it makes sense because he's really a geek." Based on the concept of consensual validation, we can expect that Julie:

thinks that Amelia is also a geek.

Mary Carskadon and her colleagues' research on adolescent sleep patterns found that:

when given the opportunity, adolescents will sleep an average of 9 hours and 25 minutes a night

The concept of _____ emphasizes that changes in cognitive activity patterns might result in disuse and consequent atrophy of cognitive skills.

"use it or lose it"

It is recommended that premarital education begin approximately:

6 months to a year before the wedding

Three prominent meanings are attached to being a grandparent. Which of the following is NOT one of those meanings?

A financial strain

_____ refers to a progressive, irreversible brain disorder that is characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually, physical function.

Alzheimer disease

Amanda's mother suffers from anorexia nervosa. Which of the following statements about Amanda is TRUE?

Amanda is at risk of becoming anorexic herself.

Which of the following is one of the main characteristics that applies to people suffering from anorexia nervosa?

Amenorrhea in girls who have reached puberty

Which of the following is the result of reduced blood supply to the eye in the fifties and sixties?

An increase in the eye's blind spot

Which of the following characterizes a person suffering from anorexia nervosa?

An intense fear of gaining weight that does not decrease with weight loss

A gene called _____ is linked to increasing presence of plaques and tangles in the brain.

ApoE

According to Erikson, the positive resolution of which developmental stage culminates in appreciation of interdependence and relatedness in old age?

Basic trust vs. mistrust

According to Erikson, which of the following stages of development does an individual experience in infancy?

Basic trust vs. mistrust

According to Levinson, the changes to middle-adulthood requires that the adult male come to grips with four major conflicts. Which of the following is NOT one of these major conflicts?

Being attractive versus being unattractive

Which of the following is the reason for the decrease in height with age advancement?

Bone loss in the vertebrae

Which theory is similar to the contemporary life-events approach in highlighting the importance of complex setting of people's lives?

Bronfenbrenner's theory

Which of the following statements about bone and joint functioning is TRUE?

By the end of midlife, bones break more easily and heal more slowly.

Which of the following is a drug used to treat Alzheimer disease?

Cholinerase inhibitors

Which of the following statements is TRUE about chronic conditions?

Chronic disorders are rare in early adulthood.

Which of the following statements about the timing of identity development is TRUE?

College upperclassmen are more likely to be identity achieved than college freshmen or high school students.

Identify the seventh stage of Erikson's life span theory.

Generativity versus stagnation

Which of the following qualifies as binge drinking as defined in the University of Michigan surveys?

Having five or more drinks in a row in the last two weeks.

Which of the following is the positive resolution of the psychological conflict of basic trust vs. mistrust?

Hope

Fifteen-year-old Juanita wants to skip school today because she is having a bad hair day and is convinced that everybody will notice and think badly of her. Which aspect of adolescent egocentrism is Juanita experiencing?

Imaginary audience

Why are older adults more likely to forget what items they wanted to buy at a grocery store (unless they write them down on a list and take it with them) than they are to forget how to drive a car?

Implicit memory is less likely to be adversely affected by aging than explicit memory.

Which of the following statements is true?

Marked weight gains coincide with the onset of puberty for both boys and girls.

Which of the following factors is NOT associated with an increase in divorce?

Marrying late in life

Which of the following statements about bone density is TRUE?

Maximum bone density occurs by the mid- to late thirties.

Which of the following is true of middle-aged and older adults who had poor sibling relationships in childhood?

Men were more likely to develop depression by age 50.

According to the cross-sectional study on self-esteem conducted by Robins and others (2002), which age group has the highest self-esteem?

Middle-aged adults

_____ is increasingly recognized as a risk factor for Alzheimer disease.

Mild cognitive impairment

Which of the following has been found to be associated with prolonged, intense parent-adolescent conflict?

Movement out of the home

According to life-span developmentalist Paul Baltes, the benefits conferred by evolutionary selection decrease with age. Natural selection has not weeded out many harmful conditions and nonadaptive characteristics that appear among older adults. Why?

Natural selection operates primarily on characteristics that are tied to reproductive fitness

Which of the following could be the probable reason why older adults tend to report being less lonely than younger adults?

Older adults have more selective social networks and a greater acceptance of solitude.

Which of the following is NOT true of Internet usage among older adults?

Older adults spend less time going online than younger adults.

According to a recent large-scale study of eighth- and tenth-graders, amongst the various risk factors, which of the following is the strongest predictor of substance abuse?

Peer relations

Which of the following statements about late midlife is NOT true?

People in late midlife are less likely to experience their last child leaving home than people in early midlife.

Identify the possible double jeopardy for elderly ethnic minority individuals.

Racism and ageism

Which of the following statements is supported by Crystal Park's research on chronic stress and religious experiences?

Religion can serve as a meaning system through which the bereaved are able to reframe their loss.

Which of the following is a strategy that adults would recommend to adolescents to help in makeing friends?

Respect yourself and others

_____ refer to services that provide temporary relief for those who are caring for individuals with disabilities, illnesses, or the elderly.

Respite care

Which of the following is TRUE about research by Schaie and Salthouse?

Salthouse agrees with Schaie that cognitive functioning involving accumulated knowledge, such as vocabulary and general information, does not show early age-related decline but rather continues to increase at least until 60 years of age.

Sarah and Kent have always had a very traditional family structure. Kent worked outside the home and Sarah was a homemaker. When Kent retires, which of the following situations is most likely to arise?

Sarah will become uneasy having Kent around the house all day.

Don and Ellie have been married for over 30 years. Which of the following is likely to be MOST important in their relationship?

Security

The late Arthur Rubinstein, during his old age, maintained his status as an admired pianist by a few simple strategies. One of those was reducing the scope of his performances and playing fewer pieces. Which aspect of Baltes' theory does this reflect?

Selection

In the Berkeley Longitudinal Studies, which of the following characteristics was generally stable across time for an adult?

Self-confidence

Lillian is 50 years old. Her doctor has noticed a sharp decrease in her estrogen levels, and Lillian is complaining of nausea and fatigue. Based on these symptoms, what could be her initial diagnosis?

She is going through menopause.

Maggie is 14 years old and has not yet matured physically. According to recent research, which of the following will be most likely to occur by the time Maggie reaches tenth grade?

She will be more satisfied with her figure than early-maturing girls.

Which of the following statements is true about seekers?

The category of seekers usually shrinks and is dominated by men after many people became more secure or satisfied in their single life.

Which of the following statements regarding grandparents providing full-time care for their grandchildren is NOT true?

The majority of grandparents who move in with their children and grandchildren are in poverty.

Considering the fact that many of the health problems of older adults are chronic rather than acute, which of the following is likely to be a concern about the medical system?

The medical system is still based on a "cure" rather than a "care" model.

Which of the following is a criticism of standardized tests?

They assume a person's behavior is consistent and stable.

Which of the following statements about the "young-old" is true?

They can develop strategies to cope with the gains and losses of aging.

If researchers measure an individual's self-esteem at ages 10, 20, 30, and 40 years, where are they likely to find the most stability?

When measured at the age of 20 and then again at the age of 30.

Which of the following statements about retirement in America is true?

When retired adults return to the labor force, it occurs on average four years after retirement.

_____, which is closely linked to short-term memory, is like a place for doing mental jobs and allows children and adults to manipulate and assemble information when making decisions, solving problems, and comprehending written and spoken language.

Working memory

The brain messenger chemical _____ plays an important role in memory.

acetylcholine

Brad is an athletic boy who is on every sport team in school. Stephen loves math and is part of his school's math club. These instances reflect _____ correlations that occur when children seek out environments that they find compatible and stimulating

active (niche-picking) genotype-environment

Early interest in the XYY syndrome focused on the belief that the extra Y chromosome found in some males contributed to _____. However, subsequent research has proved this to be _____.

aggression and violence; false

Stella has involved, responsive parents who support her in her choices as long as she adheres to certain basic rules that they have set for her, like keeping up her grades and coming home in time for dinner with her family on weeknights. Thus, Stella's relationship with her parents is characterized by a high level of trust, acceptance, and quality. Research indicates that Stella would:

be likely to share information about her whereabouts, friends, and activities

Irene, age 16, is a first-generation immigrant whose parents came to the United States from Ukraine when she was just a baby. Irene enjoys many of the same things that her American friends do, but respects her culture's traditions and speaks to her parents in their native language. Irene seems to have formed a _____ identity.

bicultural

Ramada, 69, an avid golfer and fitness enthusiast, recently got a comprehensive health exam done, and her physician remarked that her vital organs were in such good shape that her _____ age was about 10 years less than her chronological age.

biological

Though controversial, studies indicate that self-esteem:

declines in adolescent girls

Alzheimer disease is a form of:

dementia

Landon has a metabolic syndrome. His doctor is concerned because in many patients this leads to:

diabetes and cardiovascular disease

Joan has three grandchildren whom she loves dearly but she sees infrequently. Neugarten and Weinstein would classify Joan's grandparent style as _____.

distant

A number of leading experts on adolescent sexuality conclude that education programs that emphasize contraceptive knowledge:

do not increase the incidence of sexual intercourse.

Gina is doing what she can to help her older aunt take care of herself and stay in her own home. Gina often takes meals to her aunt and helps her clean, go shopping, and make visits to the doctor. Gina is providing _____ for her aunt.

eldercare

Charlie is a cooperative, attentive child and is a favorite at home and school; and he receives positive, instructive responses from adults. This is indicative of a(n):

evocative genotype-environment correlation

Conflicts arise between parents and adolescents because:

few parents anticipate how strongly their adolescent will push for autonomy and responsibility.

Sandrine is now able to use abstract thought as well as logic; Piaget would argue that she is in the _____ stage of development.

formal operational

In the sixth grade, early-maturing girls show _____ with their figures than do late-maturing girls, but by the tenth grade late-maturing girls are more _____.

greater satisfaction; satisfied

Manfred is worried about his 16-year-old son hanging around much older people in the neighborhood. Research suggests that Manfred:

has reason to worry, since his son is more likely to engage in delinquent behavior

Sandra's mother is concerned about Sandra's lack of interest in marrying and having children. She told Sandra, "When I was your age, I had already found a good husband and settled down." Sandra and her mother:

have different social clocks

A study of tenth-graders revealed that:

having more romantic experience was linked to a higher level of substance use and delinquency.

The term "generativity" as described in Erikson's seventh stage of development primarily reflects a concern for:

helping the younger generation to develop and lead useful lives

Ramon's parents have decided that he will enroll in a liberal arts course in the state college near their hometown. Ramon has not really thought about the issue much himself, and he will most likely follow their advice. James Marcia would classify Ramon's identity status as:

identity foreclosure

Jessica, 16, is in the process of deciding what she wants to study in college. She wants to be an engineer one day and a painter the next day. Erik Erikson would say Jessica is in the _____ stage of development.

identity versus identity confusion

In Erik Erikson's theory, adults strive for generativity to achieve a sense of _____.

immortality

Adeline, aged 90, still drives her car to the senior center every Friday. Last week she tells her friends that someone they know from her church died. When they ask her for the person's name she says, "I can't remember her name. She sits near the altar and always has a hat on." Clearly Adeline has better _____ memory than _____ memory.

implicit; explicit

Sharon is a 30-year-old stay-at-home mother to a toddler. Life-span developmentalists would consider her to be:

in the second age of prime adulthood in the developmental period of early adulthood

Jessica spends a lot of time thinking about the choices she has made in her life and the events she has witnessed. She is adjusting to decreasing strength and health, and she has made several lifestyle changes as a result. Jessica is most likely in the _____ period of development.

late adulthood

Gayle's divorce was final last year. During the first year after the divorce, Gayle spent every evening after work in a singles bar. She had several casual affairs. Gayle can be characterized as a(n):

libertine

On your first day of class, Professor Red-Elk claims that for too long we have focused on the development of young children, especially infants. She argues that the development of adults and elderly people is just as important. This professor is articulating a(n) _____ approach.

life-span

The average adult in middle adulthood _____ height and _____ weight.

loses; gains

Both divorced women and divorced men complain of all of the following EXCEPT:

lowered sexual gratification

Dylan does his homework in front of the television while listening to music on his iPod and also simultaneously text messaging his friends. This is indicative of a major trend in the use of technology known as:

media multitasking

As per the study conducted by Sakraida in 2005, it was found that women who initiated a divorce in midlife were characterized by _____ than were women whose husbands initiated the divorce.

more self-focused growth and optimism

Thirteen-year-old Grace's blood tests indicate that her levels of testosterone are about twice as high as they were a few years ago, and that her estradiol levels are about eight times higher than earlier. Grace is most likely experiencing:

normal changes during puberty.

By age 51, most women enter menopause. This is an example of how a biological process can exert a _____ influence on development.

normative age-graded

The cultural makeup of the U.S. population has changed over the past few years due to immigration and other factors. Such long-term changes in the genetic and cultural makeup of a population are part of:

normative historical change

As an alternative to "_____ evolutionism" presented in evolutionary psychology, Albert Bandura proposed a _____ view.

one-sided; bidirectional

Jacqueline nurtures and guides her children. According to Erikson, she has achieved _____ generativity.

parental

Explicit memory is also called _____ memory.

procedural

Service learning is often more effective when two conditions are met: (1) giving students some degree of choice in the service activities in which they participate, and (2) _____.

providing students opportunities to reflect about their participation

Juanita, a Latino girl, is entering adolescence and her mother wants to keep her from risky sexual behavior. According to research, her mother should:

regularly talk to Juanita about sex and the risk factors associated with it.

On an assessment of attachment styles modeled on Hazan and Shaver's questionnaire, Alicia described herself thus: "I find it relatively easy to get close to others and I am comfortable depending on them and having them depend on me. I don't worry about being abandoned or about someone getting too close to me". Alicia seems to have a(n):

secure attachment style

Margie Lachman and her colleagues argue that having a _____ is one of the most important modifiable factors in delaying the onset of diseases in middle adulthood and reducing the frequency of diseases in late adulthood.

sense of control in middle age

Shakena is a 38-year-old single woman who works as a pharmaceutical representative. She would like to adopt a child. Recent changes in adoption requirements would mean that:

she would be considered as a candidate for adopting a child

Sleep problems in middle-aged adults have been associated with all of the following EXCEPT:

single parenting.

The Carnegie Corporation evaluated U.S. middle schools and recommended that:

smaller "communities" or "houses" should be developed to lessen the impersonal nature of large middle schools.

Piaget's four stages of cognitive development:

start at birth and continue through adulthood

A study of HRT's effects was halted as evidence emerged that participants who were receiving HRT faced an increased risk of _____.

stroke

A New Zealand longitudinal study assessed the self-esteem of adolescents at 11, 13, and 15 years of age and then assessed the adjustment and competence of the same individuals when they were 26 years old. Its results indicated:

that adults characterized by poorer mental and physical health were more likely to have low self-esteem in adolescence than well-adjusted, competent adults

Angelo and his wife just had their last child move out of the house. He and his wife had lived vicariously through their children, letting their sports activities and various achievements dominate their lives. Now they may experience _____, which includes a decline in marital satisfaction after children leave the home.

the empty nest syndrome

After Mildred's divorce, she went back to college, renewed old acquaintanceships, and took up ballroom dancing. After completing college, she got the job she'd always wanted and entered into a long-term relationship. Mildred chose the pathway of:

the enhancer

At the end of the first year post-divorce, which of the following are most likely to grow disillusioned with their sensation-seeking lifestyle and subsequently wanting a stable relationship?

the libertines

According to a recent study of more than 17,000 Chinese 11- to 22-year-olds, males in China have a higher rate of depression than females because:

they have a less positive coping style.

All of the following are myths about gay and lesbian couples EXCEPT:

they prefer long-term, committed relationships