Life-span Developmental Psych Final (Santrock)
The concept of _____ emphasizes that changes in cognitive activity patterns might result in disuse and consequent atrophy of cognitive skills.
"use it or lose it"
How many morphemes does the word "marker" have?
2
It is recommended that premarital education begin approximately:
6 months to a year before the wedding
Sheena would like to hang a picture above her baby's crib. Which of the following is likely to attract the most attention from the infant?
A drawing of a normal face
Three prominent meanings are attached to being a grandparent. Which of the following is NOT one of those meanings?
A financial strain
Which of the following is a good example of scaffolding?
A game of peek-a-boo
Which of the following is true of the possible selves of older adults?
Acceptance of past selves increases
Joey has shot up in height over the past year, has developed a deeper voice, and is starting to grow facial hair. He is preoccupied with the pursuit of independence and identity and is spending more time with friends and less with family. Which of the following periods of development is Joey in?
Adolescence
Which of the following statements about religion and adolescents has research shown to be true?
Adolescent girls are more religious than are adolescent boys.
Which of the following is true about gender differences in adult friendships?
Adult male friendships are more competitive than those of women.
Which of the following statements is TRUE about work in midlife?
Age related declines occur in some occupations such as air traffic controllers and professional athletes.
Which of the following is the BEST predictor of whether rejected children would engage in delinquent behavior, or drop out of school later during adolescence?
Aggression toward peers in elementary school
_____ refers to a progressive, irreversible brain disorder that is characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually, physical function.
Alzheimer disease
Amanda's mother suffers from anorexia nervosa. Which of the following statements about Amanda is TRUE?
Amanda is at risk of becoming anorexic herself.
Which of the following is one of the main characteristics that applies to people suffering from anorexia nervosa?
Amenorrhea in girls who have reached puberty
Which of the following is the result of reduced blood supply to the eye in the fifties and sixties?
An increase in the eye's blind spot
Which of the following characterizes a person suffering from anorexia nervosa?
An intense fear of gaining weight that does not decrease with weight loss
A gene called _____ is linked to increasing presence of plaques and tangles in the brain.
ApoE
In which parenting style do parents show pleasure and support in response to children's constructive behavior?
Authoritative parenting
Dante is a 10-year-old boy who likes to play soccer during recess. One day a friend teaches him a different set of rules about the game that Dante accepts. He now plays soccer in a new way. Dante is in which stage of moral development?
Autonomous morality
According to Erikson, the positive resolution of which developmental stage culminates in appreciation of interdependence and relatedness in old age?
Basic trust vs. mistrust
According to Erikson, which of the following stages of development does an individual experience in infancy?
Basic trust vs. mistrust
According to Levinson, the changes to middle-adulthood requires that the adult male come to grips with four major conflicts. Which of the following is NOT one of these major conflicts?
Being attractive versus being unattractive
Why do more researchers think that birth order influences on child development have been emphasized too strongly?
Birth order itself shows limited ability to predict behavior when all the factors that influence behavior are considered.
Which of the following is the reason for the decrease in height with age advancement?
Bone loss in the vertebrae
Most neuroscientists agree that complex functions such as reading or performing music involve:
Both hemispheres of the brain
Which theory is similar to the contemporary life-events approach in highlighting the importance of complex setting of people's lives?
Bronfenbrenner's theory
Which of the following statements about bone and joint functioning is TRUE?
By the end of midlife, bones break more easily and heal more slowly.
Which of the following is a small molecule that would be able to pass through the placental wall?
Carbon dioxide
Eight-year-old Trey stands in front of a group of kids and says, "I am smart". Which of the following is the most plausible reaction to this incident?
Children 10-11 years of age are more likely to reject Trey's self-report.
Which statement best summarizes Daniel Berlyne's views about children's play?
Children use play as a way to explore new things and as a way to satisfy their natural curiosity about the world.
Which of the following is a drug used to treat Alzheimer disease?
Cholinerase inhibitors
Esperanza is having a prenatal test to remove a small sample of the placenta for genetic testing. Identify the test that her doctor is performing.
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
Which of the following statements is TRUE about chronic conditions?
Chronic disorders are rare in early adulthood.
Which of the following is true about the effects of cocaine use by pregnant women?
Cocaine exposure during prenatal development is associated with reduced length and head circumference
Which of the following statements about the timing of identity development is TRUE?
College upperclassmen are more likely to be identity achieved than college freshmen or high school students.
Which of the following statements is true about specialization of function in a hemisphere of the cerebral cortex?
Complex thinking in normal people is the outcome of communication between both hemispheres of the brain.
Hidalgo, 8, is very good at addition and subtraction, but he has a hard time understanding the complex algebraic problems that his 14-year-old sister does. Hidalgo is currently in which of Jean Piaget's stages of development?
Concrete operational
According to Robert J. Sternberg, which of the following is the strongest and fullest form of love?
Consummate love
Dr. McLean has designed a study to test the cognitive skills of people in their 30s, 50s, and 70s, where data is collected over the course of a day through a series of tests. What type of research approach is Dr. McLean using?
Cross-sectional
Which of the following is an outcome of the reduced blood supply to the eye during late middle-age?
Decrease in the visual field's size
_____ is the global term for any neurological disorder in which the primary symptoms involve a deterioration of mental functioning.
Dementia
Identify the major task that must be mastered in early adulthood, according to Levinson.
Developing a stable life structure
_____ is a time of establishing personal and economic independence, career development, and, for many, selecting a mate, learning to live with someone in an intimate way, starting a family, and rearing children.
Early adulthood
Which of the following statements about emotions is FALSE?
Embeddedness in relationships prevents diversity in emotional experiences
Which of the following statements about joint attention is NOT true?
Emerging forms of joint attention occur at about 4 to 5 months
Which of the following is NOT one of the factors that could be related to erectile problems in middle-aged men?
Excessive sexual activity
Steuer, Applefield, and Smith conducted an experiment where preschool children were randomly assigned to two groups. One group watched cartoons containing violence, and the other group watched cartoons with the violence removed. During a free-play session, the children who watched the cartoons containing violence showed more aggression than children who watched the nonviolent cartoons. What conclusion was drawn from this study?
Exposure to TV violence caused aggression in children in this investigation
Which of the following statements is true about brain development?
Extensive brain development continues after birth, through infancy and later.
Jim and Joanna are curious to know if their baby will grow up to be a child with high IQ. Which of the following measures for assessing infant development is correlated with measures of intelligence in older children and would best suit the purpose?
Fagan test
Which of the following is the positive resolution of the psychological conflict of identity vs. confusion?
Fidelity
Josh is three months old. In which of Jean Piaget's substages of sensorimotor development is Josh?
First habits and primary circular reactions
Which of the following concepts have distinctions similar to the ones between cognitive mechanics and cognitive pragmatics?
Fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence
More than 80 percent of the respondents to a survey said that buying a stolen television set is morally wrong. Yet, 50 percent admitted they would buy a stolen set if guaranteed they would not be caught. Which of the following statements would serve as a criticism for Kohlberg's theory?
For many people, moral thought does not predict moral behavior
Which of the following is a feature of the embryonic period of prenatal development?
Formation of support systems for cells
According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, what is the time period of phase 2?
From 2 to 7 months
Which of the following statements about the trend in cross-cultural gender differences in sexual expression is true?
Gender differences in sexual expression and educational opportunities appear to be narrowing over time.
Identify the seventh stage of Erikson's life span theory.
Generativity versus stagnation
Which of the following maternal diseases carries the risk of delivering very large infants, weighing 10 pounds or more?
Gestational diabetes
According to a recent study, which of the following is NOT true regarding observations on bullying?
Girls and younger high school students were most likely to be affected by bullying
Which of the following statements about gender stereotyping is NOT true?
Girls' gender stereotypes are more rigid than boys' gender stereotypes
Which of the following qualifies as binge drinking as defined in the University of Michigan surveys?
Having five or more drinks in a row in the last two weeks.
Which of the following is TRUE of bullying?
Having supportive friends was linked to a lower level of bullying and victimization.
Julianne lost her baby early in her pregnancy. Which of the following paternal factors could have possibly led to this outcome?
Her partner was a heavy smoker, even during her pregnancy
Which of the following is the positive resolution of the psychological conflict of basic trust vs. mistrust?
Hope
Dr. Perkins predicts that children who spend years playing a musical instrument are smarter than children who do not play music. This testable prediction is known as a(n) _____.
Hypothesis
Fifteen-year-old Juanita wants to skip school today because she is having a bad hair day and is convinced that everybody will notice and think badly of her. Which aspect of adolescent egocentrism is Juanita experiencing?
Imaginary audience
Why are older adults more likely to forget what items they wanted to buy at a grocery store (unless they write them down on a list and take it with them) than they are to forget how to drive a car?
Implicit memory is less likely to be adversely affected by aging than explicit memory.
Which of the following statements about perspective taking is NOT true?
In middle and late childhood, children show a decrease in perspective-taking.
Which of the following is the probable reason for the decline in working memory in older adults?
Increased distractibility
Ms. Chang is trying to prepare her health-class students for the onset of puberty. What should she tell the boys that they are likely to experience first?
Increased penis and testicle size
Which of the following is true of the usage of Internet among older adults?
Increasing numbers of older adults use e-mail to communicate with relatives.
Which of the following is a significant observation by Neugarten regarding social clocks?
Individuals whose lives are synchronized with the social clocks are less stressed.
According to Erikson, the positive resolution of which developmental stage culminates an acceptance of the course of one's life and unfulfilled hopes in old age?
Industry vs. inferiority
Identify Erikson's developmental stage that individuals experience in school age.
Industry vs. inferiority
Which of the following statements about perceptual-motor coupling in infants is TRUE?
Infants coordinate their movements with perceptual information involving people.
Which of the following statements about first words is NOT correct?
Infants recognize their name by the age of 3 months
Julie describes how she feels about Mark: "I'm very physically attracted to him, but we aren't what you would call emotionally close. I love being with him, but I don't know that this will be a long-lasting relationship". According to Robert Sternberg's theory of love, which type of love is Julie experiencing?
Infatuation
According to Erik Erikson, which of the following is the sixth developmental stage?
Intimacy versus isolation
Which of the following is a potential benefit of romantic relationships over the Internet?
It benefits shy and anxious people who find it difficult to meet potential partners in person.
What is the rationale for the practice of a waterbirth?
It creates an environment similar to that inside the amniotic sac
Which of the following is the effect of the drug treatment given to patients with Alzheimer disease?
It increases levels of acetylcholine in the brain.
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding separation protests
It is initially displayed by infants at approximately 10 to 12 months.
Which of the following statements is true about MEG (magnetoencephalography)?
It is used in assessing an infant's brain activity
Jeremy is a securely attached infant; Jason is classified as an insecure infant. Which of the following statements about later functioning for these children is TRUE?
Jeremy is likely to have more self-confidence than Jason.
Jerome, 6, and Hani, 10, get up early on Saturday morning and decide to make "breakfast in bed" for their mother. While reaching for the bed tray in the back of the hall cabinet, they accidentally break one of their mother's favorite porcelain dolls. Jerome knows that he's going to get into "big trouble". Hani tells him not to worry because Mom would understand that it was an accident. In what stage would Jean Piaget categorize the moral reasoning of Jerome and Hani?
Jerome—heteronomous morality; Hani—autonomous morality
As a result of aging, which of the following is NOT likely to deteriorate?
Language comprehension
Which of the following is a key developmental task as children move toward autonomy?
Learning to relate to adults outside the family on a regular basis.
Which living arrangement is the most common for elderly adults?
Living with a family member
Which of the following is TRUE of differences in the helping behavior of males and females?
Males are more helpful when the context is masculine in nature.
Which of the following statements is true?
Marked weight gains coincide with the onset of puberty for both boys and girls.
Which of the following factors is NOT associated with an increase in divorce?
Marrying late in life
Which of the following statements about bone density is TRUE?
Maximum bone density occurs by the mid- to late thirties.
Which of the following is true of middle-aged and older adults who had poor sibling relationships in childhood?
Men were more likely to develop depression by age 50.
According to the cross-sectional study on self-esteem conducted by Robins and others (2002), which age group has the highest self-esteem?
Middle-aged adults
_____ is increasingly recognized as a risk factor for Alzheimer disease.
Mild cognitive impairment
Whenever baby Beth hears a loud noise, she responds with a _____ reflex, where she arches her back, throws back her head, flings out her arms and legs, and then rapidly closes her arms and legs.
Moro
_____ have many jobs in grammar, such as marking tense and number.
Morphemes
Which of the following has been found to be associated with prolonged, intense parent-adolescent conflict?
Movement out of the home
According to life-span developmentalist Paul Baltes, the benefits conferred by evolutionary selection decrease with age. Natural selection has not weeded out many harmful conditions and nonadaptive characteristics that appear among older adults. Why?
Natural selection operates primarily on characteristics that are tied to reproductive fitness
What does a very low score on the Brazelton National Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) indicate?
Neurological problems
Which of the following statements is TRUE about perception in infants?
Newborns cannot hear soft sounds quite as well as adults can
Leila and Alexander are siblings. Every Saturday morning, Leila and her grandmother cook breakfast together and then do some errands and shopping together. During that time, Alexander and his grandfather spend some quality "male bonding" time. They like to play miniature golf or do yard work. The interactions that each child has with the grandparent would be known as what type of environmental experience?
Nonshared environmental experiences
Which of the following could be the probable reason why older adults tend to report being less lonely than younger adults?
Older adults have more selective social networks and a greater acceptance of solitude.
Which of the following is NOT true of Internet usage among older adults?
Older adults spend less time going online than younger adults.
Across a 10-year period, which of the following Big Five personality factors did NOT predict health outcomes involving physical health, blood pressure, and number of days limited at work or home due to physical health factors?
Openness
Which of the following is NOT a myth about parenting?
Parenting requires some training
Which one of the following is an advantage of having children late?
Parents have more income for child-rearing expenses
Which of the following statements does the new model of parent-adolescent relationships emphasize?
Parents serve as important attachment figures and support systems during adolescence.
_____ is triggered by degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain.
Parkinson disease
According to a recent large-scale study of eighth- and tenth-graders, amongst the various risk factors, which of the following is the strongest predictor of substance abuse?
Peer relations
Which of the following statements about late midlife is NOT true?
People in late midlife are less likely to experience their last child leaving home than people in early midlife.
Sylvia is almost nine months pregnant, and is very close to her delivery date. The doctors have found that she has an active case of genital herpes. Which of the following is the best course of action to prevent Sylvia's baby from contracting the disease?
Perform a cesarean section
Tapi believes that all human beings have certain inalienable rights that need to be protected. She believes that the current law in her country which prohibits interracial marriage is unfair and should be changed. According to Kohlberg, which of the following describes Tapi's level of moral reasoning?
Postconventional
Which of the following statements about practice play is true?
Practice play can be engaged in throughout life
Megan bases her moral decisions on fear of punishment. According to Kohlberg, Megan is currently in which of the following levels of moral development?
Preconventional reasoning
Which of the following is recommended for pregnant women by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration?
Pregnant women should consume no caffeine or consume it only sparingly
Which of the following statements is FALSE about the effect of substance abuse by pregnant mothers?
Prenatal marijuana exposure is related to higher intelligence in children
Which of the following statements about infants and REM sleep is TRUE?
REM sleep might promote the brain's development in infancy
Identify the possible double jeopardy for elderly ethnic minority individuals.
Racism and ageism
Which of the following statements is supported by Crystal Park's research on chronic stress and religious experiences?
Religion can serve as a meaning system through which the bereaved are able to reframe their loss.
Which of the following statements is true about the effects of marijuana exposure on one's offspring?
Research has shown that mothers who use marijuana while pregnant risk their offspring using marijuana by age 14.
Which of the following is a strategy that adults would recommend to adolescents to help in makeing friends?
Respect yourself and others
_____ refer to services that provide temporary relief for those who are caring for individuals with disabilities, illnesses, or the elderly.
Respite care
Giovanna was found to be Rh incompatible with her first child. To prevent her body from producing antibodies that will attack any future Rh-incompatible fetuses, her doctor gave her
RhoGAM
Which of the following is TRUE about research by Schaie and Salthouse?
Salthouse agrees with Schaie that cognitive functioning involving accumulated knowledge, such as vocabulary and general information, does not show early age-related decline but rather continues to increase at least until 60 years of age.
Sarah and Kent have always had a very traditional family structure. Kent worked outside the home and Sarah was a homemaker. When Kent retires, which of the following situations is most likely to arise?
Sarah will become uneasy having Kent around the house all day.
In the Strange Situation, Jermaine used his mother as a "safe base" as he actively explored the playroom. Mary Ainsworth would most likely classify Jermaine as being:
Securely attached
Don and Ellie have been married for over 30 years. Which of the following is likely to be MOST important in their relationship?
Security
The late Arthur Rubinstein, during his old age, maintained his status as an admired pianist by a few simple strategies. One of those was reducing the scope of his performances and playing fewer pieces. Which aspect of Baltes' theory does this reflect?
Selection
In the Berkeley Longitudinal Studies, which of the following characteristics was generally stable across time for an adult?
Self-confidence
Amir is 18 months old. According to Piaget's theory, he is in which of the following stages of cognitive development?
Sensorimotor
Developmental psychologists would describe Jennifer as an "emotion-dismissing" parent to her son. In which of the following types of behavior is Jennifer most likely to engage?
She ignores her child when he cries
Lillian is 50 years old. Her doctor has noticed a sharp decrease in her estrogen levels, and Lillian is complaining of nausea and fatigue. Based on these symptoms, what could be her initial diagnosis?
She is going through menopause.
Maggie is 14 years old and has not yet matured physically. According to recent research, which of the following will be most likely to occur by the time Maggie reaches tenth grade?
She will be more satisfied with her figure than early-maturing girls.
Which of the following statements is TRUE about the different conditions that pose threats for newborns?
Small for date infants have below normal weight when the length of the pregnancy is considered
Fernando doesn't cut in line, raises his hand in class before talking, and stops his car at stop signs on the road. He focuses on conventional rules that have been established by social consensus in order to control behavior and maintain the social system. Which of the following BEST describes Fernando's reasoning?
Social conventional reasoning
Which of the following statements about emotions is NOT true?
The ability to regulate emotions is present at birth
Which of the following statements is true about seekers?
The category of seekers usually shrinks and is dominated by men after many people became more secure or satisfied in their single life.
What does the result of a recent Norwegian study about preterm infants indicate?
The earlier preterm infants are born, the more likely they will drop out of school
Baby Jane, three days old, is shown four drawings: a bright blue square, a white oval, a yellow circle, and a drawing of a face. According to Fantz' research, which drawing would she probably prefer to look at?
The face
Which of the following is true of the stages of childbirth?
The first stage is the longest of the three birth stages.
Which of the following statements regarding grandparents providing full-time care for their grandchildren is NOT true?
The majority of grandparents who move in with their children and grandchildren are in poverty.
Considering the fact that many of the health problems of older adults are chronic rather than acute, which of the following is likely to be a concern about the medical system?
The medical system is still based on a "cure" rather than a "care" model.
Which of the following statements is TRUE about the third stage of the birth process?
The placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are detached and expelled
Which of the following is true of the characteristics of sibling relationships as described by Judy Dunn?
There is considerable variation in sibling relationships
Identify a disadvantage of breast feeding in the context of impoverished African countries.
There is risk of passing HIV to the babies through breast milk if the mothers have the virus.
Which of the following statements represents a criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
There is too much emphasis on moral thought and not enough emphasis on moral behavior.
Which of the following is a criticism of standardized tests?
They assume a person's behavior is consistent and stable.
Which of the following statements about the "young-old" is true?
They can develop strategies to cope with the gains and losses of aging.
Many of today's children grow up receiving praise for mediocre or even poor performance. What could be a possible consequence of this practice?
They may have difficulty handling competition and criticism
Which of the following is TRUE of Dale Schunk's findings about students with high self-efficacy?
They persist longer at learning tasks than students with low self-efficacy.
Compared to nonaggressive children, which of the following observations is NOT true of aggressive boys searching for clues to determine a peer's intention(s)?
They respond more ambiguously.
Which of the following is true about why males are more likely than females to succeed in committing suicide?
They use more lethal means than do females.
Angelique has a chromosomal disorder characterized by a missing X chromosome making her XO instead of XX. Angelique's doctors have diagnosed her with _____.
Turner syndrome
Which of the following is a problem that can plague cross-gender friendships?
Unclear sexual boundaries
Which of the following is a major difference between Levinson's and Valliant's view on midlife?
Unlike Levinson, Valliant maintains that only a minority of adults experience midlife as a crisis.
Which of the following strategies would be most helpful in improving memory in middle age?
Use an organization strategy to categorize information to be remembered.
According to the Seattle Longitudinal Study of individuals aged 25 to 95, which of the following abilities showed the least decline with age?
Verbal comprehension
A developmental psychologist studying infants' understanding of object permanence uses a method where infants see an event happen as it would normally occur. Then, the event is changed, often in a way that creates a physically impossible event. The result of this is that the infants look longer at the changed event indicating that he or she is surprised by it. Which method is being adopted here?
Violation of expectations
According to Jean Piaget's theory of infant development, what makes one stage more advanced than another?
When a child understands the world differently
If researchers measure an individual's self-esteem at ages 10, 20, 30, and 40 years, where are they likely to find the most stability?
When measured at the age of 20 and then again at the age of 30.
Which of the following statements about retirement in America is true?
When retired adults return to the labor force, it occurs on average four years after retirement.
Which of the following is FALSE about the complications of Rh incompatibility?
With each subsequent pregnancy, the risk of complications for an Rh-positive baby of an Rh-negative mother is reduced
_____, which is closely linked to short-term memory, is like a place for doing mental jobs and allows children and adults to manipulate and assemble information when making decisions, solving problems, and comprehending written and spoken language.
Working memory
Winnie is considering the use of anesthesia during the circumcision of her newborn son. She wants to know if newborns can feel pain. What would you tell her?
Yes; recent research indicates that infants can feel pain
The most effective way to treat adolescent depression is:
a combination of drug therapy and cognitive behavior therapy
Mr. Chang works at a boring but tense job. Stress from his job keeps him up late on most nights. Mr. Chang is experiencing the stress of:
a daily hassle
Bill wants to interview a sample of elderly adults for a project in his college human development course. He decides to go to a local nursing home for his interviews because he assumes that most of the elderly adults in his community live in an arrangement like that. Given statistics on living arrangements for the elderly, we know that Bill's sample is representative of:
a fraction of elderly adults, because only a small percentage live in nursing homes
For the majority of teens, adolescence is marked by:
a healthy self-image.
The event that comes closest to being a culture-wide rite of passage in the United States is:
a high school graduation ceremony
Exercise is related to all of the following positive outcomes in adolescence, EXCEPT:
a lower incidence of type I diabetes.
According to Erikson, in old age, the positive resolution of the conflict of identity vs. confusion culminates in:
a sense of complexity of life
According to Erikson, in old age, the positive resolution of the conflict of intimacy vs. isolation culminates in:
a sense of complexity of relationships.
In a longitudinal study of individuals from their early thirties through their late sixties/early seventies showed that:
a significant increase in spirituality occurred between late middle and late adulthood.
Melody and Harmony are identical twins. This means that they developed from:
a single egg that was fertilized by a single sperm
As opposed to the trend in young children, teenagers typically prefer to have:
a smaller number of friendships that are more intense and intimate
The brain messenger chemical _____ plays an important role in memory.
acetylcholine
Brad is an athletic boy who is on every sport team in school. Stephen loves math and is part of his school's math club. These instances reflect _____ correlations that occur when children seek out environments that they find compatible and stimulating
active (niche-picking) genotype-environment
Early interest in the XYY syndrome focused on the belief that the extra Y chromosome found in some males contributed to _____. However, subsequent research has proved this to be _____.
aggression and violence; false
A recent study reported by De Meyer and others revealed that _____, which is a protein fragment that forms plaques in the brain, was present in the spinal fluid of approximately 75 percent of the individuals with mild cognitive impairment.
amyloid beta
Twice each month, Gini helps to serve dinner at the "Community Table", a program that assists homeless people in the town. She brings her two children, aged nine and eleven, with her and talks to them about the need to share time, food, and kindness with others who are less fortunate. Social cognitive theorists would say that Gini's children:
are likely to develop moral behavior that includes helping others
Benji starts calling his father "dad," but he also calls all men that he sees "dad." According to Piaget, this error is due to _____.
assimilation
Logan is a warm and loving parent, but he also has high expectations of his kids. As Logan encourages independent and age-appropriate behavior from his children, Baumrind would classify him as a(n):
authoritative parent
Stella has involved, responsive parents who support her in her choices as long as she adheres to certain basic rules that they have set for her, like keeping up her grades and coming home in time for dinner with her family on weeknights. Thus, Stella's relationship with her parents is characterized by a high level of trust, acceptance, and quality. Research indicates that Stella would:
be likely to share information about her whereabouts, friends, and activities
Irene, age 16, is a first-generation immigrant whose parents came to the United States from Ukraine when she was just a baby. Irene enjoys many of the same things that her American friends do, but respects her culture's traditions and speaks to her parents in their native language. Irene seems to have formed a _____ identity.
bicultural
Changes in motor skills, nutrition, exercise, the hormonal changes of puberty, and cardiovascular decline are all examples of _____ processes that affect development.
biological
Ramada, 69, an avid golfer and fitness enthusiast, recently got a comprehensive health exam done, and her physician remarked that her vital organs were in such good shape that her _____ age was about 10 years less than her chronological age.
biological
Damian's parents fail to provide his basic needs; he is often unfed and dirty when he gets to school. This constitutes:
child neglect
Baby Luis interacts with his grandma and makes gurgling sounds in the back of his throat to express pleasure. This demonstrates _____.
cooing
Eleven-month-old Jenny uses her toy golf club to bring another toy within reach. According to Piaget's theory of infant development, Jenny is in the _____ substage of the sensorimotor stage.
coordination of secondary circular reactions
Tom and Katie have recently split up, but for the benefit of their child they attempt to provide one another support in jointly raising their child. This is an example of:
coparenting
In considering the big issue of whether nature or nurture plays the more important role in infant development, Elizabeth Spelke endorses a _____ approach that states that infants are born with domain-specific innate knowledge systems.
core knowledge
Eight-month-old Michael is placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge on his nose. Michael will most likely:
crawl away from the mirror because he does not recognize his own reflection in the mirror
Though controversial, studies indicate that self-esteem:
declines in adolescent girls
Mandy sees a little girl in the grocery store throwing a tantrum for a toy. Mandy screams and cries for some candy the following week at the mall. Mandy is displaying:
deferred imitation
Alzheimer disease is a form of:
dementia
Landon has a metabolic syndrome. His doctor is concerned because in many patients this leads to:
diabetes and cardiovascular disease
Joan has three grandchildren whom she loves dearly but she sees infrequently. Neugarten and Weinstein would classify Joan's grandparent style as _____.
distant
A number of leading experts on adolescent sexuality conclude that education programs that emphasize contraceptive knowledge:
do not increase the incidence of sexual intercourse.
Mary's mother has blonde hair and her father has brown hair. Mary has a gene for brown hair and a gene for blonde hair. She has brown hair. This indicates that the gene for brown hair is a(n) _____.
dominant gene
Gina is doing what she can to help her older aunt take care of herself and stay in her own home. Gina often takes meals to her aunt and helps her clean, go shopping, and make visits to the doctor. Gina is providing _____ for her aunt.
eldercare
Marjorie chooses to deny, ignore, or change the negative emotions of her children. She is an:
emotion-dismissing parent
Lesbian couples especially place a high priority on:
equality in their relationships
Charlie is a cooperative, attentive child and is a favorite at home and school; and he receives positive, instructive responses from adults. This is indicative of a(n):
evocative genotype-environment correlation
Timothy is a quiet 6-year-old who is usually withdrawn in class. As a result, he does not receive much attention from his peers and mostly plays by himself. According to Sandra Scarr, this is an example of a(n) _____.
evocative genotype-environment correlation
The food-scarce environment of our ancestors likely led to humans' propensity to gorge when food is available and to crave high-caloric foods—a trait that might lead to an epidemic of obesity when food is plentiful. This illustrates how:
evolved mechanisms are not always adaptive in contemporary society
Two-month-old Trey is crying loudly. It is a sudden long, initial loud cry followed by breath holding. This type of cry indicates that Trey is:
experiencing pain
Four-year-old Becky has just hit her sister, again. According to most developmental psychologists, Becky's mother should:
explain to Becky that "hitting hurts"; she is old enough to understand the consequences of her behavior for others
When Abraham describes to his friend what he did in his last summer vacation, he relies on his _____ memory.
explicit
Sidra has a baby that was born at 27 weeks. Her baby is considered a(n):
extremely preterm infant
Across childhood and adolescence, research suggests that:
females engage in more prosocial behavior
Conflicts arise between parents and adolescents because:
few parents anticipate how strongly their adolescent will push for autonomy and responsibility.
Sandrine is now able to use abstract thought as well as logic; Piaget would argue that she is in the _____ stage of development.
formal operational
_____ occurs when the expression of a gene has different effects depending on whether the mother or the father passed on the gene.
genetic imprinting
Vanda's genetic makeup is composed of thousands of genes in which some are expressed and directly observable, while some are not. When we talk about all of her genetic material we are talking about her _____.
genotype
In the sixth grade, early-maturing girls show _____ with their figures than do late-maturing girls, but by the tenth grade late-maturing girls are more _____.
greater satisfaction; satisfied
When Monica was born, she showed the typical grasping reflex by closing her fingers around anything that brushed against her palm. After a few weeks, she showed this grasping behavior even when nothing touched her palm. Monica developed a _____ or a scheme based on a reflex that became completely separated from its eliciting stimulus.
habit
Farah shows her baby a colorful block several times. The baby looks carefully at the block at first, but then turns her attention to a different toy after seeing the block a few times. The baby is displaying _____.
habituation
Manfred is worried about his 16-year-old son hanging around much older people in the neighborhood. Research suggests that Manfred:
has reason to worry, since his son is more likely to engage in delinquent behavior
Sandra's mother is concerned about Sandra's lack of interest in marrying and having children. She told Sandra, "When I was your age, I had already found a good husband and settled down." Sandra and her mother:
have different social clocks
A study of tenth-graders revealed that:
having more romantic experience was linked to a higher level of substance use and delinquency.
The term "generativity" as described in Erikson's seventh stage of development primarily reflects a concern for:
helping the younger generation to develop and lead useful lives
Patrick suffers from _____, a genetic abnormality in which delayed blood clotting causes internal and external bleeding
hemophilia
Research linking corporal punishment and child behavior has been associated with all of the following EXCEPT:
higher levels of moral internalization
Ramon's parents have decided that he will enroll in a liberal arts course in the state college near their hometown. Ramon has not really thought about the issue much himself, and he will most likely follow their advice. James Marcia would classify Ramon's identity status as:
identity foreclosure
Jessica, 16, is in the process of deciding what she wants to study in college. She wants to be an engineer one day and a painter the next day. Erik Erikson would say Jessica is in the _____ stage of development.
identity versus identity confusion
The frontal lobes are _____ in the newborn.
immature
In Erik Erikson's theory, adults strive for generativity to achieve a sense of _____.
immortality
Adeline, aged 90, still drives her car to the senior center every Friday. Last week she tells her friends that someone they know from her church died. When they ask her for the person's name she says, "I can't remember her name. She sits near the altar and always has a hat on." Clearly Adeline has better _____ memory than _____ memory.
implicit; explicit
Sharon is a 30-year-old stay-at-home mother to a toddler. Life-span developmentalists would consider her to be:
in the second age of prime adulthood in the developmental period of early adulthood
Carrie is a 19-year-old single mother. She often feels overwhelmed and depressed about her situation and frequently neglects her 8-month-old son and his needs. On several occasions, she has slapped his hand when he reaches for her cell phone. Carrie's baby is most likely to develop a(n) _____ toward her.
insecure disorganized attachment
Natalie is in the Strange Situation, and she clings anxiously to her caregiver. She does not explore the playroom. She would most likely be classified as being _____.
insecure resistant
When put on the floor to play, baby Elaine cries as if she wants to be held. When her mother picks her up though, Elaine pushes away with both arms and turns her head away. Mary Ainsworth would say that Elaine is:
insecure resistant
The research on fathers as caregivers indicates that fathers:
interact with their babies in different ways than mothers do, regardless of which parent is the primary caregiver
In contrast to Piaget's views, the development of formal operational thinking:
is promoted by education in the logic of science and mathematics
With regard to morality, Nasrin believes that the focus should be on abstract principals rather than relationships and others. Therefore, she has a(n) _____ orientation.
justice
Jessica spends a lot of time thinking about the choices she has made in her life and the events she has witnessed. She is adjusting to decreasing strength and health, and she has made several lifestyle changes as a result. Jessica is most likely in the _____ period of development.
late adulthood
Your ability to process language in the left hemisphere and spatial thinking in the right hemisphere is called _____.
lateralization
Jerome weighed 4.5 pounds when he was born. Compared to other newborns in North America, his weight is:
less than the average
Gayle's divorce was final last year. During the first year after the divorce, Gayle spent every evening after work in a singles bar. She had several casual affairs. Gayle can be characterized as a(n):
libertine
On your first day of class, Professor Red-Elk claims that for too long we have focused on the development of young children, especially infants. She argues that the development of adults and elderly people is just as important. This professor is articulating a(n) _____ approach.
life-span
The average adult in middle adulthood _____ height and _____ weight.
loses; gains
An inhibited temperament has been associated with all of the following EXCEPT:
low thyroxine level
Both divorced women and divorced men complain of all of the following EXCEPT:
lowered sexual gratification
Dylan does his homework in front of the television while listening to music on his iPod and also simultaneously text messaging his friends. This is indicative of a major trend in the use of technology known as:
media multitasking
Mr. Trahan teaches English from a constructivist approach to learning. In his classroom, it is least likely that the students will be:
memorizing the names of all of Shakespeare's plays
According to Piaget, solving a puzzle is an example of a:
mental scheme
A cell which contains 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs undergoes the process of _____ to produce two new cells, each containing the same DNA as the original cell, arranged in the same 23 pairs of chromosomes.
mitosis
As per the study conducted by Sakraida in 2005, it was found that women who initiated a divorce in midlife were characterized by _____ than were women whose husbands initiated the divorce.
more self-focused growth and optimism
The word "toy" is an example of a _____.
morpheme
Recent studies find that a disorganized attachment style developed in infancy only when infants had the short version of the serotonin transporter gene—5-HTTLPR. This gene-environment interaction only occurred when:
mothers showed a low level of responsiveness toward their infants
Thirteen-year-old Grace's blood tests indicate that her levels of testosterone are about twice as high as they were a few years ago, and that her estradiol levels are about eight times higher than earlier. Grace is most likely experiencing:
normal changes during puberty.
By age 51, most women enter menopause. This is an example of how a biological process can exert a _____ influence on development.
normative age-graded
The cultural makeup of the U.S. population has changed over the past few years due to immigration and other factors. Such long-term changes in the genetic and cultural makeup of a population are part of:
normative historical change
While scooting on the floor, baby Giovanni fell down the stairs. If he can no longer see, it is likely that his _____ lobe was damaged.
occipital
The 35-year-old grandmother, the 65-year-old father of a preschooler, the 15-year old surgeon, and the 70-year-old student, all serve to illustrate that:
old assumptions about the proper timing of life events no longer govern our lives.
As an alternative to "_____ evolutionism" presented in evolutionary psychology, Albert Bandura proposed a _____ view.
one-sided; bidirectional
Jacqueline nurtures and guides her children. According to Erikson, she has achieved _____ generativity.
parental
Rachel loves to read books, and she also encourages her daughter to read by regularly taking her to the local library and buying her lots of books. Rachel's daughter is now an avid reader. This reflects a(n) _____ correlation.
passive genotype-environment
Nadine's doctor is assessing her fine motor skills. This means that her doctor is going to look at her ability to:
perform finely tuned movements like using a pencil
Malorie was born during her mother's 32nd week of pregnancy. Malorie would be termed a(n) _____ baby.
preterm
Explicit memory is also called _____ memory.
procedural
Service learning is often more effective when two conditions are met: (1) giving students some degree of choice in the service activities in which they participate, and (2) _____.
providing students opportunities to reflect about their participation
Juanita, a Latino girl, is entering adolescence and her mother wants to keep her from risky sexual behavior. According to research, her mother should:
regularly talk to Juanita about sex and the risk factors associated with it.
When Martha wants to feed her newborn son, she gently brushes her nipple against his cheek and, in a _____ reflex, he turns his head toward the side that was touched and immediately latches on to her breast.
rooting
A mother hands her baby a rattle, saying, "Here you are." She then gently takes the rattle away, smiling and saying, "Thank you." She does this repeatedly, letting the baby keep the rattle for several seconds each time and encouraging the baby to offer the rattle. Eventually, the baby takes the rattle, holds it for a few seconds, and then holds it out to her mother and smiles. This is an example of:
scaffolding
In a study, almost 50 percent of high school dropouts cited _____ reasons for leaving school.
school-related
On an assessment of attachment styles modeled on Hazan and Shaver's questionnaire, Alicia described herself thus: "I find it relatively easy to get close to others and I am comfortable depending on them and having them depend on me. I don't worry about being abandoned or about someone getting too close to me". Alicia seems to have a(n):
secure attachment style
Shoko responds positively to being picked up by others, and when put back down, freely moves away to play. She would most likely be classified as being _____.
securely attached
Hans feels ashamed when his parents say "You should feel bad about biting your sister!" To experience a _____ emotion like shame, Hans must be able to refer to himself as distinct from others.
self-conscious
Mary thinks that she is a good person. This observation reflects Mary's _____.
self-esteem
Margie Lachman and her colleagues argue that having a _____ is one of the most important modifiable factors in delaying the onset of diseases in middle adulthood and reducing the frequency of diseases in late adulthood.
sense of control in middle age
Researchers have had mothers put a dot of rouge on the noses of babies and place the babies in front of mirrors to see their reaction. These researchers are studying the concept of:
sense of self
Perceptual constancy is reflected when
sensory stimulation changes, but perception of the physical world remains constant
Michael, aged four, loves playing with toy cars and airplanes, and his idea of play involves wrestling and pushing his friends. Melanie, also aged four, loves playing with her dolls and doll house, and her idea of play is to have a tea party with her dolls and friends. Both are exhibiting:
sex-typed behavior
Nine-year-old Tadako's uncle has been taking pictures of her naked body and selling them on the Internet. This constitutes:
sexual abuse
Shakena is a 38-year-old single woman who works as a pharmaceutical representative. She would like to adopt a child. Recent changes in adoption requirements would mean that:
she would be considered as a candidate for adopting a child
Sleep problems in middle-aged adults have been associated with all of the following EXCEPT:
single parenting.
Baby Yoshi has a condition that is a risk factor for SIDS. Sometimes, she has a temporary cessation of breathing in which her airway is completely blocked—usually for 10 seconds or longer. This condition is known as _____.
sleep apnea
Juan-Carlos was born full term, but was underweight for his gestational age. He would be considered:
small for date
The Carnegie Corporation evaluated U.S. middle schools and recommended that:
smaller "communities" or "houses" should be developed to lessen the impersonal nature of large middle schools.
Three-month-old Zoey looks up at her mother and smiles. Researchers call this type of smiling:
social smiling
Piaget's four stages of cognitive development:
start at birth and continue through adulthood
A study of HRT's effects was halted as evidence emerged that participants who were receiving HRT faced an increased risk of _____.
stroke
"Want ice cream", "Fall down", and "Mommy give cookie" are all examples of:
telegraphic speech
A New Zealand longitudinal study assessed the self-esteem of adolescents at 11, 13, and 15 years of age and then assessed the adjustment and competence of the same individuals when they were 26 years old. Its results indicated:
that adults characterized by poorer mental and physical health were more likely to have low self-esteem in adolescence than well-adjusted, competent adults
Angelo and his wife just had their last child move out of the house. He and his wife had lived vicariously through their children, letting their sports activities and various achievements dominate their lives. Now they may experience _____, which includes a decline in marital satisfaction after children leave the home.
the empty nest syndrome
After Mildred's divorce, she went back to college, renewed old acquaintanceships, and took up ballroom dancing. After completing college, she got the job she'd always wanted and entered into a long-term relationship. Mildred chose the pathway of:
the enhancer
At the end of the first year post-divorce, which of the following are most likely to grow disillusioned with their sensation-seeking lifestyle and subsequently wanting a stable relationship?
the libertines
Piaget concluded that the changes in moral reasoning in children come about through:
the mutual give-and-take of peer relations
According to a recent study of more than 17,000 Chinese 11- to 22-year-olds, males in China have a higher rate of depression than females because:
they have a less positive coping style.
All of the following are myths about gay and lesbian couples EXCEPT:
they prefer long-term, committed relationships
Trevor and Michelle's last child has just left home to attend college. According to a research conducted by Gorchoff, John, and Helson in 2008, this will most likely be a time when:
they will have increased marital satisfaction
"Amelia's all excited about this new guy she met," says Julie. "I guess it makes sense because he's really a geek." Based on the concept of consensual validation, we can expect that Julie:
thinks that Amelia is also a geek.
Jerome and Tyrone are fraternal twins. This means that they developed from:
two eggs that were fertilized by two different sperms
Gwendolyn is having a prenatal test where her doctor uses high-frequency sound waves directed into her abdomen to check her fetus. She is most likely having a(n) _____
ultrasound sonography
Two-year-old Sarai uses the word "doll" to refer to her own Cabbage Patch doll but does not use the word to refer to her sister's Barbie doll. Sarai's error is known as:
underextension
Mary Carskadon and her colleagues' research on adolescent sleep patterns found that:
when given the opportunity, adolescents will sleep an average of 9 hours and 25 minutes a night
