Lifespan Answers

During adolescence, psychosocial development is primarily a search to answer the question:

"Who am I?"

About ____ percent of all adults experience at least one episode of schizophrenia.

1

At what age can most children demonstrate rapid and fluent oral reading (more than 100 words per minute)?

11-12

At which of the following ages would you expect acute self-consciousness to be at its highest?

12

According to a study by Smith and Denton (2005), what percentage of adolescents report that they are not religious?

16

What percentage of U.S. children and adolescents are obese?

16%

A diagnosis of schizophrenia is most common from age ___________.

18-24

Members of which of the following age groups are LEAST likely to report feeling disabled by a chronic illness?

18-24

The period of emerging adulthood occurs between __________ years old

18-25

The baby boomers were born:

1946-1964.

How many emerging adults in the United States reach the standard of exercising 30 minutes a day five days a week?

2/3

DeShawn is typical of some school-age children. He learns up to ___ words per day.

20 words

According to Johnston et al. (2009), what age group reports the most binge drinking?

21-22

What percentage of emerging adults in the United States have an anxiety disorder?

25

During emerging adulthood, unprotected sex is likely, on average, to result in pregnancy within:

3 months

Puberty usually lasts ______ years.

3-5

By what age can most children classify objects they see?

7

Approximately what percentage of young adults in the United States rate their healthas good, very good, or excellent?

95.8

One study found that ____ percent of a group of children believed that no child should be excluded from joining a club or team because of gender or race.

98

What does the term "menarche" refer to?

A girl's first menstrual period.

Which of the following is a symptom of anorexia nervosa as defined by the American Psychiatric Association?

A refusal to maintain a body weight that is at least 85 percent of normal for age and height.

___________ cognition, which gives children the ability to observe and use logic, propels them to think about morality.

Concrete operational

___________ is the most advanced process of cognition.

Dialectical thought

The arrangement in which children who do not speak English are placed together and given an intensive course in basic English so that they can be educated in the same classroom as native English speakers is called:

ESL

Which theorist first described adolescent egocentrism?

Elkind

Kohlberg is to moral development as __________ is to development of faith. a. Piaget

Fowler

Which of the following statements about asthma in middle childhood is TRUE?

Genes increase the risk of asthma, but environment is crucial.

The unrecognized rules and priorities that influence a child's learning in school are called the:

Hidden curriculum

According to the text, one of the benefits of physical activity is:

Improved problem-solving skills.

The theorist associated with the six stages of moral reasoning is:

Kohlberg.

Identify the typical child in Erikson's fourth stage, the crisis of industry versus inferiority:

Marisol can't wait to begin her first karate class.

Which of the following statements best reflects the change in the campus scene in the United States?

More students are parents.

A stage of cognitive development that enables one to combine contradictory elements into a comprehensive whole is called:

Postformal thought

Which one of the following statements is TRUE?

Reasoned speaking and logical argument are taught in Russian and French schools.

The Defining Issues Test was developed by ______ to assess moral reasoning through ranking possible solutions to moral dilemmas.

Rest

__________ memory stores incoming stimulus information for a split second to allow it to be processed.

Sensory

People who have a powerful vision of universal compassion, love, and justice are at what stage of faith?

Stage 6

In what way does stress affect puberty?

Stress increases the hormones that start puberty.

Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning adolescent suicide?

Suicidal ideation is common among adolescents, but completed suicides are not.

Advocates of _________ would support a child whose invented spelling of "lady" was "lade."

The Phonics Approach

Which statement concerning a teenager's brain growth is true?

The limbic system matures before the prefrontal cortex does.

What is adolescent egocentrism?

The thinking that leads young people to focus on themselves to the exclusion of others.

The third stage of the development of faith exhibits:

a conformist acceptance of cultural values.

Generally students in college foster learning more if they are:

a full-time student and work part-time.

What is a clique?

a group of close friends who are loyal to one another and who exclude outsiders

"Learning disability" refers to:

a marked delay in a particular area of learning.

"Gender identity" refers to:

a person's self-definition as male or female.

What factor has led to children spending less time playing outdoors?

a. "stranger danger" b. urbanization c. home computers

Which of the following is a symptom of bulimia nervosa?

a. Binging and purging at least once a week for three months. b. An uncontrollable urge to overeat. c. A distorted body image.

Why do emotions rule behavior for many teens?

a. The onset of puberty is earlier. b. The amygdala matures before the prefrontal cortex does. c. The complexities of emotional restraint are beyond them.

Which of the following statements about the use of the Internet and other forms of technology is true?

a. They can be used as tools for learning. b. Computer use has NOT been shown to improve test scores. c. Use causes isolation

According to research, the best way to teach reading is by using:

a. a systematic phonics approach in the early grades. b. the whole-language approach with students older than age 9 when reading is connected to literature, history, and science. c. a variety of methods and strategies.

A Hawaiian longitudinal study found that the resilience of poverty-stricken children whose parents were mentally unstable was dependent on:

a. an easygoing temperament. b. high IQ. c. realistic goal orientation, persistence, and learned creativity.

Adolescents who regularly smoke marijuana are more likely to:

a. drop out of school. b. become teenage parents. c. be unemployed.

According to the text, adolescents are deficient in their intake of necessary vitamins and minerals because:

a. healthy foods cost more. b. unhealthy foods are more desirable. c. they eat from vending machines in schools.

During the ______, Freud believed that children's emotional drives and psychosocial needs are quiet.

a. latency stage

Middle childhood is the healthiest period of the life span because

a. motor skills are mastered. b. children have learned to be cautious. c. most illnesses occur before or after middle childhood. d. All of these answers are correct.

Which is a common anxiety disorder?

a. post-traumatic stress disorder b. obsessive-compulsive disorder c. panic attacks

Todd is 26 and when he thinks about things he is more likely to be:

a. practical. b. flexible. c. dialectical.

The category "psychoactive drugs" refers to:

a. prescription medicine. b. illegal drugs such as marijuana. c. legal drugs such as cigarettes.

What contributes to a child's ability to increase his speed of thinking?

a. repetition b. myelination of neural axons c. automatization

Adolescent sexual behavior is strongly influenced by:

a. sexual information received from peers. b. whether or not an adolescent is in an ongoing romantic relationship. c. early puberty and physical attractiveness.

Between ages 6 and 11, children show psychosocial maturation by their ability to:

a. tell time and have set times for activities. b. complete more homework assignments. c. take care of pets.

The developmental psychopathology perspective assumes that:

abnormality is normal

Which are the three leading causes of death among people age 15 to 25?

accidents homicide suicide

The invincibility fable and the imaginary audience are both related to:

adolescent egocentrism

Rita, who is unpopular among her peers, frequently ridicules and antagonizes other children. Her behavior suggests that she is a(n):

aggressive-rejected child

The most frequently abused drug among North American teenagers is:

alcohol

Which of the following attempts to decrease teen drug use appears to INCREASE use?

antismoking ad campaigns designed to appeal to the young

One major type of problem in emerging adults in the United States is:

anxiety disorder.

High school romances:

are short-lived, rarely lasting more than a year.

A chronic disease of the respiratory system in which inflammation narrows the airway is:

asthma.

During Erikson's crisis of industry versus inferiority, children:

attempt to master many skills

A condition in which a child has great difficulty concentrating and is overactive and impulsive is:

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

The process by which a sequence of thoughts and actions is repeated until it becomes routine and no longer requires conscious thought is:

automatization.

Marrisa decided to drive her car to Las Vegas rather than fly after reading a story about a plane crash. This common fallacy is called:

base rate neglect.

A normal weight is:

between 20 and 25 BMI.

Petty, peevish arguing, usually repeated and ongoing, is called:

bickering

Juanita speaks Spanish. She is learning to speak English. In her third-grade classroom, school subjects are taught in both English and Spanish. This method of teaching a second language is:

bilingual education

A family in which both parents have offspring from earlier relationships is called a(n) ____________ family.

blended

The abbreviation "BMI" stands for:

body mass index

During adolescence, the lungs will _________ in weight and the heart will ___________ in size.

c. triple; double

Daily hassles:

can have a cumulative effect on children.

Piaget stressed the ______________, whereas Vygotsky stressed the _________________.

child's own discovery of concepts; importance of instruction by others

What is the most frequently reported sexually transmitted infection?

chlamydia

Carly is given grapes and strawberries. When asked if she has more grapes or fruit, she responds, "I have more fruits." Carly is using the logical concept of:

classification

The logical principle that things can be organized into groups or categories according to some characteristic that they have in common is:

classification

Moshman's puzzle study on cognition showed that emerging adults have:

cognitive flexibility.

A practical skill of postformal thought is the ability to:

combine subjective thoughts from personal experiences with objective thoughts from abstract logic.

According to Piaget, the stage of thinking that is characteristic of middle childhood is:

concrete operational

Piaget's term for the ability to reason logically about direct experiences is "____________ thought."

concrete operational

The type of moral reasoning that focuses on moral principles is called:

conventional

Which is one of the types of intelligence identified by Sternberg?

creative

Moral values are powerfully affected by:

culture and era

Bullying that occurs when one person spreads insults or rumors about another by means of e-mails, text messages, or the Internet is called:

cyberbullying.

When Piaget referred to concrete operations, he meant logic applied in situations that:

deal with visible, tangible, real things.

As friendships change during the school years, children are most likely to:

demand more of their friends.

The field that uses insights into typical development for comparison to understand various disorders is:

developmental psychopathology.

Destructive peer support in which one person shows another how to rebel against authority or social norms is referred to as:

deviancy training.

The term "math wars" refers to a:

disagreement between those who want more emphasis on teaching basic math skills and those who want emphasis on a broader, more conceptual understanding of math.

The notion that two networks exist within the brain, one for emotional and one for analytical processing of stimuli, describes the:

dual-process model.

One of the most commonly diagnosed learning disabilities involving reading is:

dyslexia

For both boys and girls, early puberty correlates with:

early sexual activity.

Being a bicycle messenger is an example of:

edgework.

In what stage of life are the greatest proportion of people within the normal range with respect to body weight?

emerging adulthood

The goal of tertiary prevention of asthma is to:

enable the use of inhalers.

At adolescence, the gonads increase the production of sex hormones: ___________ in girls and ________ in boys.

estradiol; testosterone

During the fifth stage of psychosocial development, an adolescent who is confused as to which of the many possible roles to adopt is said to be:

experiencing a crisis of identity versus role confusion.

Forms of recreation that include apparent risk or injury or death that are attractive and thrilling as a result are referred to

extreme sports

The most significant influence on whether an emerging adult attends college and once enrolled will graduate is:

family income

A person who adopts his or her parents' values without question or analysis is said to be in:

foreclosure.

Randy is in the stage of _______ if his thinking is no longer dependant on concrete experiences.

formal operational thought

Teenage girls are more susceptible to sexually transmitted infections than mature women are because

fully developed women have some natural biological defenses against STIs.

Which of the following is another name for the sex glands?

gonads

"Secondary education" refers to:

grades 7 through 12.

The first VISIBLE sign of puberty in boys is:

growth of the testes.

The relatively sudden and rapid physical growth that occurs during puberty is referred to as:

growth spurt

About ____ of adult bone mass is acquired between the ages of 10 and 20.

half

Vygotsky's emphasis on the importance of culture teaching children:

has been supported by research conducted throughout the world.

According to your text, 67 percent of all human families with children aged 6-11:

have two parents

The findings of a study of middle school students in Los Angeles suggest that __________ makes students feel safer and less lonely.

having someone to blame

Sweating when it is hot is an example of:

homeostasis

An organic chemical substance produced in the body and conveyed via the bloodstream is called

hormone

Puberty begins with a hormonal signal from the __________ to the _________.

hypothalamus; pituitary gland

Sternberg and Gardner criticize standard IQ tests because the tests:

ignore other types of intelligence

Julie is obsessed with how others will react to her behavior and appearance. It takes her several hours to dress in the morning as she considers what both her friends and her enemies will think of her. Julie's behavior reflects the power of:

imaginary audience

Senescence begins:

in late adolescence.

A document that specifies educational goals and plans for a child with special needs is referred to as a(n):

individualized education plan (IEP).

Concluding that a four-legged furry animal that wags its tail when it is happy and that likes to fetch sticks is a dog would be an example of:

inductive reasoning.

The thought process that involves using one or more specific experiences or facts to reach a general conclusion is called:

inductive reasoning.

According to Erikson, if 8-year-old Kristina does NOT solve her psychosocial conflict of stage four, she will come to view herself as:

inferior

The _______ approach studies how the brain encodes stores and retrieves information and the ______ approach evaluates whether a new level of cognition is reached by adults.

information-processing; stage

The only drug category used more by eighth-graders than by twelfth-graders is:

inhalants.

According to research by Labouvie-Vief (2006), no one under the age of 20 was in the advanced _________ stage of self-description.

integrated

What type of thought begins with a prior belief, past experience, or common assumption, rather than a logical premise?

intuitive

The adolescent's belief that he or she cannot be overcome or even harmed by anything that might defeat a normal mortal is called the:

invincibility fable.

Historically, math instruction has ______________, whereas today many educators would like math instruction to _________________.

involved memorizing math facts, rules, and processes; be more active and engaging

The ability to come up with many solutions for a problem:

is a hallmark of postformal thought.

The role of genetics in susceptibility to obesity:

is complex because genes influence not only metabolic rate but also food preferences and activity level.

Research has shown that the dip in self-esteem during adolescence:

is experienced by both sexes.

Drug abuse

is harmful physically.

A diagnosis of ADHD indicates that a child not only has problems concentrating but also:

is inattentive, impulsive, and overactive.

Which of the following is the MOST likely indicator of moratorium?

joining to peace corps

A reason for the high drop-out rate of today's college students is that they:

lack the cultural knowledge or cognitive maturity to acquire the "social know-how" needed to navigate through college.

Freud referred to middle childhood as the period of:

latency

The primary reason for attending college is to __________ and the secondary reason for attending college is to _______________.

learn specific skills; obtain a general education

Family structure refers to:

legal and genetic relationships of family members.

The hormone that affects appetite and is believed to affect the onset of puberty is:

leptin

Early neurological impairments increase the risk of a child's becoming a(n) _________, and a teen experiencing a negative psychosocial development is at greater risk of becoming a(n) ___________.

life-course-persistent offender; adolescent-limited offender

According to your text, the most important overall family function is to provide:

love and encouragement

According to your text, two factors that significantly interfere with family function in every nation are:

low income and high conflict

Exercise does all of the following EXCEPT:

make arthritis and osteoporosis more likely.

International studies of mathematics education have found that:

math achievement tends to be lower in nations where students have more confidence in their math abilities.

Which of the following is a primary sex characteristic?

maturation of the testes

The "low ebb" of learning occurs in:

middle school.

High-stakes testing as a requirement for high school graduation potentially results in:

more dropouts

Thinking in adulthood is distinguished from earlier thinking in that it is:

more practical flexible and dialectical.

With some exceptions, adolescent boys use ____ drugs, and use them ______ often, than girls do.

more, more

When it comes to religion:

most adolescents feel close to God.

In the United States, most 18-to-24-year-olds believe that premarital sex is:

not wrong at all

A family that consists of a father, a mother, and their biological children younger than age 18 is referred to as a:

nuclear family

Most fatal childhood diseases:

occur before age 6.

High schools today:

often require most students to take two years of math beyond algebra.

The sex glands in a female are called ______, and the sex glands in a male are called ______.

ovaries; testicles.

If a child has a BMI above the 85th percentile of children the same age, he or she is considered:

overweight

Jamie is 6 feet 3 inches tall and weighs 210 pounds. He would be classified as:

overweight

Any deliberate action of self-harm that could have been lethal but was not is referred to as:

parasuicide.

Recent research on shared and nonshared environmental factors and their influence on children's developing temperaments has found that:

parents' attitudes have a direct effect on children's behavior.

What is the aspect of adolescent egocentrism characterized by the adolescent's belief that his or her thoughts, feelings, and experiences are unique?

personal fable

Children who learn the sound of each alphabet letter and combinations of letters to decipher simple words are learning to read by the _______ approach.

phonics

The two distinct reading methods are the ________ approach and the _______ approach.

phonics; whole-language

Erikson described four aspects of identity as being the religious, the sexual, the vocational, and the:

political.

Many children use codes in their text messages (LOL, , 411). The use of these codes in this context indicates the child understands:

pragmatics.

Sexual development before age 8 is referred to as:

precocious puberty

According to Fowler's development of faith:

progresses from a simple self-centered perspective to a more complex altruistic view.

The category of self-description that includes high self-involvement and low self-doubt is called:

protective

The years of rapid physical growth and sexual maturation that ends childhood is called:

puberty

The second phase of a three-phase process of cognitive development in college students is that they:

question personal and social values including doubts about the idea of truth.

Which of the following is a consequence of increasing myelination?

quicker reaction time

The time it takes to respond to a physical or cognitive stimulus is:

reaction time

The ultimate goal in resolving the crisis of identity achievement is to:

reconsider the goals and values set by parents and culture, accepting some and rejecting others.

Childhood medication has been found to:

reduce the risk of adolescent drug use.

The statement that growth slows down during middle childhood

refers to a decrease in the rate of physical growth.

Living in a stressful environment has been found to:

result in earlier puberty.

A situation in which an adolescent does not seem to know or care about his or her identity is called:

role confusion

Results received from international achievement tests are considered problematic because:

sample selection and test administration are not consistent.

Which age group would find the classic joke: "Why did the chicken cross the road?" funny?

school-age children

The period after primary education and before tertiary education is called:

secondary education.

Physical traits that are not directly involved in reproduction but that indicate sexual maturity are referred to as:

secondary sex characteristics.

Which of the following underlies the ability to listen, take notes, and ignore distractions?

selective attention

Toward the end of middle childhood, ________ becomes more fragile.

self-esteem

Today's "digital divide":

separates young from old.

Five-year-old Franz can count to 100, but he cannot correctly estimate where 22 is placed on a number line that starts at 0 and ends at 100. This means that Franz is having problems with:

seriation

_________ is the body weight that your homeostatic mechanisms seek to maintain.

set point

__________ presumably makes people eat when they are hungry and stop eating when they are full.

set point

Compared with the rate of growth during the preschool years, the rate of growth during middle childhood is:

slower

A method of reducing risky behavior among emerging adults that is based on their desire to follow standard social behavior is the

social norms approach.

What is a factor that affects adult linguistic input and later child output?

socioeconomic status of the family and of the minority group

Which complication is associated with teen pregnancy?

spontaneous abortion

The possibility that one's appearance or behavior will be misread to confirm another's oversimplified prejudiced attitudes is called:

stereotype threat

John is a 20-year-old African American who believes that success in school is for females and whites. He may be experiencing

stereotype threat.

In Perry's scheme of cognitive and ethical development the fourth stage is the one in which:

students realize that authorities don't know the right answers and that students have a right to their own opinions.

By accounting for _______ the mature adult becomes a more objective and powerful thinker.

subjectivity

Children who move and change neighborhoods in middle childhood:

suffer academically and emotionally.

"Throwing good money after bad" is a phrase often used when we put more and more money into something that really was not worth it in the first place. Which of the following best explains why we often do not choose to "cut our losses"?

sunk cost fallacy

The mistaken assumption that, because a person has already spent time, money, or effort on some endeavor that has failed, more should be invested in an effort to reach the goal is referred to as

sunk cost fallacy

The third stage of dialectical thinking is referred to as:

synthesis.

In a study of adolescent thinking, Klaczynski concluded that:

teenagers can use logic, but most did not.

An experiment comparing teens' and emerging adults' risk behaviors when playing the video driving game Chicken with and without their peers revealed that:

teens were more willing to take chances when playing with peers than were the adults.

Early-maturing girls:

tend to have lower self-esteem than late-maturing girls.

In terms of drug use, "generational forgetting" refers to:

the idea that each new generation forgets what the previous generation learned about drugs.

Thirteen-year-old Mark refuses to go to school because he has a pimple. He is convinced that everyone will make fun of him. Mark's behavior is an example of:

the imaginary audience.

Developmentalists suspect that one reason for the slowdown in academic achievement that is seen in middle schools is:

the lack of connection to teachers.

The term "culture of children" refers to:

the particular habits and styles that reflect the set of rules and rituals that characterize children as distinct from adult society.

Marisol has learned to speak formally with adults and informally (using slang) with her friends. She has learned:

the pragmatics of language

Like obesity, asthma is:

the product of both nature and nurture

According to Kohlberg, the crucial factor in determining what stage of moral reasoning a person is using is:

the reasons for his or her answers to questions about a moral dilemma.

One reason why adolescent suicides have decreased since 1990 may be that:

there is more effective use of antidepressants.

Adolescents are said to have closeness with family when:

there is open communication, support, emotional connectedness, and parental control.

Teens are less likely to abuse drugs, leave school, and take unnecessary risks when:

they feel valued by their communities.

A characteristic of the culture of children is that:

they may spout curses, accents, and slang.

Most emerging adults believe that the purpose of sex is:

to strengthen pair bonding.

Which psychoactive drug used during adolescence inhibits growth and may result in the adolescent's becoming a shorter and heavier adult?

tobacco

The last part(s) of the adolescent body to be fully formed is (are) the:

torso

Although concrete operational thinkers might succeed on the balance-a-scale test of formal reasoning, they are less likely to do so because of their reliance on:

trial and error

Few adolescents notice when they move from _____ (experimenting) to __________ (experiencing harm) to _____________ (needing the drug to avoid feeling ill).

use; abuse; addiction

Ideally, social comparison helps children to:

value their own abilities

A primary level of prevention aimed at asthma is:

ventilating schools better

Internationally, girls are slightly ahead in ______ skills and boys in ______.

verbal; math

Family income can have a positive or negative effect on the function and structure of the family, but what is important is:

whether or not the income increases stress on the family.

Children who learn to read when their brains are ready as a result of talking, listening, reading, and writing experiences are being taught to read using the _________ approach.

whole language

According to the text __________ are the "telltale signs of addiction".

withdrawal symptoms

The most obvious change in colleges worldwide in the last 30 years is the increased enrollment of:

women

In today's society:

work, marriage, and parenting occur later than they used to.

More than half of all college students incur financial debt from student loans. As a result many college graduates:

worry about the impact of the debt on their economic future.

The difference in the psychosocial development of young children as compared to that of middle-school children is that:

young children's egocentrism makes them less affected by other children's acceptance or rejection of them.