Lifespan - Chapter 10

According to studies, adult attachment styles with romantic partners are:

reflective of childhood attachment patterns but also influenced by later experience.

What are the two types of smiles?

reflexive and social

A ___ (reflexive/social) smile in an infant does not occur in response to external stimuli, but a ___ (reflexive/social) smile does.

reflexive; social

Emotion ______ plays a key role for young children when managing the demands and conflicts that arise when interacting with others.

regulation

What type of love is also called passionate love and has strong components of sexuality and infatuation?

romantic

Ineffective emotion regulation in adolescence is linked to all of the following EXCEPT: a lower level of executive function. difficulty with peers. rule following. a weak conscience.

rule following.

The jealousy research study in which infants observed their mothers holding a lifelike baby doll illustrates the:

difficulty of interpreting infant emotion.

Caregivers of insecure ______ babies often neglect or physically abuse them.

disorganized Caregivers of insecure avoidant babies tend to be unavailable or rejecting, but not neglectful or abusive.

According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) ___ child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts readily to new experiences.

easy

A feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being, is called:

emotion

Older adults are motivated to spend more time pursuing ______ satisfaction.

emotional

Because they place a high value on ______, older adults spend more time with familiar individuals with whom they have had rewarding relationships.

emotional satisfaction

With which Rothbart and Bates' temperament classification does Kagan's uninhibited category most closely coincide?

extraversion/surgency

The use of ___ to ___ play begins at about 2 to 3 months of age and includes vocalizations, touch, and gestures.

face to face

Compared with younger adults, older adults experience:

fewer emotional highs and lows.

The most frequent expression of an infant's fear involves

stranger anxiety.

What are the 2 important roles of emotions in infants?

1. Communication with others. 2. Behavioral organization.

What are three states that may be too intense to manage emotion?

1. Hangry 2. Being an infant/toddler 3. Alcohol / Drugs / Etc.

What is ineffectual emotional regulation linked with?

1. Lower levels of executive functioning. 2. Difficult peer relations. 3. Lower level of moral development.

Ainsworth's attachment categories

1. Secure, 2. Insecure avoidant, 3. Insecure resistant, 4. Insecure disorganized

When do we first see self-conscious emotions? Why?

1.5 years (18 months) The brain is not mature enough to have those emotions.

At what age can children define their emotions?

2 years

What percentage of adults describe themselves as securely attached?

60 to 80 percent

In the United States, separation protest typically begins at about the age of:

7 to 8 months.

Which individuals are displaying self-conscious emotions? 7-year-old Harry, who is embarrassed 4-year-old Sam, who feels shame 11-year-old Mike, who is angry with his sister 4-month-old Jill, who is giggling

7-year-old Harry, who is embarrassed 4-year-old Sam, who feels shame

When is stranger anxiety most intense?

9-12 months

Mikulincer and Shaver (2019) have identified which of the following benefits for securely attached individuals? (Select all that apply) Ability to control their emotions False sense of security Well-integrated sense of self-acceptance Mindful of what is happening around them

Ability to control their emotions Well-integrated sense of self-acceptance Mindful of what is happening around them

Which type of love occurs when someone desires to have the other person near and has deep, caring feelings for the person?

Affectionate

Sternberg's triangle of love consists of passion, intimacy, and commitment. Various combinations of these result in which of the following types of love? (Select all that apply) Multiple select question. Sexual love Affectionate love Consummate love Fatuous love

Affectionate love Consummate love Fatuous love

The Strange Situation, which was an observational means to identify individual differences in infant attachment, was developed by:

Ainsworth

Older adulthood emotional experience is characterized by __________ emotions than in young adulthood.

All answer choices are correct. Correct less intense fewer negative more positive

Who has primary emotions?

All species of animals Appear in first 6 months

______ is defined as the close emotional bond between two people.

Attachment

Which of the following statements apply to Bowlby's concept of attachment? (Select all that apply) Attachment is important for survival. There are five phases of attachment. Infants and caregivers are biologically predisposed to form attachments. Attachment is the first phase of development in the infant's life, the trust versus mistrust phase.

Attachment is important for survival. Infants and caregivers are biologically predisposed to form attachments.

What are the three types of baby cries?

Basic (hunger, etc) Angry Painful

What are some positive results from emotion-coaching?

Better able to self-soothe More effective in regulating negative affect Focus attention better Fewer behavioral problems

What are the first methods of communication for babies?

Cries & Smiles

Which of the following theorists proposed influential theories of infant attachment? Piaget Kagan Bowlby Erikson Freud

Bowlby Erikson Freud

Biologically, what three areas of the brain are associated with emotions, and develop early in life?

Brain Stem Amygdala Hippocampus

Which of the following are characteristic of an infant's pain cry? (Select all that apply) An inspiratory whistle Breath holding Shouting sound Rhythmic pattern Lack of preliminary moaning

Breath holding Lack of preliminary moaning

Which of the following are true of attachment in older adults? (Select all that apply) Caregiver burden is related to insecure attachment. Attachment is unrelated to well-being in old age. They have fewer attachment relationships than younger adults. They have a decrease in attachment anxiety.

Caregiver burden is related to insecure attachment. They have fewer attachment relationships than younger adults. They have a decrease in attachment anxiety.

Which of the following ideas are stressed by John Bowlby in his concept of attachment? (Select all that apply) Caregiver responsiveness is involved. Attachment is crucial in the first year. Most children are not biologically prepared to elicit attachment behavior. Attachment emerges suddenly.

Caregiver responsiveness is involved. Attachment is crucial in the first year.

Which statement is FALSE regarding emotional development in middle and late childhood?

Children in middle and late childhood have difficulty suppressing their negative emotional reactions.

Which statement is FALSE regarding emotional development in middle and late childhood? Children in middle and late childhood have an increased understanding of complex emotions. Children in middle and late childhood have difficulty suppressing their negative emotional reactions. Children in middle and late childhood understand that more than one emotion can be experienced in a particular situation. Children in middle and late childhood have a capacity for genuine empathy.

Children in middle and late childhood have difficulty suppressing their negative emotional reactions.

Which statement is FALSE regarding emotional development in middle and late childhood? Children in middle and late childhood have difficulty suppressing their negative emotional reactions. Children in middle and late childhood have a capacity for genuine empathy. Children in middle and late childhood understand that more than one emotion can be experienced in a particular situation. Children in middle and late childhood have an increased understanding of complex emotions.

Children in middle and late childhood have difficulty suppressing their negative emotional reactions.

___ is characterized by behavior that reflects the pleasantness or unpleasantness of the state that individuals are in, or the transactions they are experiencing.

Emotion

What is the best method for teaching emotional regulation?

Emotion-Coaching Parents: Monitor child's emotions, and view negative emotions as a teaching opportunity. Assist child in labeling emotions, and coach on how to effectively deal with emotions.

What is the worst method of teaching regulation of emotion?

Emotion-Dismissing Parents: Deny, ignore, or change negative emotions

True or false: Temperament remains stable throughout an individual's development.

False Temperament develops and changes as an individual grows.

If passion and commitment are present but intimacy is not, such as when one person worships another from a distance, which of the following is present according to Sternberg?

Fatuous love

Which of the following statements are true based on Harlow's conclusions from studying infant monkeys? (Select all that apply) Feeding is not the crucial element in the attachment process. Contact comfort is crucial in the attachment process. The first stage of infant development is the trust-versus-mistrust stage. Providing nourishment is the most important factor in the attachment process.

Feeding is not the crucial element in the attachment process. Contact comfort is crucial in the attachment process.

What is emotion?

Feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is in a state or interaction that is important to him or her, especially to his or her well-being.

When does separation protest occur (crying when caregiver leaves)?

First appears at 7-8 months. Peaks at 13-15 months

When does fear first occur in children?

First at 6 months Peaks at 18 months

Which of the following are important social cognitive accomplishments that are established at the end of the first year? (Select all that apply) Goal-directed behavior Self-regulation Self-understanding Intention Joint attention

Goal-directed behavior Intention Joint attention

What emotion would an infant younger than 6 months likely NOT to experience?

Guilt

Baby Jordan engages in little interaction with his mother and isn't distressed when she leaves the room. When she returns, Jordan does not reestablish contact with her and even turns his back on her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Jordan?

He is an insecure avoidant baby.

How did Watson deal with crying babies?

He left the alone. Watson thought that rewarding a crybaby with attention would increase the crying.

Research has found that decreases in infants' negative emotionality are linked to which of the following? (Select all that apply) More instances of parents ignoring the behavior Higher parental involvement Higher levels of parental responsiveness Higher levels of parental sensitivity

Higher parental involvement Higher levels of parental responsiveness Higher levels of parental sensitivity

What are the primary emotions?

Interest Joy Anger Sadness Fear Disgust Surprise

insecure-avoidant attachment

Shows insecurity by avoiding caregiver Not bothered when they leave, not bothered when they return.

Which of the following are true about the developmental cascade model? (Select all that apply) It can produce positive or negative outcomes at different points in development. It has been completely debunked by research. It can include connections between biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes. It can involve social contexts such as families, peers, schools, and culture. It focuses solely on the the biological underpinnings of attachment.

It can produce positive or negative outcomes at different points in development. It can include connections between biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes. It can involve social contexts such as families, peers, schools, and culture.

Which of the following statements are true regarding face-to-face play? (Select all that apply) It does not include vocalization, touch, or gestures. It includes vocalization, touch, and gestures. It begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age. It begins at about 6-7 months of age.

It includes vocalization, touch, and gestures. It begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age.

What is one of the main criticisms of the Strange Situation? The research may have been poorly designed. It may be culturally biased. It is outdated. Psychoanalysis is inappropriate for infants.

It may be culturally biased.

Which of the following is a criticism of attachment theory?

It overemphasizes the attachment bond and ignores infant resiliency.

Why does emotional regulation further increase between 4-5 years (kindergarten)?

Kids gain an increased ability to reflect upon emotions. They understand that emotions must be managed in certain situations, and emotions affect behavior. Growing awareness of need to manage emotions to meet social standards

Why does emotional regulation increase between 2-4 years?

Kids learn new ways and terms to describe their emotions. They also learn about causes and consequences of emotions.

What relationships are characterized by both elevated levels of support and higher levels of control and jealousy?

Long-term adolescent relationships

Research has found secure attachment during middle and late childhood has been linked positively with which of the following? (Select all that apply) Lower levels of anxiety Increased social anxiety Lower levels of depression Higher levels of emotion regulation

Lower levels of anxiety Lower levels of depression Higher levels of emotion regulation

According to a recent longitudinal study, which of the following predicted secure attachment in adolescence and emerging adulthood?

Maternal sensitivity in childhood and adolescence

Which of the following is a major problem with online romantic relationships?

Misrepresentation

What can most kids to by the time they are 5 years old (regarding emotional management)?

Most kids can accurately identify emotions produced by challenging circumstances, and they have ways to cope.

Infants' social sophistication and insight are reflected by which of the following? (Select all that apply) Motivation to share and participate in others' intentionally motivated actions. Shedding of the need for attachment. Increase in emotional understanding and communication. Perceptions of others' actions as intentionally motivated.

Motivation to share and participate in others' intentionally motivated actions. Increase in emotional understanding and communication. Perceptions of others' actions as intentionally motivated.

Emotional changes in adulthood include which of the following? (Select all that apply) Moving toward a more predictable lifestyle Deciding not to internalize rules Realizing things will always be successful Making decisions about a life partner Making decisions about occupations

Moving toward a more predictable lifestyle Making decisions about a life partner Making decisions about occupations

The development of locomotor skills is the result of which of the following? (Select all that apply) Nervous system development Environmental support for the skill Infant motivation to reach a goal Infant social sophistication Face-to-face play

Nervous system development Environmental support for the skill Infant motivation to reach a goal

Should you let your baby cry it out?

Nope

Which of the following are true about older adults' emotional lives as compared to younger adults? (Select all that apply) Older adults tend to live sad, more lonely lives. Older adults tend to experience more positive emotion. Older adults' emotional lives are on a more even keel. Older adults pay more attention to negative information.

Older adults tend to experience more positive emotion. Older adults' emotional lives are on a more even keel.

What are Sternberg's three dimensions of love?

Passion Intimacy Commitment

What is associated / parallel to emotion?

Physiological arousal (increase in heart rate, etc.)

What is emotion-dismissing linked with?

Poor emotional regulation

One way to describe temperament is in terms of predispositions toward which two of the following? Reactivity Selectivity Assertiveness Self-esteem Self-regulation

Reactivity Self-regulation

Social ______ occurs when one can understand the emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a given situation.

Referencing

Which type of infant smile does NOT depend on external stimuli?

Reflexive

How did Ainsworth and Bowlby deal with crying babies?

Respond to every cry, you cannot respond too much during their first year of life.

After developing self-awareness, children around the age of 18 to 24 months begin experiencing what type of emotion?

Self-conscious

Which of the following are self-conscious emotions? (Select all that apply) Shame Pride Fear Embarrassment Guilt

Shame Pride Embarrassment Guilt

As individuals move into emerging adulthood, which of the following is true about their romantic relationships?

Short-term relationships are more common.

insecure-disorganized attachment

Shows insecurity by being confused, disoriented, fearful. Typically seen in kids who have been abused. classification of parent-child attachment in which the child shows little exploratory behavior when the parent is present, great distress when the parent leaves the room, and ambivalence upon the parent's return

Chess and Thomas' classification system placed children into which categories of temperament? (Select all that apply) Slow-to-warm-up Unstable Easy Difficult

Slow-to-warm-up Easy Difficult

Emotion regulation is key to which of the following? (Select all that apply) Social competence Child development Attachment Emotional adaptiveness Coping with stress

Social competence Child development Emotional adaptiveness Coping with stress

Which of the following are criticisms of attachment theory? Some cultures value attachments to several caregivers for a child. Some cultures value early childhood independence. It is critical that an infant has attachment to one single caregiver only. It ignores the diversity of socializing agents in an infant's world.

Some cultures value attachments to several caregivers for a child. Some cultures value early childhood independence. It ignores the diversity of socializing agents in an infant's world.

Ainsworth created the ___ Situation, an observational way to identify differences in infant attachment.

Strange

What is the more frequent infant expression of fear?

Stranger anxiety

According to a study by Joseph Allen and his colleagues, adolescents who were securely attached at age 14 were more likely to report which of the following at age 21? (Select all that apply) That they were attaining increased financial independence That they struggled with emotion regulation That they were in an exclusive relationship That they were putting work in front of romantic relationships That they were comfortable with intimacy

That they were attaining increased financial independence That they were in an exclusive relationship That they were comfortable with intimacy

What is the general research conclusion regarding the Strange Situation?

The experiment continues to have some merit.

socioemotional selectivity theory

The theory that older adults become more selective about their social networks. Because they place a high value on emotional satisfaction, older adults often spend more time with familiar individuals with whom they have had rewarding relationships.

According to research, which of the following is true about parents of children who showed more avoidant attachment?

They were less responsive and more punitive.

True or false: Secure attachment in infancy has been linked to social competence with peers and lower rates of peer conflict in early childhood.

True Secure attachment has been linked to social competence with peers in early childhood and lower rates of peer conflict at 3 years of age.

True or false: In development, biological, cognitive, and social processes are intricately intertwined.

True These process are intricately intertwined in development.

True or false: Older adults tend to have both fewer attachment relationships and decreasing attachment anxiety.

True With increasing age, adults have fewer attachment relationships; and attachment anxiety decreases.

Which of the following characterize relationships of securely attached adults? (Select all that apply) Trust Jealousy Commitment Longevity Possessiveness

Trust Commitment Longevity

Adults with a(n) ______ attachment style demand closeness, are less trusting, and jealous.

anxious

Adam reacts to difficult or negative situations at such a high level that it affects his normal effective functioning. He has a high level of emotional

arousal.

Developmental social neuroscience involves the brain regions, hormones, and neurotransmitters that are important in motivating mother-infant ___.

attachment

The close emotional bond between mothers and infants is called ___.

attachment

Adults with a(n) ______ attachment style are hesitant about getting involved in romantic relationships.

avoidant

Caregivers of ______ babies tend to be unavailable or rejecting.

avoidant

insecure-resistant attachment

baby seeks closeness to parent (clingy), is distressed or angry when parent returns. Resists by fighting against the closeness

A(n) ______ cry is a rhythmic pattern that usually consists of a cry, followed by a briefer silence, then a shorter inspiratory whistle that is higher pitched than the main cry, and then a brief rest before the next cry.

basic

What are emotions influenced by?

biological foundations cognitive processes A person's experience

The 15 to 20 percent of 11- to 13-year-olds who say that they are currently in a romantic relationship are considered early ___.

bloomers

The developmental ___ model involves connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes.

cascade

Securely Attached

child uses the parent as a safe base to explore, when separated the child may cry during absence, but be soothed when the parent returns, decrease crying if present (~60% of U.S. infants)

Affectionate love is also called ______ love and occurs when someone desires to have the other person near.

companionate

The ability to develop skills contextually and focus on the adaptive nature of emotional experience is called emotional:

competence

What is the crucial element in attachment, as demonstrated by Harry Harlow's experiment with monkeys?

contact comfort

Which of the following refers to a child's ability to connect his or her own intentions with a peer's intentions and put this understanding to use in interacting with the peer to reach a goal?

cooperation

As the nervous system in infants develops, locomotion becomes possible and children are able to develop a certain amount of:

independence

Ainsworth's secure attachment

infant uses the caregiver as the secure base to explore the environment. children who are securely attached are comfortable with others and trustworthy

Bowlby's internal working model of attachment eventually:

influences the child's subsequent responses to other people.

Devon clings to his mother. When she leaves the room, he cries loudly, but when she returns to comfort him, he kicks and squirms. Mary Ainsworth would say he is

insecure resistant.

A key theme in emotional development in adulthood is the adaptive ______ of emotional experience and daily life.

integration

Being skilled at perceiving and expressing emotion, understanding emotion, using feelings to facilitate thought, and managing emotions effectively is a description of emotional:

intelligence

A research study was performed in which 6-month-old infants observed their mothers either giving attention to a lifelike baby doll or gently rocking it (Hart & others, 2004). Researchers had to decide if infant emotional expressions constituted ___. This illustrates the complexity of indexing early emotions.

jealousy

Which of the following are aspects of the development of social orientation? locomotion self-regulation goal-directed behaviors cooperation

locomotion goal-directed behaviors cooperation

As children progress from the ___ (early/middle/late) through the ___ (early/middle/late) childhood years, they come to recognize emotions, are able to identify and explain them, are increasingly concerned with self-regulating them, and appreciate that they can be ambiguous.

middle; late

According to twin studies, heredity has a ______ influence on differences in temperament within a group of people.

moderate

Researchers are discovering that infants are ___ (more/less) socially sophisticated and insightful at younger ages than was previously envisioned.

more

As compared to the parents, adolescents are more likely to experience:

more extreme and more fleeting emotions.

Which of the following regions of the brain is likely the LEAST related to mother-infant attachment?

occipital lobe

Which two of the following has developmental social neuroscience linked to mother-infant attachment? estrogen testosterone oxytocin cortisol dopamine

oxytocin dopamine

Romantic love emphasizes __________, while affectionate love emphasizes __________.

passion; companionship

Tricia is independent and adventurous, and she likes to explore new places. Her mother, however, is overly controlling and rigid. This is an example of

poor goodness of fit.

Early secure attachment has been linked with which of the following? positive interaction with peers and teachers negative romantic partners in adolescence high self-esteem and self-confidence positive emotional health

positive interaction with peers and teachers high self-esteem and self-confidence positive emotional health

Which emotion type develops in the first six months of life and is also present in animals?

primary

Mary Ainsworth and John Bowlby stress that

quick attention to crying is important in the development of a strong bond between parent and child.

One way to describe temperament involves the variation in the speed and intensity with which an individual responds to situations with positive or negative emotions. This is referred to as:

reactivity

Self-conscious emotions do not appear until the second half of the ______ year of life.

second

Individuals with a(n) ___ attachment pattern have the ability to show resiliency and a greater ability to face stress with effective coping strategies.

secure

Janice is a sensitive and responsive caregiver. She anticipates her baby's needs and is available and flexible. What type of attachment is Janice's baby likely to form?

secure

What term describes an infant who sees the caregiver as a base from which to explore the environment?

securely attached

Children of emotion-coaching parents are more likely to

self-soothe, focus attention, and have fewer behavior problems.

An infant's fear of a caregiver leaving, which results in crying when the caregiver leaves, is called:

separation protest.

Romantic love has strong components of ______ and infatuation.

sexuality

According to Chess and Thomas, a child who has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood is characterized as

slow-to-warm-up.

What is a reflexive smile?

smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli

What is a social smile?

smiling in response to other individuals

Which of the following refers to an infant's ability to "read" the emotions of other people?

social referencing

Jackson checks his mother's expression before venturing toward the sidewalk. This is an example of

social referencing.

Nine-year-old Aaron used to get really angry with his classmates, but that is not the case now. This example illustrates that in middle-to-late childhood, children learn to:

suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions.

What is emotional regulation?

the ability to control when and how emotions are expressed Effectively managing arousal to adapt and reach a goal.

Jeremy is a very active toddler whose parents try to avoid putting him in situations where he must sit still for long periods of time. This illustrates

the concept of goodness of fit.

Bowlby argued that infants develop an internal ___ ___ of attachment.

working model

Bowlby argued that infants develop an internal of attachment.

working model

Research on attachment indicates a likelihood that

young adults who had secure attachments to parents have secure attachments to romantic partners.