Lifespan Development Ch. 12

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males and females with a homosexual orientation are sometimes categorized together as

"gay people," or "gays"

In their search for identity, many—not all—adolescents join

"in" groups, slavishly imitating their peers' clothing, speech, hairstyles, and ideals

Crowds are usually given labels by other adolescents such as

"jocks," "brains," "druggies," or "nerds"

Suicidal adolescents experience four areas of psychological problems:

(1) confusion about the self (2) impulsiveness (3) emotional instability (4) interpersonal problems

IDENTITY VS. ROLE CONFUSION​

-A review of the past + a preview of the future​ -Outcome: A rational agent of yourself:​ -acts on the basis of reason​ -takes responsibility for those actions​ -know why & how​ -Identity crisis (but not a trauma)​ -exploration + commitment (James Marcia)​ ​

Moratorium:

-Actively exploring alternatives -Attempting to make choices with regard to occupation, ideological beliefs, and so on -Often anxious and intense -Ambivalent feelings toward parents and authority figures Yes to Exploration and No to Commitment

Researchers have found the following warning signs of suicide among adolescents:

-Belief that it is acceptable to kill oneself -Drug abuse and other kinds of delinquency -Victimization by bullying -Extensive body piercing -Stress -Hostility -Depression and other psychological disorders -Heavy smoking -Low self-esteem -Increasing age from 11 to 21

Middle Childhood:

-Child conduct problems: hostility, defiance, and persistent aggression Leads to: -Rejection by typical peers or -Academic failure Leads to: -Commitment to deviant peer group

Example of moratorium identity status:

-College student who has changed majors once or twice (or more) -moratorium status is common among college students

Self-concept​

-Context-specific trait & social roles​ -Can be contradictory in early adolescence, more integrated later​

Cost of friendships

-Corumination -Relational aggression

Early Childhood:

-Difficult temperament -Cognitive deficits -Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder Leads to: -Conflict-ridden home; lax and inconsistent discipline

Romantic Relationship, Why?

-Hormonal changes​ -Early adolescence: recreation, achieving peer status​ -Late adolescence: compatibility, companionship, affection & social support​ -Correlates w/ relationship w/ parents & friendships (recall: secondary attachment)​ -Can be challenging for LGBTQ teens

Identity Diffusion:

-Least developed in terms of identity -Lacks commitments -Not trying to form commitments -May be carefree and uninvolved or unhappy and lonely -May be angry, alienated, rebellious No to Exploration and No to Commitment

Foreclosure:

-Makes commitments without considering alternatives -Commitments based on identification with parents, teachers, or other authority figures -Often authoritarian and inflexible No to Exploration and Yes to Commitment

Identity achievement:

-Most developed in terms of identity -Has experienced a period of exploration -Has developed commitments -Has a sense of personal well-being, high self-esteem, and self-acceptance -Cognitively flexible -Sets goals and works toward achieving them -Yes to Exploration and Yes to Commitment

Self-esteem (evaluation of self-concept)​

-New points of references​ -Goes up in general (becoming more mature, capable, in control)​

The four top dislikes of Facebook users:

-People share too much information about themselves. -Other people post information—including photos—about you without your permission. -Other people see comments or posts that you meant to keep private. -There is pressure to disclose too much information about yourself.

Externalizing Problems: Delinquency

-Recall: Popular/Rejected-antisocial peers​ -A reverse-U shape during adolescence, as self—regulation & critical thinking abilities kick in​ -More boys than girls perform delinquent acts, esp. in physical aggression​ -Factors: difficult temperament, low IQ, poor school performance, peer rejection, befriending antisocial peers, & poor parenting​

Why do single U.S. adolescents get pregnant?

-adolescent girls typically get little advice in school or at home about how to deal with boys' sexual advances -Another reason is failure to use contraception -Some initiate sex at very early ages, when they are least likely to use contraception

During the high school and college years, adolescents increasingly move from the ______ and ____ statuses to the ______ and ______ statuses

-diffusion & foreclosure -moratorium and achievement

The 4 identity statuses are:

-identity diffusion -foreclosure -moratorium -identity achievement

What are the 3 stages of ethnic identity?

1. Unexamined ethnic identity 2. Ethnic identity search 3. Achieved ethnic identity

There is generally a gap of about ___ years between initial attraction to members of the same gender, which tends to occur at about the age of 8 or 9, and disclosure of one's orientation to other people, which usually occurs at about age 18

10 years

Adolescents may describe them-selves as anxious or sarcastic with parents but as talkative and cheerful with friends. Such contradictions and conflicts in self-description reach their peak at about age

14 and then decline

It should not be surprising that the probability of having had sex rises dramatically between the ages of ___ and ____

15 and 19

A survey of Texas high-school students found that ____% said they had transmitted a nude photo of them-selves in a text message or an email

28% -Three in ten (31%) had requested a "sext" message, and more than half (57%) had asked someone else to send them a sexual text or email

Suicide is the ______ leading cause of death among adolescents

2nd

Some researchers hypothesize _____ stages in the development of ethnic identity

3

Building on Erikson's approach, James Marcia theorized _____ identity statuses that represent the four possible combinations of the dimensions of exploration and commitment that Erikson believed were critical to the development of identity

4

About 700,000 teenage girls in the United States are impregnated each year. The pregnancies result in about ______ births

400,000 -However, large this number may sound, 10 to 20 years ago, about one million girls were getting pregnant each year -attribute the drop-off in careless sex to educational efforts by schools, the media, religious institutions, and communities

Cliques consist of

5 to 10 individuals who hang around together, sharing activities and confidences

More than ___% of the girls aged 15-19 who have had sex have used a condom at one time or another, and majorities have used the withdrawal method of birth control (which is all but useless) or the birth-control pill.

90%

Adolescence:

Delinquency

Collectively, lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals are frequently referred to as

LGBT people

How successful are sex education programs?

The better programs increase students' knowledge about sexuality

"Coming out to others" sometimes means an open declaration to the world. More often, an adolescent feels more comfortable telling

a couple of close friends

The primary task is for adolescents to develop ego identity:

a sense of who they are and what they stand for.

Nearly half of pregnant teenagers will have an

abortion -Most others will become single mothers

The process of "coming out"-

accepting one's sexual minority identity and declaring it to others- can be a long and painful struggle

In the United States today, the great majority of single adolescents who become pregnant do so

accidentally and without committed partners

LGBT

acronym for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered

Exploration involves

active questioning and searching among alternatives to establish goals, values, or beliefs

The moratorium status refers to a person who is

actively exploring alternatives in an attempt to make choices -such individuals are often anxious and intense

Although relationships with parents generally remain positive, the role of peers as a source of

activities, influences and support increases

Females tend to be healthy in late

adolescence

Antisocial and criminal behaviors show a dramatic increase in many societies during

adolescence and then taper off during adulthood -ex: about four in ten serious crimes in the United States are committed by individuals under the age of 21, and about three in ten are committed by adolescents under 18

One aspect of identity development is a psychological moratorium during which

adolescents experiment with different roles, values, beliefs, and relationships

Adolescents and young adults report having more Facebook friends than all

adults combined -whereas 15% of all adults report having more than 500 friends, nearly twice that amount (27%) of users aged 18-29 report having more than 500 friends -65 year olds also use Facebook, but nearly 3 in 4 of them (72%) have 100 friends or fewer -This illustrates that older people have fewer (actual) friends than younger people have, but that their friends have more in common with them and are more deeply committed to them at advanced ages

Adolescents often take risks that

adults may avoid -in this case, sex without adequate precautions

Facebook is used by more than half of U.S.

adults, and almost 3 out of 4 (73%) U.S. adults and adolescents aged 12-17

Adolescents use petting to express

affection, satisfy their curiosities, heighten their sexual arousal, and reach orgasm while avoiding pregnancy and maintaining virginity

Adolescents and their friends are similar in many respects. They typically are the same

age and race -they almost always are the same gender

The most negatively labeled groups "druggies," "rejects" show higher levels of

alcohol and drug abuse, delinquency, and depression

Identity diffusion

an identity status that characterizes those who have no commitments and who are not in the process of exploring alternatives

But some gay males and lesbians never disclose their sexual orientation to

anyone or to certain people, such as their parents

Many delinquent acts do not result in

arrest or conviction -And when adolescents are arrested, their cases may be disposed of informally, as by referral to a mental health agency

Adolescents who belong to the dominant culture- in this country, European American of Christian, especially Protestant, heritage- are usually faced with

assimilating one set of cultural values into their identities

About 1 in 3 LGBT adolescents has

attempted suicide or engaged in self-harm

Bisexual

attracted to individuals of both genders

The development of sexual orientation in gay males and lesbians involves several steps:

attraction to members of the same gender, self-labeling as gay or lesbian, sexual contact with members of the same gender, and eventual disclosure of one's sexual orientation to other people

Few teenage mothers obtain assistance from the

babies' fathers -the fathers typically cannot support themselves, much less a family

Peer influence may increase during adolescence because peers provide a standard by which adolescents measure their own

behavior as they develop independence from the family

It is not always a stressful event itself that precipitates suicide, but the adolescent's anxiety or fear of

being "found out" for something, such as failing a course or getting arrested

Surveys indicate that most adolescents masturbate at some time and most educated adolescents and early adults see masturbation as _______

beneficial

A good predictor of sexual activity for adolescents is the sexual activity of their

best friends

Early adolescence, in particular, is characterized by increased ______ and decrease in

bickering, shared activities and expressions of affection

The sexual orientation of gay males and lesbians- like those who prefer to have sex with members of the other sex- is biologically built before

birth

Dating relationships tend to be ____ and ____ in early adolescence

causal and short-lived

Despite cultural lip service to gender equality, this gender difference has persisted because females continue to assume primary responsibility for

child rearing, even though most women are employed outside the home

Friendships in adolescence differ from the friendships of

childhood -Adolescents are more likely to stress acceptance, intimate self-disclosure, and mutual understanding

Adolescent peer groups function with less adult guidance or control than

childhood peer groups

The term juvenile delinquency refers to

children or adolescents who engage in illegal activities and come into contact with the criminal justice system

Conflicts typically center on the everyday details of family life such as

chores, hw, curfews, personal appearance, finances, and dating -often because adolescents believe that they should manage matters that were previously controlled by parents

Most adolescents belong to one or more peer groups:

cliques and crowds

Although parent-child relationships change, most adolescents feel that they are

close to and get along with their parents, even though they may develop a less idealized view of them

The greatest gains in identity formation occur in

college

Parents and peer are usually ________ rather than ______ influences

complementary, competing

Most young women in developed nations defer pregnancy until after they have

completed some or all of their education -Many do so until they are well into their careers and in their late 20s, their 30s, even their 40s

As adolescents get older, they and their parents are more likely to

compromise

Girls tend to have one or two close friends, whereas boys tend to

congregate in larger, less intimate groups

For other adolescents, low self-esteem has serious

consequences -ex: low self-esteem is often found in teenagers and adults who are depressed or suicidal

Teens who initiate sexual activity earlier are also less likely to use

contraception and more likely to become pregnant

The advanced formal-operational skills of older adolescents allow them to integrate

contradictory aspects of the self -The older adolescent might say: "I'm very adaptable. When I'm around my friends, who think that what I say is important, I'm very talkative; but around my family, I'm quiet because they're not interested enough to really listen to me"

But parents, especially mothers, continue to believe that they should retain

control in most areas -ex: encouraging adolescents to do their hw and clean their rooms

Self-esteem tends to ______ as the child progresses from middle childhood to about the age of 12 or 13

decline

Between 2005 and 2015 the percentages of 9th through 12th graders who had engaged in sexual intercourse ______ dramatically

declined

Since the late 1980s, the percentage of high school students who have engaged in sexual intercourse has been gradually ______

declining

Adolescents who communicate well with their parents also ____ the ___of sexual activity

delay the onset -If these youngsters do have sexual intercourse, they are more likely to use birth control and have fewer partners

Despite fears that sex education will increase sexual activity in teenagers, some programs seem to

delay the onset of sexual activity

Boys are much more likely than girls to engage in

delinquent behavior, especially crimes of violence

Most suicides among adolescents (and adults) are linked to feelings of

depression and hopelessness

Adverse relationships with fathers are often associated with

depression in adolescents

Differences in parenting styles continue to influence the

development of adolescents

Those who do not successfully resolve their identity crisis may be intolerant of people who are

different and blindly follow people who adhere to convention

For most adolescents, low self-esteem produces temporary

discomfort

Parents and peers also seem to exert influence in different ______

domains

Adolescents today start dating and going out

earlier than in past generations

Romantic relationships usually begin during

early and middle adolescence and most adolescents start dating or going out by the time they graduate from high school

Girls who had sexted were more likely to begin dating

early and to engage in risky sexual behavior

Among teenagers who already are sexually active, sex education is associated with the increased use of

effective contraception

Erik Erikson's fifth stage of psychosocial development is called

ego identity versus role diffusion

Rates of suicide and suicide attempts vary among different

ethnic groups

The development of self-identity is a key task for all adolescents. -The task is more complex for adolescents who are members of

ethnic minority groups

About 7% of U.S. women and men define themselves as being "other than heterosexual," but the behavior of the other 93% doesn't exactly match up with the way in which people label themselves

ex: nearly twice as many people—about 14%—say they have had oral sex with a person of the same gender

During identity development, adolescents undergo an identity crisis in which they

examine their values and make decisions about their life roles -ex: Should they attend college? What career should they pursue? Should they become sexually active? With whom?

Because of formal-operational thinking, adolescents can weigh options they have not

experienced

Identity achievement refers to those who have

explored alternatives and developed relatively firm commitments -they generally have high self-esteem and self-acceptance

Suicide tends to run in

families

Many adolescent girls, especially younger adolescents, do not have access to contraceptive devices. Among those who do,

fewer than half use them reliably

Some teenage girls purposefully get pregnant to try to

force their parents to make a commitment with them

Adolescents have more ______ than younger children do

friends

Adolescents report that they are somewhat more likely to receive information about sex from

friends and media sources than from sex education classes or their parents

Adolescents who smoke, drink, use drugs, and engage in sexual activity also often have

friends who engage in these behaviors, but adolescents tend to choose friends and peers who are like them to begin with

About 52% of identical (MZ) twin pairs are concordant (in agreement) for a

gay male sexual orientation compared with 22% for fraternal (DZ) twins and 11% for adoptive brothers

Depression and suicide rates are higher among

gay youth than among heterosexual adolescents

Actually, the outcome of teenage pregnancies for young women who want their babies and have the resources to nurture them are

generally good

There is evidence for ______ factors in sexual orientation or identity

genetic

Social factors may therefore play a greater role in regulating sexual behavior in ____ than ____

girls than boys

Intimacy and closeness appear to be more central to the friendships of ____ than of ____

girls, boys

The teenage mother is less likely than her peers to

graduate from high school or move on the postsecondary education -therefore, she will earn less and be in greater need of public assistance

Adolescent boys are more likely to stress the importance of

having friends on one's level of social dominance (status)

Adolescents who have a close friend have

higher self-esteem than adolescents who do not

If the cultural values conflict, the adolescent needs to sort out the values that are most meaningful to him or her and incorporate them into

his or her identity -Some adolescents do it cafeteria style; they take a little bit of this and a little bit of that. -For example, a young Catholic woman may decide to use artificial means of birth control even though doing so conflicts with her religion's teachings

At the most extreme end, juvenile delinquency includes serious behaviors such as

homicide, rape, and robbery

The ______ changes of puberty probably are partly responsible for the onset of sexual activity

hormonal

The growing cognitive maturity of young adolescents makes them increasingly aware of the disparity between their

ideal selves and their real selves, especially in terms of physical appearance

Erikson believed that there were gender differences in the development of

identity

Before high school, children how little interest in questions of

identity -most are either in identity diffusion or foreclosure statuses

College students are exposed to a variety of lifestyles, beliefs, and career choices which spur consideration of

identity issues

Some suicidal teenagers are highly achieving, rigid perfectionists who have set

impossibly high expectations for themselves

After hitting a low point at about age 12 or 13, self-esteem gradually

improves

Although it has not been shown to be physically harmful, beliefs that masturbation is harmful and guilt about masturbating lessen the

incidence of masturbation

The incidences of kissing, "making out," oral sex, and sexual intercourse all _____ with age.

increase

The decrease in time spent with family may reflect the adolescents' striving for

independence

one's gender identity as being male or being female and one's sexual orientation (heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, or transgender) can develop during the _______ period

intrauterine

3rd stage: Achieved ethnic identity

involves self-acceptance as a member of one's ethnic group and helps individuals withstand the stress that comes from societal discrimination

Petting

kissing and touching the breasts and genitals

Crowds are

larger groups who may or may not spend much time together and are identified by their activities or attitudes

African American teens are _____ likely to attempt suicide or to think about it

least

Teenagers who have close relationships with their parents are ____ likely to initiate sexual activity at an early age

less

18 year olds are more likely than 15 year olds to mention

love, trust, and commitment when describing romantic relationships

There are some gender differences. Adolescent girls are more likely to stress the importance of

loyalty, intimacy, and companionship ex: One eighth-grade girl described her best friend this way: "I can tell her things and she helps me talk. And she doesn't laugh at me if I do something weird—she accepts me for who I am"

In the foreclosure status, individuals

make commitments without considering alternatives -These commitments are usually established early in life and are often based on identification with parents, teachers, or religious leaders who have made a strong impression

About three times as many adolescent females as males attempt suicide, but about four times as many

males complete a suicide

It has been demonstrated repeatedly that sex hormones predispose lower animals toward stereotypical

masculine or feminine mating patterns

Adolescent mothers are more likely to experience

medical complications during the months of pregnancy and their labor is likely to be prolonged -The babies are at greater risk of being premature and of low birth weight

Occupational and ideological matters were relatively more important to

men

Peer pressure peaks during

mid-adolescence and declines after about age 17

Identifying too strongly with the dominant culture may also lead to rejection by the

minority group

But most girls are impregnated because they and their partners

miscalculate the odds of getting pregnant

In many cases, peer pressure to finish high school and achieve academically can be stronger than pressures to engage in

misconduct

Adolescents are more likely to agree with their parents on

moral principles and future educational and career goals

By 10th grade, same-gender friends are viewed as providing

more support than parents

Adolescents from authoritative homes- whose parents are willing to exert control and explain the reasons for doing so- show the

most competent behavior -more self-reliant, do better in school, have better mental health, and show the lowest incidence of psychological problems and misconduct, including drug use

Adolescents continue to interact more with their

mothers than their fathers

Teenagers have more conflicts with their

mothers, but also view their mothers as being more supportive and knowing them better

Theories of the origins of sexual orientation look both at

nature and nurture -the biological makeup of the individual and environmental factors -some theories bridge the two

Many teenagers throw themselves into feelings of depression and hopelessness by comparing themselves

negatively with others, even when the comparisons are inappropriate -ex: ("Yes, you didn't get into Harvard, but you did get into the University of California at Irvine, and it's a great school.")

Identity diffusion is the least advanced status and includes adolescents who

neither have commitments nor are trying to form them -This stage is characteristic of younger adolescents and of older adolescents who drift through life or become alienated and rebellious

Studies today show that both adolescent females and males are concerned about ______ choices, even though females are more likely to expect that they will have to balance the demands of a _____ and a ______

occupational, -career and family

Early-maturing girls are more likely to have

older friends, who may draw them into several relationships

Most adolescents have

one or two "best friends" and several good friends

Rejecting the dominant culture's values for those of the minority group may limit

opportunities for advancement in the larger society

Boys are more likely to engage in

organized group activities, games and sports

Although gay males and lesbians prefer members of their own sex for sexual activity, sexual ______ is not a matter of choice

orientation

Gay adolescents may be

ostracized and rejected by family and friends

Adolescents coping with the task of establishing a sense of identity and direction in their lives are heavily influenced by both

parents and peers

The transition from childhood to adolescence is accompanied by a shift in the relative importance of

parents and peers

Teenagers are strongly motivated to follow the crowd, yet they are also influenced by the views of their

parents and teachers

Some teenage girls purposefully get pregnant to rebel against their

parents or the moral standards of the communities

Not all adolescents desire members of the other sex as

partners -some prefer members of their own sex: -They are said to have a homosexual (gay male or lesbian) orientation, and we consider sexual orientation next

When teenagers are asked why they do not wait to have sex until they are older, the main reason reported is usually

peer pressure

Less serious offenses, such as truancy, underage drinking, running away from home, and sexual promiscuity, are considered illegal only when

performed by minors -hence, these activities are termed status offenses

Girls are more likely than boys to be pushed into

petting and to feel guilty about it

Before adolescence, children describe themselves primarily in terms of their

physical characteristics and their actions

Adolescents who feel highly regarded by family and friends are more likely to feel

positive about themselves

Moreover, in a society where many still frown upon the LGBT community, young people are unlikely to believe that an other-than-heterosexual orientation or identity will have

positive effects for them

Adolescents influence each other _____ and _____

positively and negatively

Adolescents from ethnic minority groups also often experience

prejudice and discrimination -their cultural heroes may be ignored

Friends contribute to ______ adjustment

psychological

As they approach adolescence, children begin to incorporate ________ and ________ into their self-descriptions

psychological characteristics & social relationships

Internalizing Problems: Depression is the most common

psychological problem in adolescence (15~20% have 1 episode or more)​ -Girls (12~16 yr.) are 200% more likely than boys to report persisting symptoms​ -Rumination​ -Peer influence​

Good relations with fathers contribute to

psychological well-being

Transgender

psychologically belonging to the other gender—that is, the gender that is inconsistent with one's sexual anatomy

For heterosexuals, the development of dating typically takes the following sequence:

putting oneself in situations where peers of the other gender probably will be present (e.g., hanging out at the mall), group activities including peers of the other gender (e.g., school dances or parties), group dating (e.g., joining a mixed-gender group at the movies), and then traditional two-person dating

Perhaps adolescents adjust their ideal selves to better reflect

reality

Homosexual

referring to an erotic orientation toward members of one's own gender

development of sexual orientation: social cognitive theorists look for roles of factors such as

reinforcement and observational learning

Identity development relates to

relationships and occupational choice, among other matters

A certain degree of distancing from parents may be adaptive as adolescents form

relationships outside the family -However, adolescents continue to maintain love, loyalty, and respect for their parents

As adolescents grow older, parents are more likely to

relax controls and less likely to use punishment

College seniors have a stronger sense of identity than first-year students as a result of

resolving identity crises, and a sense of identity is associated with higher self-esteem and grades

For ethnic minority groups, there is a relatively scarce number of successful

role models , particularly for youth who live in poverty

Friends are often alike in

school attitudes, educational aspirations, and grades -also tend to have similar attitudes about drinking, drug use, and sexual activity

Sexual differentiation of the brain begins later, during the

second half of pregnancy

Adolescent and adult females also are generally more likely than males to disclose

secrets, personal problems, thoughts, and feelings to their friends

As adolescents develop academic, physical, and social skills, they may grow less

self-critical

Emotional support from parents and peers is important in

self-esteem

Many adolescent Facebook users reported that they were concerned that more and more adults were using Facebook, that it was crucial that they manage their

self-presentation carefully, the burden of "drama" (negative social interactions), and friends sharing too much information

Adolescents who feel close to their parents have more

self-reliance and self-esteem, better school performance, and fewer adjustment problems

Sexting is short for sext texting and refers to

sending or receiving text messages with sexual content

Teenagers see, text, or spend time with their friends on the phone or the Internet frequently, usually

several hours a day

Males are more likely to have had ____ than females.

sex

Because of the flood of sex hormones, adolescents tend to experience a powerful

sex drive

Peers, especially those of the same gender, also serve as a key source of

sex education for adolescents

A majority of U.S. parents want their children to have

sex education in the schools

The physical changes associated with puberty also may trigger the onset of

sexual activity -ex: the development of secondary sex characteristics such as breasts in girls and muscles and deep voices in boys may make them more sexually attractive

Teens who date earlier are more likely to engage in

sexual activity during high school

Childhood sexual abuse by someone of the same gender could lead to a pattern of

sexual activity with people of one's own gender and affect sexual orientation

Critics point out that most individuals become aware of their sexual orientation before they experience

sexual contacts with other people of either gender

In girls, however, testosterone levels are linked to ______ ______ but not to sexual behavior.

sexual interests

Observation of others engaged in enjoyable male-male or female-female sexual encounters could also affect the development of

sexual orientation

Most people's sexual identity is consistent with their

sexual orientation -however, some people 's sexual orientation does not correspond to their sexual identity

Masturbation is the most common

sexual outlet in adolescence

Masturbation

sexual self-stimulation

Other contributors to suicidal behavior include concerns over

sexuality, school grades, problems at home, and substance abuse

1st stage: Unexamined ethnic identity

similar to Marcia's identity statuses of diffusion or foreclosure

2nd stage: Ethnic identity search

similar to Marcia's moratorium, may be based on some incident that makes the adolescent aware of his or her ethnicity -During this stage, the adolescent may explore his or her ethnic culture, participating in cultural events, reading, and discussion

These medical problems are not necessarily because of the age of the mother, but rather because

single teenage mothers—especially poor single teenage mothers—are less likely to have access to prenatal care or to obtain adequate nutrition

Friendship networks among girls are

smaller and more exclusive than networks among boys

Parents are perceived as the most frequent providers of

social and emotional support by 4th graders- by 7th grade, friends of the same gender are seen to be as supportive as parents

It is unclear whether this gender difference reflects a stronger sex drive in males, greater social constraints on females, or both, but young women are more likely than young men to struggle in coming to terms with the contradiction between

social stigma and pleasure

In late adolescence, relationships tend to become more

stable and committed

Commitment is a

stable investment in one's goals, values, or beliefs

On the other hand, girls are more likely to commit

status offenses such as truancy or running away

Adolescent suicide attempts are more common after

stressful life events especially event that entail loss of social support, as in the death of a parent or friend, breaking up with a boyfriend or girlfriend, or a family member's leaving home

Those who successfully resolve their identity crises develop a

strong sense of who they are and what they stand for

Adolescents are more likely to conform to peer standards in matters pertaining to

style and taste, such as clothing, hairstyles, speech patterns, and music

LGBT Adolescents often engage in

substance abuse, run away from home, and do poorly in school

Peers also provide

support in times of trouble

Sexual differentiation of the genitals and the brain both depend on

surges of testosterone, but because they hap-pen at different times, they can occur independently -is possible that an individual's sex organs can develop in one direction while the biological factors that may underlie one's sexual orientation develop in another direction.

The past several decade have seen a dramatic increase in programs to help prevent

teenage pregnancy -prevention efforts include educating teenagers about sexuality and contraception and providing family planning services

In boys, levels of ________ are associated with sexual behavior

testosterone

Sexual identity

the label a person uses to signal who she or he is as a sexual being, especially concerning her or his sexual orientation

Adolescent peer groups may include members of

the other gender, sharply contrasting with the gender segregation of childhood peer groups -such associations may lead to dating and romantic relationships

Native American and Latin American teenagers have the highest suicide rates, in part because of

the stresses to which they are exposed, in part because of their lack of access to health care -European Americans are next

However, adolescents who belong to ethnic minority groups, such as African Americans and Islamic Americans, confront two sets of cultural values:

the values of the dominant culture and those of their particular ethnic group

Before they inform family members, gay adolescents often anticipate

their family's negative reactions, including denial, anger, and rejection -yet some families are more accepting

Even though romantic attachments increase during teen years, most adolescents still choose members of

their own genders as best friends

Boys might fantasize they would like to have the physiques of the warriors they see in video games or in the media. Most American girls want to be

thin, thin, thin

About ________ of adolescent males and half of adolescent females masturbate

three-quarters -Males who masturbate do so more often than females who masturbate

Sexting can be used to

titillate the recipient, to highlight the intimacy of one's relationship, to humiliate someone—or to ask or arrange for a sexual encounter

Since 1960, the suicide rate has more than ______ for young people aged 15 to 24

tripled -About 1 to 2 U.S. adolescents in 10,000 commit suicide each year. -About 1 in 10 has attempted suicide at least once

They point out that sexual differentiation of the sex organs occurs during the first

two months of pregnancy

Girls are more likely to engage in ______ activities such as

uninstructed -talking and listening to music

Many adolescents do not see themselves as having sex if they stop short of

vaginal intercourse

Parents and adolescents are usually quite similar in their

values and beliefs regarding social, political, religious, and economic issues -Even though the notion of a generation gap between adolescents and their parents may persist as a stereotype, there is little evidence of one

Peer pressure is fairly _____ in early adolescence

weak

Yet many times adolescents discourage one another from doing

well or from doing too well in school

Erikson believed that a young woman's identity was intimately bound up with her role as

wife and mother

Although most adolescents get along well with their parents, they spend less time

with their parents than they did in childhood

Erikson assumed that relationships were more important to

women's development of identity

Parents often worry that their teenager will fall in with the

wrong crowd and be persuaded to engage in self-destructive behavior


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