LifeSpan Development Quiz 1

67. "WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OR ADAPTIVE VALUE OF INFANT-PARENT ATTACHMENT?" WOULD BEST BE ANSWERED BY:

EVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY

55. _______ SOCIOCULTURAL THEORY FOCUSES ON HOW CULTURE IS TRANSMITTED FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT THROUGH SOCIAL INTERACTION.

VYGOTSKY'S

36. _______ THEORY IS REGARDED AS ONE OF THE FIRST LIFESPAN VIEWS OF DEVELOPMENT.

ERIKSON'S

61. AT THE CENTER OF THE BIOECOLOGICAL MODEL IS THE _____.

INDIVIDUAL

61. KADEN IS VERY THIN, HAS SEVERE ACNE, AND DEMONSTRATES POOR COORDINATION. HE ALSO PRODUCES EXCESSIVE LEVELS OF TESTOSTERONE. KADEN HAS _____ SYNDROME.

XYY

73. AMNIOCENTESIS SHOULD NOT BE CONDUCTED BEFORE THE _____ WEEK OF PREGNANCY, AS IT MAY INCREASE THE RISK OF MISCARRIAGE.

15TH

34. ERIKSON EXPANDED UPON FREUD'S THEORY AND PROPOSED ____ STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT THAT INCLUDE CHANGES IN HOW PEOPLE UNDERSTAND AND INTERACT WITH OTHERS, AS WELL AS CHANGES IN HOW THEY UNDERSTAND THEMSELVES AND THEIR ROLES AS MEMBERS OF SOCIETY.

8

21. TODAY, MOST DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENTISTS BELIEVE THAT PEOPLE ARE __________ THEIR OWN DEVELOPMENT.

ACTIVE CONTRIBUTORS TO

94. THE SEQUENTIAL RESEARCH DESIGN PROVIDES INFORMATION ABOUT _____.

AGE, COHORT, AND AGE-RELATED CHANGE

91. AN IMPORTANT STRENGTH OF LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH IS THAT IT PROVIDES INFORMATION ABOUT ______ OVER TIME.

AGE-RELATED CHANGES

78. WHEN CONDUCTING A NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION, ONE MUST FIRST DECIDE ON:

AN OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF THE BEHAVIOR OF INTEREST

76. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS A LIMITATION ASSOCIATED WITH SELF-REPORT DATA?

ANSWERS MAY NOT REFLECT PARTICIPANTS' TRUE ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOR

58. BOTH PIAGET AND VYGOTSKY EMPHASIZED THAT CHILDREN:

ARE ACTIVE IN THEIR OWN DEVELOPMENT

101. WHEN CONDUCTING RESEARCH WITH YOUNGER CHILDREN, DR. WILLARD SEEKS ____, WHICH IS THE CHILD'S AGREEMENT TO PARTICIPATE.

ASSENT

98. PRIOR TO BEGINNING ANY STUDY, PROFESSOR CLEUTTER'S RESEARCH TEAM CAREFULLY EXPLAINS THE RESEARCH TO POTENTIAL PARTICIPANTS, ANSWERS QUESTIONS, AND HELPS THEM TO DETERMINE IF THE STUDY IS RIGHT FOR THEM. PROFESSOR CLEUTTER AND HIS TEAM ARE SHOWING RESPECT FOR PARTICIPANTS' ______.

AUTONOMY

89. PROFESSOR MING STUDIES THE EFFECTS OF TRAUMA ON MENTAL HEALTH ACROSS THE LIFESPAN. SHE PLANS TO CONDUCT A STUDY THAT INCLUDES PARTICIPANTS FROM THE FOLLOWING AGE RANGES: 6-12, 13-19, 20-40, AND 50-70. ALL OF HER PARTICIPANTS WILL BE FROM AN AREA THAT EXPERIENCED A NATURAL DISASTER, SUCH AS A DEADLY HURRICANE OR EARTHQUAKE. PROFESSOR MING WILL THEN LOOK AT SYMPTOMS OF DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY IN EACH OF THE AGE GROUPS TO DRAW CONCLUSIONS ABOUT AGE-RELATED DIFFERENCES IN THE PROCESSING OF TRAUMATIC EVENTS. WHICH RESEARCH DESIGN IS BEST SUITED FOR THIS STUDY?

CROSS-SECTIONAL

93. SEQUENTIAL RESEARCH DESIGNS COMBINE THE BEST FEATURES OF _______ AND ______ RESEARCH.

CROSS-SECTIONAL; LONGITUDINAL

56. THE BELIEFS, VALUES, CUSTOMS, AND SKILLS OF A GROUP ARE REFERRED TO AS ______.

CULTURE

39. ______, WHICH EMERGED AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORIES, FOCUSES ONLY ON BEHAVIOR THAT CAN BE OBSERVED AND OBJECTIVELY VERIFIED.

BEHAVIORISM

20. BABY LI IS PARTICIPATING IN A RESEARCH STUDY IN WHICH HIS PHYSICAL GROWTH IS MEASURED ONCE A DAY. LI'S PARENTS WERE SURPRISED TO FIND OUT THAT MONTHLY MEASUREMENTS OF HEIGHT SHOWED GRADUAL INCREASES, BUT DAILY MEASUREMENTS REVEALED GROWTH SPURTS THAT SOMETIMES LASTED UP TO 24 HOURS. THIS EXAMPLE SUPPORTS THE ASSERTION THAT PHYSICAL GROWTH IS:

BOTH CONTINUOUS AND DISCONTINUOUS

25. REGARDING THE NATURE-NURTURE ISSUE, TODAY'S DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENTISTS AGREE THAT _______.

BOTH NATURE AND NURTURE ARE IMPORTANT

32. ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT CRITICISMS OF FREUD'S THEORY IS THAT IT:

CANNOT BE DIRECTLY TESTED

2. ____ IS THE MOST OBVIOUS INDICATOR OF DEVELOPMENT.

CHANGE

66. THE TIMING OF IMPORTANT LIFE EVENTS—SUCH AS MARRIAGE, BIRTH OF A CHILD, STARTING A CAREER, AND RETIREMENT—FALL WITHIN THE ______.

CHRONOSYSTEM

41. EACH TIME ISABELLA SITS DOWN TO FEED HER BABY A BOTTLE, SHE GENTLY STROKES THE BABY'S HEAD. ONE DAY, ISABELLA BEGAN STROKING HER DAUGHTER'S HEAD AND NOTICED THAT THE BABY STARTED SUCKING, EVEN THOUGH IT WASN'T FEEDING TIME. THE BABY'S ASSOCIATION BETWEEN HAVING HER HEAD STROKED AND THE PRESENTATION OF FOOD IS AN EXAMPLE OF _______.

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

42. ______ APPLIES TO PHYSIOLOGICAL AND EMOTIONAL RESPONSES ONLY.

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

5. _____ DEVELOPMENT INCLUDES THE MATURATION OF OUR THOUGHT PROCESSES AND THE TOOLS THAT WE USE TO OBTAIN KNOWLEDGE, BECOME AWARE OF THE WORLD AROUND US, AND SOLVE PROBLEMS.

COGNITIVE

49. ACCORDING TO PIAGET, CHILDREN AND ADULTS LEARN BY INTERACTING WITH THEIR ENVIRONMENTS AND ORGANIZING WHAT THEY LEARN INTO _________.

COGNITIVE SCHEMAS

14. _____ REFERS TO WHERE AND WHEN A PERSON DEVELOPS.

CONTEXT

18. _____ DEVELOPMENT IS CHARACTERIZED BY SLOW AND GRADUAL CHANGE, WHEREAS _____ DEVELOPMENT IS CHARACTERIZED BY ABRUPT CHANGE.

CONTINOUS; DISCONTINUOUS

53. FROM AN INFORMATION PROCESSING PERSPECTIVE, DEVELOPMENT IS ______ AND ENTAILS CHANGES IN THE EFFICIENCY AND SPEED WITH WHICH WE THINK.

CONTINUOUS

82. RESEARCHERS HAVE FOUND THAT READING TO INFANTS AND TODDLERS LEADS TO GAINS IN LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT, AS WELL AS ENHANCED SCHOOL READINESS SKILLS. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN READING TO INFANTS AND TODDLERS AND FAVORABLE DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOMES IS:

CORRELATIONAL

83. ______ RESEARCH PERMITS RESEARCHERS TO EXAMINE RELATIONS AMONG MEASURED CHARACTERISTICS, BEHAVIORS, AND EVENTS.

CORRELATIONAL

35. IN EACH OF ERIKSON'S PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES, AN INDIVIDUAL FACES A(N) ______ THAT MUST BE RESOLVED.

CRISIS OR CONFLICT

95. WHEN CONDUCTING RESEARCH, INVESTIGATORS ARE BOUND BY _____, OR THE DETERMINATION OF WHAT IS RIGHT AND WRONG.

ETHICS

64. TRAVIS HAS WORKED FOR THE SAME COMPANY FOR ALMOST TEN YEARS. HE DISLIKES HIS BOSS, OFTEN WORKS OVERTIME WITHOUT PAY, AND SEES LITTLE OPPORTUNITY FOR ADVANCEMENT. TRAVIS'S WORK STRESS HAS STARTED TO AFFECT HIS PERSONAL LIFE. HE FREQUENTLY ARGUES WITH HIS WIFE AND HAS LITTLE PATIENCE FOR HIS 2-YEAR-OLD SON. TRAVIS IS EASILY IRRITATED WHEN HIS SON WHINES OR MAKES A MESS, WHICH CREATES EVEN MORE STRESS IN THE HOUSEHOLD. ACCORDING TO BRONFENBRENNER'S THEORY, THE INFLUENCE OF TRAVIS'S WORK STRESS ON HIS SON'S DEVELOPMENT FALLS WITHIN THE _____.

EXOSYSTEM

28. PROFESSOR DELONEY IS TEACHING A RESEARCH METHODS CLASS. IN HIS LECTURE ON HOW THEORIES ARE GENERATED, HE POINTS OUT THAT A GOOD THEORY IS ______ AND CAN POTENTIALLY BE REFUTED.

FALSIFIABLE

70. THE SECOND STEP OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD IS:

GATHERING INFORMATION TO ADDRESS THE RESEARCH QUESTION

59. CRITICS HAVE ARGUED THAT VYGOTSKY'S THEORY PLACES TOO LITTLE EMPHASIS ON:

GENETIC AND BIOLOGICAL FACTORS

27. SCIENTISTS GENERATE _____, OR PROPOSED EXPLANATIONS FOR A GIVEN PHENOMENON, THAT CAN BE TESTED BY RESEARCH.

HYPOTHESES

10. BECAUSE DEVELOPMENT IS MULTIDIRECTIONAL, AT ALL AGES, INDIVIDUALS CAN COMPENSATE FOR LOSSES BY:

IMPROVING EXISTING SKILLS AND DEVELOPING NEW ONES

19. CONTEMPORARY DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENTISTS AGREE THAT DEVELOPMENT:

INCLUDES BOTH CONTINUITY AND DISCONTINUITY

84. CAUSAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN VARIABLES CAN ONLY BE DETERMINED THROUGH ______ RESEARCH.

INDEPENDENT; DEPENDENT

52. ACCORDING TO ________ THEORY, THE MIND WORKS IN WAYS SIMILAR TO A COMPUTER.

INFORMATION PROCESSING

100. ETHICAL CODES OF CONDUCT STATE THAT RESEARCHERS MUST OBTAIN ______ CONSENT FROM EACH PARTICIPANT, WHICH STATES THEIR INFORMED, RATIONAL, AND VOLUNTARY AGREEMENT TO PARTICIPATE.

INFORMED

97. THE ETHICAL PRINCIPLE OF _____ REQUIRES SCIENTISTS TO BE ACCURATE, HONEST, AND TRUTHFUL IN THEIR WORK.

INTEGRITY

13. ACCORDING TO RESEARCH, WHICH INDIVIDUAL WILL LIKELY SHOW THE GREATEST AMOUNT OF PLASTICITY FOLLOWING A BRAIN INJURY?

JANESSA, WHO IS 6

48. ______ FOUNDED THE COGNITIVE-DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE ON CHILD DEVELOPMENT.

JEAN PIAGET

40. BEHAVIORIST THEORY IS ALSO KNOWN AS ______ THEORY.

LEARNING

1. THE WAYS IN WHICH PEOPLE GROW, CHANGE, AND STAY THE SAME THROUGHOUT THEIR LIVES, FROM BIRTH TO DEATH, IS KNOWN AS _________ DEVELOPMENT

LIFESPAN HUMAN

90. INVESTIGATORS USE THE _______ RESEARCH DESIGN WHEN STUDYING THE SAME GROUP OF PARTICIPANTS AT MANY POINTS IN TIME.

LONGITUDINAL

65. IN BRONFENBRENNER'S BIOECOLOGICAL MODEL, CULTURAL VALUES, LEGAL AND POLITICAL PRACTICES, AND OTHER ELEMENTS OF THE SOCIETY AT LARGE FALL WITHIN THE ______.

MACROSYSTEM

63. THE _______ CONSISTS OF RELATIONS AND INTERACTIONS AMONG MICROSYSTEMS.

MESOSYSTEM

62. ACCORDING TO BRONFENBRENNER'S BIOECOLOGICAL MODEL, YOUR FAMILY, PEERS, AND SCHOOL REPRESENT YOUR:

MICROSYSTEM

3. THROUGHOUT THE LIFESPAN, WE CHANGE PHYSICALLY, COGNITIVELY, AND PSYCHOSOCIALLY. THIS ILLUSTRATES THE NOTION THAT DEVELOPMENT IS _____.

MULTIDIMENSIONAL

8. RESEARCH ILLUSTRATES THAT DEVELOPMENT CONSISTS OF BOTH GAINS AND LOSSES, AS WELL AS GROWTH AND DECLINE, THROUGHOUT THE LIFESPAN. THIS MEANS THAT DEVELOPMENT IS _____.

MULTIDIRECTIONAL

9. ALLISON IS APPROACHING HER 60TH BIRTHDAY. SHE REALIZES THAT HER EYESIGHT AND HEARING ARE NOT AS GOOD AS THEY USED TO BE, AND WHEN VISITING HER DAUGHTER IN GRADUATE SCHOOL, CLIMBING THE STAIRS TO THE FOURTH FLOOR HAS BECOME MORE DIFFICULT. HOWEVER, ALLISON HAS ALSO BECOME MORE PATIENT OVER THE YEARS, IS BETTER AT SOLVING DIFFICULT PROBLEMS, AND HAS A MORE CONFIDENT AND FAVORABLE VIEW OF HERSELF THAN SHE HAD IN HER 20S AND 30S. THIS EXAMPLE SHOWS THAT DEVELOPMENT IS _____.

MULTIDIRECTIONAL

16. EXPERTS AND PROFESSIONALS WITH A DIVERSE RANGE OF EXPERTISE CONTRIBUTE TO OUR UNDERSTANDING OF LIFESPAN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT. THIS INDICATES THAT DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE IS:

MULTIDISCIPLINARY

17. BAILEY IS A GRADUATE STUDENT IN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY. AS PART OF HER TRAINING, BAILEY WORKS WITH CHILDREN AND FAMILIES AFFECTED BY AUTISM. EACH WEEK, BAILEY PARTICIPATES IN A TEAM MEETING THAT CONSISTS OF A SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGIST, SOCIAL WORKER, SPEECH AND LANGUAGE THERAPIST, AND NURSING STUDENTS. THE GROUP DISCUSSES THE VARIOUS FAMILIES WITH WHOM THEY WORK, AS WELL AS PROGRESS WITH INDIVIDUAL CLIENTS. THIS EXAMPLE ILLUSTRATES THE IMPORTANCE OF A ______ APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING HOW PEOPLE GROW, THINK, AND INTERACT WITH THEIR WORLD.

MULTIDISCIPLINARY

23. AT THE BEGINNING OF HER FIRST HUMAN DEVELOPMENT COURSE IN COLLEGE, VI WONDERED, "AM I THE PERSON I AM TODAY BECAUSE OF HEREDITY, OR DID I BECOME WHO I AM BECAUSE OF MY ENVIRONMENT?" VI'S QUESTION REFLECTS THE ________ ISSUE IN LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT.

NATURE-NURTURE

22. NEVA BELIEVES THAT MOST PEOPLE ARE MAINLY PRODUCTS OF THEIR ENVIRONMENT. FOR EXAMPLE, IF A CHILD GROWS UP IN A WARM, STIMULATING HOME, HE OR SHE WILL BECOME A SUCCESSFUL ADULT. IF THE SAME CHILD GROWS UP IN POVERTY AND EXPERIENCES INEFFECTIVE CHILD-REARING, HE OR SHE WILL LIKELY REPEAT THOSE PATTERNS IN ADULTHOOD. IS NEVA'S BELIEF CORRECT?

NO. ALTHOUGH PEOPLE ARE INFLUENCED BY THE PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL CONTEXTS IN WHICH THEY LIVE, THEY ALSO TAKE AN ACTIVE ROLE IN SHAPING WHO THEY BECOME.

96. BENEFICENCE AND ______ ARE THE DUAL RESPONSIBILITIES TO DO GOOD AND NOT DO HARM WHEN CONDUCTING RESEARCH

NONMALEFICENCE

24. EXPLANATIONS THAT RELY ON ______ INDICATE THAT INBORN GENETIC ENDOWMENTS OR HEREDITY, MATURATIONAL PROCESSES, AND EVOLUTION ARE CAUSES OF DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGE. IN CONTRAST, EXPLANATIONS THAT POINT TO ______ SUGGEST THAT INDIVIDUALS ARE MOLDED BY THE PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH THEY ARE RAISED.

NURTURE; NATURE

46. AT PRESCHOOL, JACE FREQUENTLY WATCHES KEAGAN HIT OTHER CHILDREN AND TAKE THEIR TOYS. JACE NOTICES THAT EACH TIME KEAGAN ENGAGES IN THIS BEHAVIOR, THE TEACHER MAKES HIM GIVE THE TOY BACK AND SIT IN A TIME OUT. BECAUSE JACE DOES NOT WANT TO GET IN TROUBLE WITH HIS TEACHER, HE PATIENTLY WAITS HIS TURN FOR TOYS. JACE IS DEMONSTRATING THE CONCEPT OF:

OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING

77. FARRAH IS TAKING A CHILD DEVELOPMENT COURSE IN WHICH SHE MUST PRACTICE CONDUCTING NATURALISTIC OBSERVATIONS. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS AN EXAMPLE OF A NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION?

OBSERVING PRESCHOOLERS DURING RECESS AND WRITING DOWN INSTANCES OF PEER AGGRESSION

37. TARA IS A FOUR-YEAR-OLD GIRL WHO IS VERY POLITE. EVER SINCE SHE WAS ABLE TO TALK, HER MOTHER EXPECTED HER TO SAY PLEASE AND THANK YOU. WHEN TARA WOULD BEHAVE POLITELY, HER MOTHER WOULD PRAISE HER. TARA'S BEHAVIOR WAS SHAPED THROUGH:

OPERANT CONDITIONING

43. ACCORDING TO THE CONCEPT OF ________, BEHAVIOR IS MORE LIKELY TO RECUR IN THE FUTURE IF IT IS REINFORCED BUT LESS LIKELY TO RECUR IF IT IS PUNISHED

OPERANT CONDITIONING

7. AS BABY SANJAY'S PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT IMPROVES, HE IS ABLE TO CRAWL AROUND AND EXPLORE HIS ENVIRONMENT. THIS ADVANCES HIS COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT, AS HE LEARNS ABOUT THE SIZE AND SHAPE OF OBJECTS, AS WELL AS HOW THEY FUNCTION. HIS NEWFOUND CRAWLING SKILLS ALSO CONTRIBUTE TO CHANGES IN SANJAY'S PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT. FOR EXAMPLE, HE MAY EXPERIENCE ANGER WHEN HE PICKS UP A BREAKABLE OBJECT, ONLY TO HAVE ONE OF HIS PARENTS TAKE IT AWAY. IN ADDITION, SANJAY EXPERIENCES HAPPINESS WHEN HIS PARENTS ENCOURAGE HIS MOTOR EFFORTS AND FRUSTRATION WHEN THEY REMOVE HIM FROM AN UNSAFE AREA, SUCH AS THE STAIRS. THIS EXAMPLE SHOWS THAT THE THREE AREAS OF DEVELOPMENT ________.

OVERLAP AND INTERACT

79. IN SOME INSTANCES, THE PRESENCE OF AN OBSERVER CAN CAUSE THE PERSON TO BEHAVE IN UNNATURAL WAYS OR WAYS THAT ARE NOT TYPICAL FOR HIM OR HER. THIS IS KNOWN AS ________.

PARTICIPANT REACTIVITY

4. DR. YANG STUDIES CROSS-CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN BODY MATURATION AND GROWTH, INCLUDING DIFFERENCES IN BODY SIZE, PROPORTION, APPEARANCE, HEALTH, AND PERCEPTUAL ABILITIES. DR. YANG IS INTERESTED IN _____ DEVELOPMENT.

PHYSICAL

51. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS A CRITICISM OF PIAGET'S COGNITIVE-DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY?

PIAGET ASSUMED THAT ALL COGNITIVE-DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES ARE UNIVERSAL

50. ______ THEORY WAS THE FIRST TO CONSIDER HOW INFANTS AND CHILDREN THINK, AS WELL AS THEIR ACTIVE CONTRIBUTIONS TO THEIR OWN DEVELOPMENT.

PIAGET'S

11. THE MALLEABILITY OR CHANGEABILITY OF DEVELOPMENT IS CALLED ______.

PLASTICITY

12. FOLLOWING A STROKE THAT AFFECTED HIS BALANCE AND MUSCLE STRENGTH, JOSE PARTICIPATED IN THREE MONTHS OF PHYSICAL THERAPY. TODAY, JOSE FEELS AS STRONG AS HE DID BEFORE THE STROKE AND WALKS AT LEAST TEN MILES A WEEK FOR EXERCISE. JOSE'S ABILITY TO OVERCOME HIS PHYSICAL LIMITATIONS AFTER HIS STROKE IS AN EXAMPLE OF:

PLASTICITY

29. _____ THEORIES DESCRIBE DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR AS A RESULT OF THE INTERPLAY OF INNER DRIVES, MEMORIES, AND CONFLICTS OF WHICH WE ARE UNAWARE AND CANNOT CONTROL.

PSYCHOANALYTIC

31. ACCORDING TO FREUD'S THEORY, HUMANS PROGRESS THROUGH A SERIES OF ______, OR PERIODS IN WHICH UNCONSCIOUS DRIVES ARE FOCUSED ON DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE BODY, MAKING STIMULATION TO THOSE PARTS A SOURCE OF PLEASURE.

PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES

6. CHANGES IN PERSONALITY, EMOTIONS, VIEWS OF ONESELF, SOCIAL SKILLS, AND INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS WITH FAMILY AND FRIENDS ARE CALLED _____ DEVELOPMENT.

PSYCHOSOCIAL

74. _______, OR SURVEYS, ARE SETS OF QUESTIONS, TYPICALLY MULTIPLE CHOICE, THAT SCIENTISTS COMPILE AND USE TO COLLECT DATA FROM LARGE SAMPLES OF PEOPLE.

QUESTIONNAIRES

75. VERNESSA IS WORKING ON HER MASTER'S DEGREE IN BEHAVIORAL HEALTH. SHE IS INTERESTED IN ADOLESCENTS WHO ARE MOST LIKELY TO ENGAGE IN RISKY BEHAVIORS, SUCH AS UNPROTECTED SEX AND ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE. SHE PLANS TO CONDUCT A STUDY OF 20,000 TEENAGERS ACROSS THE COUNTRY TO IDENTIFY TRENDS IN HIGH-RISK BEHAVIORS. WHICH METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION WOULD BE BEST SUITED FOR THIS TYPE OF STUDY?

QUESTIONNAIRES

87. ______ IS THE PROCEDURE IN WHICH EVERY PARTICIPANT HAS AN EQUAL CHANCE OF BEING ASSIGNED TO THE EXPERIMENTAL OR CONTROL GROUP AND IS ESSENTIAL FOR ENSURING THAT THE GROUPS ARE EQUAL IN ALL PREEXISTING CHARACTERISTICS, SUCH AS AGE, ETHNICITY, AND GENDER.

RANDOM ASSIGNMENT

47. TEN-MONTH-OLD TAUJI IS A HAPPY, LAID-BACK BABY. HE OFTEN SMILES AND LAUGHS AND IS RARELY CRANKY UNLESS HE IS HUNGRY OR TIRED. DUE TO HIS EASY TEMPERAMENT, TAUJI'S PARENTS AND OTHER ADULTS ENJOY INTERACTING WITH HIM. HE RECEIVES FREQUENT HUGS AND KISSES WHICH, IN TURN, RESULTS IN MORE POSITIVE INTERACTIONS. THE INTERACTION BETWEEN TAUJI'S BEHAVIOR AND THE SUPPORTIVE ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH HE IS BEING RAISED IS AN EXAMPLE OF:

RECIPROCAL DETERMINISM

44. EACH TIME 3-YEAR-OLD MADDY USES HER POTTY CHAIR, HER FATHER PUTS A STICKER ON A CHART. AFTER EARNING FIVE STICKERS, MADDY GETS TO PICK OUT A SMALL TOY AT THE STORE. MADDY'S FATHER IS USING ______ TO INCREASE THE LIKELIHOOD THAT MADDY WILL CONTINUE TO USE THE POTTY CHAIR.

REINFORCEMENT

45. ACCORDING TO ______ THEORY, PEOPLE ACTIVELY PROCESS INFORMATION AND THEIR THOUGHTS AND FEELINGS INFLUENCE THEIR BEHAVIOR.

SOCIAL LEARNING

38. ACCORDING TO _____, OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING IS ONE OF THE MOST POWERFUL WAYS IN WHICH WE LEARN

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

73. WHEN USING _______INTERVIEWS, ALL PARTICIPANTS ARE GIVEN THE SAME SET OF QUESTIONS IN THE EXACT SAME ORDER.

STRUCTURED

81. _____ INVOLVE OBSERVING AND RECORDING BEHAVIORS THAT ARE DISPLAYED IN A CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT.

STRUCTURED OBSERVATIONS

99. WHEN CONDUCTING RESEARCH, SCIENTISTS MUST BALANCE ______ AGAINST THE ______.

THE BENEFITS; POSSIBLE HARM

69. DR. STEIN IS AN EXPERT IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT. WHEN CONDUCTING RESEARCH, DR. STEIN WILL UTILIZE:

THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

33. IN CONTRAST TO FREUD'S THEORY, ERIKSON FOCUSED ON THE ROLE OF ___________ IN SHAPING DEVELOPMENT.

THE SOCIAL WORLD, SOCIETY, AND CULTURE

26. A _____ IS A WAY OF ORGANIZING A SET OF OBSERVATIONS OR FACTS INTO COMPREHENSIVE EXPLANATIONS OF HOW SOMETHING WORKS.

THEORY

57. PROFESSOR NORRIS IS INTERESTED IN HOW CHILDREN FROM DIFFERENT CULTURES ACQUIRE THE COGNITIVE SKILLS NECESSARY TO BE PRODUCTIVE MEMBERS OF SOCIETY. HIS RESEARCH FOCUSES ON HOW ADULTS AND PEERS COMMUNICATE CULTURALLY RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE, AS WELL AS THE EMPHASIS DIFFERENT CULTURES PLACE ON PLAY AND WORK. PROFESSOR NORRIS'S RESEARCH IS CONSISTENT WITH ______ THEORY.

VYGTOSKY'S