LIN463 quiz questions (after midterm)
Different functions can be implemented by a single Turing machine. true or false
False
The lecture shows that the graphic representation of a Turing machine is derived from the transition table. True or False
False
Is the following figure representing the neural encoding of a taste value? yes or no
No
Turing machines are driven by transition rules. true or false
True
Which of the following is NOT a reason why researchers argue for Universal Moral Grammar? a. Intuitive moral judgment is controlled. b. Intuitive moral judgment is innate. c. Intuitive moral judgment is domain-specific. d. Intuitive moral judgment is a module similar to language.
a. Intuitive moral judgment is controlled.
Which of the following is INCORRECT regarding the single-layer perceptron? a. It uses the sigmoid function as the activation function. b. Frank Rosenblatt created the first single-layer perceptron. c. The output of the perceptron is determined by the weights and the bias. d. None of the above.
a. It uses the sigmoid function as the activation function.
According to the reading Gibney (2015), what are the three big ideas in recent AI? a. Neural network b. Reinforcement learning c. Search d. Computation theory
a. Neural network b. Reinforcement learning c. Search
What can the following figure tell us? a. The brain entertains one interpretation at a time. b. The brain entertains two interpretations simultaneously. c. The brain generates subjective experience solely based on the visual stimuli falling on the retina. d. All of the above.
a. The brain entertains one interpretation at a time.
Concerning objective values, which of the following is INCORRECT? a. The decision making theory based on the objective value can explain why Batman tried to save Rachel in The Dark Knight. b. In gambling, a goal of the gambler is to maximize the expected objective value. c. One common objective value is monetary value. d. The objective value is not the utility.
a. The decision making theory based on the objective value can explain why Batman tried to save Rachel in The Dark Knight.
Which of the following is INCORRECT about the Universal Turing Machine (UTM). a. UTM can implement any conceivable function. b. UTM can implement any Turing machine. c. UTM stores both instructions and input in its tape. d. UTM reads the instructions of a specific Turing machine. e. The instructions of a Turing machine are the transition rules of that Turing machine.
a. UTM can implement any conceivable function.
C(w) = 12∑i(target(i)−output(i))2 is _______. a. a cost function b. an activation function c. a sigmoid function d. a learning algorithm
a. a cost function
Expected utility is _____. a. sum of [probability * subjective value for all possible outcomes] b. discounted future reward c. sum of [probability * objective value for all possible outcomes] d. sum of [probability * future reward for all possible outcomes]
a. sum of [probability * subjective value for all possible outcomes]
Computation involves _________________. Select ALL choices that apply. a. symbolic input b. an algorithm c. symbolic output d. a goal
a. symbolic input b. an algorithm c. symbolic output d. a goal
If in a single-layer perceptron, the net sum is equal to 0.5 and the threshold is equal to 1 (this is different from the regular threshold), what should be the output? a. 1 b. 0 c. 0.05 d. 0.5
b. 0
Kahneman's Nobel lecture said, "We are not accustomed to thinking hard and are often content to trust a plausible judgment that quickly comes to mind." Which idea of the Prospect Theory did Kahneman stress? a. Representativeness b. Accessibility c. Reference point d. Availability
b. Accessibility
Which of the following is the hard problem of consciousness? a. How is consciousness implemented in the brain? b. How does the physical brain give rise to consciousness? c. Are feelings and consciousness correlated? d. What is the neural basis of consciousness?
b. How does the physical brain give rise to consciousness?
Which is true concerning the gradient ∇C(w)? a. It indicates the fastest way to minimize the cost function. b. It indicates the fastest way to maximize the cost function.
b. It indicates the fastest way to maximize the cost function.
Which of the following is INCORRECT regarding connectionism? a. The input of a perceptron or a neural network is a number. b. The output/activation of a unit is either 0 or 1. c. The output of a perceptron or a neural network is a number. d. Connectionism is neurally inspired.
b. The output/activation of a unit is either 0 or 1.
If a patient with split-brain sees an image of a key in the left visual field, what will the patient report? a. The patient will say s/he saw a key. b. The patient will say s/he saw nothing.
b. The patient will say s/he saw nothing.
Which of the following is INCORRECT for the question: When does our behavior appear "irrational"? a. When the subjective value is much bigger than the objective value. b. When the objective value is much bigger than the subjective value.
b. When the objective value is much bigger than the subjective value.
The rationalist model of moral reasoning suggests that ______. a. moral reasoning involves emotions b. moral reasoning can be captured by mathematics c. moral reasoning is intuitive d. moral reasoning is part of System 1
b. moral reasoning can be captured by mathematics
Why is a single scale, utility, possible in decision making? a. Agents behave in a random manner. b. Agents usually make choices in an unpredictable way. c. Agents usually make choices in a consistent way. d. Agents can make intuitive decisions using System 1.
c. Agents usually make choices in a consistent way.
Which of the following is INCORRECT concerning Turing machines? a. Turing machines defines computation. b. Turing machines defines what is computable. c. All conceivable functions are computable. d. A function is computable if it can be implemented by a Turing machine.
c. All conceivable functions are computable.
Which of the following is INCORRECT according to the Appraisal Theories? a. Appraisal Theories are a kind of computational theory of emotions. b. An infinite number of combinations of appraisal programs is possible. c. Appraisal Theories consider emotions stative mental states. d. Emotions are governed by if...then... rules.
c. Appraisal Theories consider emotions stative mental states
Which of the following brain areas are crucial to decision making? a. Ventromedial prefrontal cortex b. Orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex c. Both d. Neither
c. Both
Which of the following is INCORRECT concerning addiction and SDIs? a. Without drugs, chronic SDIs generally feel more depressed due to low DA level. b. Chronic SDIs have less DA receptors. c. Chronic SDIs are more sensitive to future reward than control subjects. d. Chronic drug abusers are less attracted by natural rewards such as money.
c. Chronic SDIs are more sensitive to future reward than control subjects
Regarding the following experimental results from Greene et al.'s (2001) Science paper, which of the following is INCORRECT? a. Compared to the Moral-impersonal condition, the Moral-personal condition leads to a higher activation level in the brain areas associated with emotions. b. Compared to the Non-moral condition, the Moral-personal condition leads to a higher activation level in the brain areas associated with emotions. c. Compared to the Moral-impersonal condition, The moral-personal condition leads to a higher activation level in the brain areas associated with working memory. d. Compared to the Non-moral condition, the Moral-personal condition leads to a lower activation level in the brain areas associated with working memory.
c. Compared to the Moral-impersonal condition, The moral-personal condition leads to a higher activation level in the brain areas associated with working memory.
Which of the following is INCORRECT according to the computational theory of emotions? a. Emotions are caused by environmental stimuli. b. Emotions involve information processing. c. Emotions are submodules of other modules of the mind. d. A "fear" program can cause communication process changes (e.g. you stop talking).
c. Emotions are submodules of other modules of the mind.
Which of the following does not belong to the three core aspects of the Prospect Theory derived from the value function? a. Change of state b. Loss aversion c. Intuitive judgment d. Reference point (anchoring)
c. Intuitive judgment
Why did people usually do better in the following modified Wason Selection Task? a. Moral judgment is dissociable. b. Moral judgment is domain-general. c. Moral judgment is domain-specific. d. Moral judgment is innate.
c. Moral judgment is domain-specific.
In Q(st, at) = rt + 𝛾1rt+1+ 𝛾2rt+2 + 𝛾3rt+3 + ...., _________________. a. rt+1 is the current reward b. at is the current state c. Q(st, at) is the cumulative discounted future reward d. 𝛾 is the learning rate
c. Q(st, at) is the cumulative discounted future reward
Which of the following is INCORRECT regarding morality? a. Moral judgment has its innate basis. b. Moral intuition can is influenced by social factors. c. The Joker's social experiment failed because social factors does NOT have an effect on moral judgment. d. None of the above
c. The Joker's social experiment failed because social factors does NOT have an effect on moral judgment.
A key property of many approaches to choice in cognitive science, psychology, economics, computer science,.. is ________. a. representing options with multiple scales b. explaining how choices are neurally represented in the brain c. representing options with a common scale d. explaining how the agent learns
c. representing options with a common scale
Under which of the following circumstances will the perceptron learn from the prediction error? Select ALL choices that apply. a. target = 0 and output = 0 b. target = 1 and output = 1 c. target = 0 and output = 1 d. target = 1 and output = 0
c. target = 0 and output = 1 d. target = 1 and output = 0
Popular activation functions include ______. a. any non-linear function b. any linear function c. the Sigmoid Function d. the Step Function
c. the Sigmoid Function d. the Step Function
Which is INCORRECT concerning Δw = −𝛼 ∇C(w)? a. 𝛼 is the learning rate. b. Δw is opposite to the gradient that scaled by the learning rate. c. with Δw we can increase the cost function. d. Δw is the incremental change on weights.
c. with Δw we can increase the cost function.
Which of the following can be a common scale for objective value. a. Money b. Gold c. Shells d. All of the above
d. All of the above
In the literature, emotions were defined as ____. a. feelings b. motivations c. evaluations d. All the above
d. All the above
Why the following quote is counter-intuitive: "Rocks are smarter than cats because rocks have the sense to go away when you kick them"? a. It does not consider intelligence as information processing. b. It ignores the symbols used by the agents in their responses. c. It takes into account the rules that have led to the responses of the agents. d. It does not consider the goals of the agents.
d. It does not consider the goals of the agents.
Which is the most important feature of a perceptron? a. It can process information automatically. b. It can perfectly complete a categorization task. c. It can generate an output. d. It is able to learn the right weights and bias.
d. It is able to learn the right weights and bias.
Concerning the learning rate in neural networks, which of the following statements is correct? a. The learning rate is constant across different neural networks. b. If the learning rate is too small, the model cannot converge. c. If the learning rate is too big, the model converges slowly. d. We can decrease the learning rate gradually in the training of a neural network.
d. We can decrease the learning rate gradually in the training of a neural network.
A Turing machine may NOT have ___________. a. a finite set of tape symbols b. an infinite tape c. a finite transition table d. an infinite set of states
d. an infinite set of states
In reinforcement learning, the purpose of learning is to ___________. a. minimize the loss b. obtain the highest immediate reward c. obtain the most distance reward d. obtain the cumulative future reward
d. obtain the cumulative future reward
Utility is ____. a. expected future reward b. expected utility c. objective value d. subjective value
d. subjective value
Which of the following is correct regarding the following figure? a. z is an activation function b. w1 is an input c. c is the net sum d. yˆis the output
d. yˆis the output
Concerning Δwj = 𝛼 (target(i)− output(i)) xj(i), which of the following is correct? a. 𝛼 is the weighted input. b. xj(i) is the weight associated with wj. c. (target(i)− output(i)) is the desired output. d. Δwj is the incremental change on wj.
d. Δwj is the incremental change on wj.
Concerning the formula Q'(st, at) = Q(st, at) + α [ rt + γQ*(st+1,at+1) − Q(st, at)], which of the following is INCORRECT? a. α is the learning rate. b. Q(st, at) is the current Q value. c. Q'(st, at) is the updated Q value. d. γQ*(st+1, at+1) − Q(st, at) is the prediction error.
d. γQ*(st+1, at+1) − Q(st, at) is the prediction error.
Which of the following is INCORRECT according to the computational theory of mind? a. Turing machine sets up the theoretical basis of the computational theory of mind. b. This theory proposes that all mention is computation. c. Computation involves the processing of symbols using rules. d. Each Fodorian module is a Turing machine. e. None of the above.
e. None of the above.
Appraisal Theories of emotions can explain why we have subjective feeling of emotions.
false
Connectionist neural networks use transition rules. true or false
false
Substance abusers are not sensitive to immediate punishment. true or false
false
System 1 is fast and controlled. true or false
false
The Prospect Theory is a theory mainly explaining the heuristics in System 2. true or false
false
The following figure shows one of the tasks that a single-layer perceptron can do. true or false
false
The human mind is identical to a digital computer, and the digital computer can be reduced to a Universal Turing Machine. true or false
false
The learning rate is constant across different neural networks. true or false
false
The reference point means losses are more significant to us than gains. true or false
false
The value of a state is equal to the reward received in that state. true or false
false
Δwj = 𝛼 (output(i) − target(i) ) xj(i) is the perceptron learning rule. true or false
false
Is the following a Sigmoid Function? yes or no
no
"How are different types of information integrated in the brain?" is an easy question of consciousness. true or false
true
A Turing machine can be implemented in different physical materials. true or false
true
A subset of substance abusers are not sensitive to future punishment. true or false
true
According to Appraisal Theories, emotions are special computational programs. true or false
true
According to Appraisal Theories, emotions include at least an appraisal program and an affect program. true or false
true
Anticipatory SCR (skin conductance response) measures subjects' responses to expected punishment. true or false
true
Blindsight and binocular rivalry suggest that the mind is an active interpreter. true or false
true
Change of state means the change of wealth is more significant than the state of wealth. true or false
true
Connectionism uses a mathematic model that does not necessarily resort to symbolic processing. true or false
true
Different neurons are fired to encode the chosen value and the offer value. true or false
true
In reinforcement learning, 𝛾 must be a number between 0 and 1 because we value the current reward more than the reward we may receive in the future. true or false
true
In the perceptron learning rule, the bias is treated as a special weight associated with an input that is always equal to 1. true or false
true
Libertarian paternalism argues that we can influence other's decision making but meanwhile ensure the freedom of choice. true or false
true
Loss aversion means we assign a bigger utility to losses than to gains. true or false
true
Moral judgment is modulated by emotion. True or False
true
Neural networks can approximate any computable functions. true or false
true
Neural networks resort to learning from big data, therefore they generally assume less innate knowledge than the computational theory of mind. true or false
true
Only when a function can be implemented with a step-by-step sequence of operations can it be implemented by a Turing machine. true or false
true
Some substance abusers are similar to patients with ventromedial frontal cortex dysfunctions. true or false
true
The algorithm must be clearly specified in a Turing machine. true or false
true
The left hemisphere may house an "interpreter" function that gives rise to the conscious self. true or false
true
w′= w + Δw = w − 𝛼 ∇C(w) indicates how a weight is updated. true or false
true
Is the following figure representing the neural encoding of an offer value? yes or no
yes
