LP 2

What is the most significant causes of hemorrhoids during pregnancy?

Compression of veins

Lochia

Consists of blood, mucus, and endometrial tissue, and is often expelled from the vagina after childbirth

Umbilical cord

Contains umbilical arteries and veins

A woman is in labor and her water broke. She is in the midst of the ________ stage of labor.

Dilation

Zygote

Diploid cell resulting from the union of a sperm cell and an oocyte.

True or False: A patient has weak contractions that are irregularly spaced. She is likely experiencing ______________ labor.

False

True or False: Spanking a newborn is required to initiate the infant's first breaths.

False

True or False: When a secondary oocyte is released from the ovary, it completes its meiotic division in the absence of fertilization.

False

True or False: Compared to the embryonic period, growth of the body slows significantly during the fetal period.

False, growth of the body increases significantly.

True or False: During true labor, Braxton-Hicks contractions dominate.

False, they are characteristic of false labor

True or False: The uterus of a mother who does not breastfeed will return to normal size faster than a mother who does breastfeed.

False.

Chorion

Forms the fetal portion of the placenta

Functional Layer of uterus

Forms the maternal portion of the placenta

Inner; middle; outer layer of the primary germ layers:

Inner: endoderm Middle: Mesoderm Outer: Ectoderm

Why is capacitation of sperm important for their ability to fertilize the oocyte?

It removes a glycoprotein coat on the acrosome

Fetus

The developing human from 8 weeks to birth

Prenatal Period

The developing human from the period from conception until birth.

Embryo

The developing human from the time of fertilization to the end of the eighth week.

What is the correct sequence of embryonic stages?

Zygote, morula, blastocyst, embryoblast

Together, the hypoblast and epiblast form the

bilateral germinal disc

Initially, sperm are not capable of fertilizing the oocyte. They must first undergo

capacitation

The outermost extraembryonic membrane that will eventually form the placenta is the

chorion

When the pre-embryo undergoes a series of mitotic divisions after the 2-cell stage, this is called _______.

cleavage

For the first few days after birth, the baby will receive ____________ from the breast rather than breast milk.

colostrum

During pregnancy, many hormones contribute to insulin resistance. This may lead to gestational _________.

diabetes

The developmental processes that occur during pre-embryonic and embryonic periods are known collectively as

embryogenesis

During the embryonic stage, the primary germ layers develop from the

embryonic disc

During pregnancy, the uterus undergoes

hypertrophy

During ______, the blastocyst embeds in the endometrium of the uterus.

implantation

After birth, the foramen ovale is closed as a result of

increasing pressure in the left atrium

When does implantation typically begin after fertilization?

7 days

Nutrients and wastes are exchanged between mother and fetus through the

placenta

During labor, oxytocin stimulates the uterus to contract. Contraction of the uterus increases pressure on the cervix, causing more oxytocin to be released from the hypothalamus. This is an example of ___________ feedback.

positive

A patient is having contractions that are increasing in intensity and frequency, and her cervix is dilated. She is likely experiencing

true labor

Fertilization usually occurs in the

uterine tube

Structures in the Mesoderm:

- Bones, muscle tissue, heart, kidneys, dermis of skin

Structures in the Endoderm:

- Liver (most of), gall bladder, pancreas, thymus

Structures in the Ectoderm:

- Nervous tissue, sense organs, epidermis of skin

First Stage (Dilation)

- Onset of regular uterine contractions and dilation of the cervix -Cervix dilates to a diameter of about 10cm - Commonly lasts 8-24 hours - Amniotic sac ruptures

Third Stage (placental)

- Placenta is expelled from the uterus

The hollow sphere known as the (Blastocyst) consists of a single layer of cells called the (trophoblast) and a thickened area called the (inner cell mass). Some of the cells of the (inner cell mass) give rise to the embryonic disk; while the (trophoblast) gives rise to extraembryonic structures such as the placenta.

- blastocyst - trophoblast - inner cell mass - inner cell mass - trophoblast

Second Stage (Expulsion)

-The Baby exits the vagina. -Commonly lasts from a few minutes to an hour - Contraction of the woman's abdominal muscles assists the uterine contractions

Events of Cleavage in order of occurrence

1) The cell reaches the 8-cell stage. 2) Cell division forms a morula 3) The pre-embryo divides to become a blastocyst

Cleavage events beginning to end:

1. Fertilization 2. Zygote 3. 2-cell stage 4. 4-cell stage 5. 8-cell stage 6. Morula 7. Blastocyst 8. Implantation

Many pregnancy tests detect human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). If a patient's pregnancy test was positive, the embryo was at least ________ old when she took the test.

2 weeks

Three primary germ layers

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Yes or No? Does a fetus usually gain the greatest amount of weight during weeks 13-16?

No, the greatest weight gain is seen during the final two months of pregnancy.

The chorion is the _______ and the amnion is the ________

Outermost covering of an embryo and helps form the placenta; a membrane that encircles a developing embryo.

Cleavage occurs during the ______ stage.

Pre-embryonic

Which two hormones influence the endometrium to thicken and prepare for implantation?

Progesterone and estrogen

True or False: A patient is pregnant and her uterus has not yet enlarged. She must be less than 4 weeks pregnant.

True

True or False: After birth, the mother's estrogen and progesterone levels drop sharply, which may result in sadness and depression.

True

True or False: Cleavage is the process of the zygote dividing by mitosis.

True

True or False: During pregnancy, HCG is important because it keeps the corpus luteum from degenerating.

True

True or False: During pregnancy, increasing estrogen causes the uterine myometrium to increase its oxytocin receptors.

True

True or False: Fertilization must take place within 24 hours of ovulation, due to the disintegration of the oocyte.

True

True or False: Fertilization stimulates a released secondary oocyte to complete its meiotic division.

True

True or False: Oxytocin is released from the fetus and plays a role in true labor.

True

True or False: The secondary oocyte is haploid

True

True or False: A postpartum patient is experiencing what seems like a heavy period for several weeks after giving birth. She is likely experiencing the release of lochia.

True.

Developmental age of the unborn

Uses the date of fertilization to calculate the age of the developing human.

Clinical age of the unborn

Uses the mother's last menstrual period to calculate the age of the developing human.

What stimulates the secondary oocyte to complete meiosis II?

When a sperm cell penetrates the oocyte membrane

Epiblast cells form three primary germ layers in a process called _________.

gastrulation

Human placental lactogen

helps conserve maternal glucose for the fetus.

During pregnancy, the placenta secretes __________, which helps stimulate a darkening of the areolae, nipples, and linea alba.

melanocyte-stimulating hormone

Contractions of the uterus during breastfeeding occur due to a spike in the hormone ________.

oxytocin

The placenta allows

oxygen and nutrients to diffuse from maternal blood to the embryo

Substances that can cause birth defects or death of the embryo are referred to as ___________.

teratogens

Oogenesis is...

the production of immature oocytes in the ovary