LS 7A wk 9 Terms

3 Steps of PCR

1. Denaturation 2. Annealing 3. Extension

4 things needed for PCR

1. Template DNA 2. DNA polymerase 3. All four deoxynucleoside 4. Two Primers

Transposable elements or transposons

A DNA sequence that can replicate and move from one location to another in a DNA molecule; it seems that their only function is to duplicate themselves and proliferate in the genome

variable number tandem repeat (VNTR)

A genetic difference in which the number of short repeated sequences of DNA differs from one chromosome to the next.

Step 2 of PCR

Annealing - When the solution is cooled, the two primers anneal (combine) to their complementary sequence on the strand of template duplex

Step 1 of PCR

Denaturation - A solution containing double-stranded DNA (the template duplex) is heated to separate the DNA into two individual strands

Step 3 of PCR

Extension - DNA polymerase synthesizes new DNA strands (complementary to the template duplex strands) by extending primers in a 5' to 3' direction.

PCR

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) allows a targeted region of a DNA molecule to be replicated into as many copies as desired. PCR is both selective and highly sensitive - uses primers to build DNA molecules.

Polyploidy

The condition of having more than two complete sets of chromosomes in the genome.

C-Value paradox

The disconnect between genome size and organismal complexity (the C-value is the amount of DNA in a reproductive cell).

Retrotransposon

Transposable elements in DNA sequences in which RNA is used as a template to synthesize complementary strands of DNA, a reversal of the usual flow of genetic information from DNA into RNA.

_____ are short, repeated sequences of DNA that vary in number from one chromosome to the next.

Variable number tandem repeats

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to generate:

multiple copies of a targeted region of DNA.

When DNA with variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs) is visualized on a gel, the resulting fragments separate according to their:

size.

Although a match between the DNA in a sample and the genomic DNA of a particular individual for a single variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) is not sufficient to establish identity, a mismatch is definitive. The primary reason is that:

the DNA in the sample must match its origin.

Imagine a region of DNA containing a variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) that is found in the genome of koalas. The possible number of VNTR alleles in the population equals the number of:

times a short noncoding sequence is repeated in tandem along the DNA.