Ls7a prep for final

You conduct a follow-up experiment and discover that ΔH° = +2.5 kcal/mol. What can you conclude about the value of ∆S° for this reaction?

Positive

Which type(s) of arrow represent the transferof electrons between molecules? A. Arrow 1 B. Arrow 2 C. Arrow 3 D. Arrow 2 and 3 E. Arrow 1, 2, and 3

Arrow 3

When the concentration of reactants is equal to the concentration of products, the forward reaction will be... A. Exergonic B. Endergonic C. Neither

Endergonic

Reducing NAD + to NADH is an________ process. A.Endergonic B.Exergonic C.No way to know

Endergonic (NAD + has lower free energy than NADH)

Which of the following graphs correctly illustrates the effect of phospholipid fatty acid tail length on membrane fluidity?

A

If ΔG of ATP hydrolysis is -7.3kcal/mol, what could be the ΔG of converting glucose into glucose 6-phosphate? A. -8.0 kCal/mol B. -7.0 kCal/mol C. +7.0 kCal/mol D. +8.0 kCal/mol

+7.0 kCal/mol

A particular triplet of bases in the template strand of DNA is 5'-TGA-3'. Which of the following is the anticodon component of the tRNA that binds themRNA codon transcribed from this DNA? A. 3' - ACU - 5' B. 3' - AGU - 5' C. 3' - UCT - 5' D. 3' - UCA - 5'

3' - AGU - 5'

Given the locally unwound double strand above, in which direction does the RNA polymerase read the DNA molecule while transcribing DNA? A. 3' to 5' along the template DNA strand B. 5' to 3' along the template DNA strand C. 3' to 5' along the non-template DNA strand D. 5' to 3' along the non-template DNA strand

3' to 5' along the template DNA strand

What is the anticodon of the tRNA that will be used to add Val during translation of this gene? A. 5' AUG 3' B. 5' CAU 3' C. 5' GUA 3' D. 5' UAC 3' E. None of these

5' UAC 3'

Which of the following sequences is mostlikely to be cut by a restriction enzyme? A. 5'-AATTCT-3' 3'-TTAAGA-5' B. 5'-AAAATT-3' 3'-TTTTAA-5' C. 5'-AATATT-3' 3'-TTATAA-5' D. How can I possibly know this without a chart?

5'-AATATT-3' 3'-TTATAA-5'

You are trying to specifically amplify the region of DNA boxed below. Which of the following primer sets would be your bestchoice? A. 5'AACATT 3' 5'CGTATC 3' B. 5'TACGGG 3'5'TATAAG 3' C. 5'TTACAA 3'5'CTATGC 3' D. 5'GGGCAT 3'5'GAATAT 3' E. None of these primer sets would work

5'TACGGG 3'5'TATAAG 3'

Which free energy diagram could represent the reaction when ACE is not present?

Free energy diagram D

Global climate change is causing an increase in sea surface temperature. What might you expect to happen to algal membranes over time if they did not change the composition of their membranes? A. They would become too fluid B. They would not be fluid enough C. Membrane fluidity would stay the same

A. They would become too fluid

Insulin is a secreted protein. What would you expect to see in in cells treated with a compound that prevents the recognition of signal sequence by SRP? A. An accumulation of insulin in the cytosol B. An accumulation of insulin in the Golgi C. An accumulation of insulin at the plasma membrane D. A lack of insulin in the cel

An accumulation of insulin in the cytosol

What could have gone wrong with the PCR reaction that was loaded into lanes four and five of this gel? (Note: there were four separate PCR reactions done) A. There was no Taq polymerase in the PCR reaction tube B. There was no template DNA included in the reaction (PCR) tubes C. There were no dNTPs in the reaction (PCR)tubes

All of the above

Insulin is a secreted protein. What would you expect to see in cells that have been treated with a drug that prevents transport vesicles from forming? A. An accumulation of insulin in the cytosol B. An accumulation of insulin in the ER C. An accumulation of insulin in the Golgi D. An accumulation of insulin at the plasma membrane

An accumulation of insulin in the ER

Insulin is a secreted protein. Based on this information, where do you expect insulin to be synthesized? A. In the cytosol B. At the rough ER C. It depends on theribosomes D. No way to know

At the rough ER

The diagram below shows the changes in potential energy that occur when two different pairs of atoms interact. Curve X represents one pair of atoms and Curve Z represents the second pair of atoms. Which pair of atoms forms a "stronger" bond?

Atom pair represented by Curve Z

The diagram below shows the changes in potential energy that occur when two different pairs of atoms interact. Curve X represents one pair of atoms and Curve Z represents the second pair of atoms. Which pair of atoms forms a bond with lower potential energy? A. Atom pair represented by Curve X B. Atom pair represented by Curve Z C. They have the same potential energy D. No way to tell

Atom pair represented by Curve Z

DHA is a component of membranes in algae. In response to increasing sea surface temperatures, what might you expect to happen to DHA levels in algal membranes over time? A. Increase B. Decrease C. Stay the same

B. Decrease

Which free energy diagram could represent the reaction when ACE is present along with an allosteric inhibitor of ACE?

Free energy diagram D

If membrane fluidity needs to be maintained, which of the following would be most important in a cell as a response to a decrease in temperature? A. Increasing the amount of long-chain fatty acidsin the phospholipid bilayer. B. Introducing more double bonds into the fattyacid chains in the phospholipid bilayer. C. Decreasing the amount of cholesterol in themembrane.

B. Introducing more double bonds into the fattyacid chains in the phospholipid bilayer.

Suppose you add many phospholipidmolecules to a beaker of oil and stir itvigorously. What will thephospholipids look like in the oil?(These represent cross-sections ofspheres)

D

Which of these mutations is more likely todisrupt the function of GFP? A. D to E B. D to K C. They are equally likely to disrupt thefunction of GFP

D to K

Which of the free energy diagrams above represents the most endergonic reaction shown?

Free energy diagram F

Which population of cells does the graph below represent? A. Blocked G1 to S B. Blocked S to G2 C. Blocked G2 to M

Blocked G1 to S

Consider the mutant cells shown to the right. What alteration of the cell cycle could cause the cells to look this way? A. Blocked transition from G1 to S phase B. Early exit from G1 C. Blocked transition from G2 to M phase D. Early exit from G2

Blocked transition from G1 to S phase or Blocked transition from G2 to M phase

Which of the following graphs correctly illustrates the effect of temperature on membrane fluidity?

C

Which of the following graphs correctly illustrates the effect of the number of double bonds (unsaturated fatty acids) on membrane fluidity?

C

Which of the following molecules would you expect to be LEAST likely to cross a pure lipid bilayer?

C. sodium ion

If a reaction is exergonic, what is ∆H°:

Can't say

If a reaction is exergonic, what is ∆S°:

Can't say

What would happen to NAD + /NADH if a cell suddenly lost its mitochondria? A. It would accumulate in its reduced form B. It would accumulate in its oxidized form C. It would not beaffected

It would accumulate in its reduced form

Consider the two molecules (A and B) shownbelow. Can either of the molecules form hydrogen bonds with water?

Molecule A only

How would the depletion of ATP change fatty acid synthesis? A. Increase B. Decrease C. Not change

Decrease

If plants are exposed to a toxin that inhibits Rubisco, the rate of ATP production in the chloroplasts will most likely _______. (Assume you observing this change over a long time period.) A. Increase B. Decrease C. Stay the same

Decrease

If plants are exposed to a toxin that makes the thylakoid membrane leaky to hydrogen ions, the rate of ATP production in the chloroplasts will most likely _______. A. Increase B. Decrease C. Stay the same

Decrease

If plants are exposed to a toxin that makes the thylakoid membrane leaky to hydrogen ions, the rate of carbohydrate (G3P) production in the chloroplasts will most likely _______. A. Increase B. Decrease C. Stay the same

Decrease

You conduct a follow-up experiment and discover that ΔH° = +2.5 kcal/mol. How would increasing the temperature (T) change ΔG for this reaction?

Decrease

In a typical PCR the number of primer molecules _________ with every cycle of the reaction. A. Increases B. Decreases C. Stays the same

Decreases

Consider the two molecules (A and B) shownbelow. Do either of these molecules have polar regions?

Molecule A only

In the process shown below, many individual glucose (sugar) molecules are covalently bonded together to form a single, large molecule of glycogen (a sugar storage molecule). During this process, entropy in this system is _________ A. Increasing B. Decreasing C. Not changing

Decreasing

You have already cut your plasmid with EcoRI but you ranout of the enzyme before cutting the insulin gene. You have three other restriction enzymes on hand (cut sites shown below) all of which have cut sites before and after the insulin gene on your chromosome DNA. (None of these enzymes cut in the middle ofthe insulin gene.) You should cut thei nsulin gene DNA with:A. Enzyme X B. Enzyme Y C. Enzyme Z D. None of the above, you just have to order more EcoR1 EcoR1:5' G^AATTC 3'3' CTTAA^G 5' Enzyme X: 5' AAA^TTT 3'3' TTT^AAA 5 Enzyme Y: 5' GAATT^C 3'3' C^TTAAG 5 Enzyme Z: 5' A^AATTT 3'3' TTTAA^A 5

Enzyme Z

Which of the following is the most precise general description of the role of enzymes in catalyzing biochemical reactions? A. Enzymes provide the necessary activation energy to overcome the transition state. B. Enzymes stabilize the transition state by decreasing its free energy. C. Enzymes cut hard to break bonds allowing the reaction to proceed. D. Enzymes increase the ΔG of the reactions making them proceed rapidly. E. Enzymes decrease the ΔG of the reactions making them proceed rapidly.

Enzymes stabilize the transition state by decreasing its free energy.

Energy is involved in all biological processes! Is the process of diffusion exergonic or endergonic?

Exergonic

When the concentration of reactants is 10x higher than the concentration of products, the forward reaction will be... A. Exergonic B. Endergonic C. Neither

Exergonic

Insulin is a secreted protein. This means that insulin is ______ the cell through the process of _____ A. Entering; endocytosis B. Exiting; endocytosis C. Entering; exocytosis D. Exiting; exocytosis

Exiting; exocytosis

A mutation occurred in the histone binding region of a HAT Mark A for True or B for False: Gene expression will increase

False

Consider the following haplotype for the bacterial lac operon: I+O+Z+ If there is no inducer present then β-gal will be produced A. True B. False

False

Here are your results. Mark A for True or B for False: These results are consistent with the hypothesis that membranes are static

False

Mark A for True or B for False Altering the secondary structure of GFP would not be likely to affect its activity

False

The molecule below is a saturated fatty acid. Suppose that one of the C-C single bonds is replaced with a C=C double bond. As a result, this new fatty acid molecule will have __________ compared to the original fatty acid molecule. More Hydrogens Fewer Hydrogens The same number of hydrogens

Fewer Hydrogens

Which free energy diagram could represent the reaction when ACE is present along with an allosteric activator of ACE?

Free energy diagram B

According to this histogram, most of the cells in the population are currently found in which stage of the cell cycle? A. G1 B. S Phase C. G2 D. M Phase

G1

Cells in region 3 of the histogram are mostly likely in stage _____ of the cell cycle. A. G1 B. S C. G2/M

G2/M

Consider points 1 and 3 on the diagram below.The atoms at point 1 have _______ potentialenergy and a _______ internuclear distancecompared to the atoms at point 3. A. Higher;greater B. Higher;smaller C. Lower;greater D. Lower;smaller

Higher; greater

Imagine you heat up a piece of double stranded DNA. Which bond(s) would be the first to break? (Remember, adding heat is adding energy) A. Hydrogen bonds would break first B. Covalent bonds would break first C. Hydrogen and covalent bonds would break around the same time D. You can't break bonds by adding heat energy!

Hydrogen bonds would break first

Assuming that water is moving into the plant cells of the lettuce leaf, what can you say about the tonicity of the plant cells compared to the solution it was soaked in? The plant cells were_______ compared to the surrounding solution. A. Hypertonic B. Hypotonic C. Isotonic

Hypertonic

You observe a cell that produces β-galin the absence of lactose. What couldthe haplotype of this cell be? A. I+O+Z+ B. I-O+Z+ C. I+Oc Z+ D. I+O+Z-

I-O+Z+ or I+Oc Z+

To initiate translation of a eukaryotic mRNA into protein, a ribosome must first locate and bind to an mRNA transcript. Where in the cell does this initial ribosome-mRNA bindingtake place? A. In the nucleus B. In the cytosol C. In the rough ER D. In the smooth ER E. It depends on the protein being translated

In the cytosol

How would the accumulation of citrate change fatty acid synthesis? A. Increase B. Decrease C. Not change

Increase

You conduct a follow-up experiment and discover that ΔH° = +2.5 kcal/mol. Does enthalpy increase or decrease over the course of this reaction?

Increase

In a typical PCR the number of DNA strands that can be used as a template_________ with every cycle of the reaction. A. Increases B. Decreases C. Stays the same

Increases

Negative ∆H°, Negative ∆S°

It is not possible to predict the ∆G° value in this scenario without knowing specific values for ∆H° and ∆S°

Positive ∆H°, Positive ∆S°:

It is not possible to predict the ∆G° value in this scenario without knowing specific values for ∆H° and ∆S°

Which of the following would increase therate of ATP production? A. DNP - A drug that increases rate of diffusion (leakage) of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. B. L-CRN - A drug that increases the pH of the mitochondrial matrix

L-CRN - A drug that increases the pH of the mitochondrial matrix

What environmental conditions are represented by the diagram? A. High glucose, lactose present B. High glucose, lactose absent C. Low glucose, lactose present D. Low glucose, lactose absent

Low glucose, lactose absent

You have two molecules of DNA. The sequence of nucleotides in each molecule is shown below. Will these two molecules "melt" at the same temperature? A. Molecule 1 will melt a ta higher temperature than Molecule 2 B. Molecule 1 will melt at a lower temperature than Molecule 2 C. Molecule 1 will melt at roughly the same temperature as Molecule 2 D. There is no way to tell based on the nucleotide sequence

Molecule 1 will melt at a lower temperature than Molecule 2

Consider the two molecules (A and B) shown below. Could either of these molecules be considered "hydrophilic"?

Molecule A only

In the figure below, pyruvate is converted to Acetyl-CoA.Which if any of the following statements concerning this reaction is true? A. NAD+ is more reduced than NADH. B. NAD+ is an oxidizing agent. C. This is not an oxidation/reduction reaction, that is, no electrons have moved. D. This reaction harnesses the last of the remaining potential energy from glucose.

NAD+ is an oxidizing agent.

Following the citric acid cycle but before the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation, most of the available energy from the original glucose molecule is found in ________. A. acetyl-CoA B. CO2 C. pyruvate D. NADH E. ATP

NADH

If a reaction is exergonic, what is ∆G°:

Negative

How would you describe the circled region of the molecule A. Polar B. Nonpolar C. Could be polar or nonpolar D.Neither polar nor nonpolar

Nonpolar

Now that we've thought about the free energy changes associate with this pathway, which step do you think proceeds the most quickly in the cell? A. Reaction 1 B. Reaction 2 C. Reaction 3 D. Reaction 4 E. Not enough information

Not enough information (knowing ΔG doesn't tell us how quickly a reaction proceeds)

Oh no! You forgot to add primers to your PCR mixture. What will happen? A. The reaction will still occur, but fewer copies of the target sequence will be made B. DNA polymerase will copy random regions of the template instead of the target sequence C. Only single-stranded DNA molecules will be produced by the reaction D. Nothing: no new copies of DNA will be made

Nothing: no new copies of DNA will be made

During each round of replication, chromosome shortening will occur: A. On the leading strands B. On the lagging strands C. On both leading and lagging strands D. On neither leading or lagging strands

On the lagging strands

What variable could we change in a cell to transform an endergonic process into an exergonic process? A. ΔG° B. R C. T D. Q

Q

Would accumulation of ATP cause ATPsynthase to spin faster, slower or not change?

Slower

What about mutants that cause early exit from G1 and G2? These mutant cells would most likely be ______ wildtype cells. A. Larger than B. Smaller than C. The same size as

Smaller than

Where will translation of this mRNAstart? 5'GUACGUCAUGGUAAGAAAGUAAGACCGUCCAAAAAAAAAAAAA3' A. At the 5' end of the mRNA B. Adjacent to the 5' cap on the mRNA C. The AUG nearest the 5' cap on them RNA D. None of the answer options is correct

The AUG nearest the 5' cap on them RNA

Forming a chemical bond_______ energy?

Releases

Based on the second law of thermodynamics, living systems _________ energy to maintain internal order, at the same time ________ the entropy of their surroundings. A. Require; increasing B. Require; decreasing C. Release; increasing D. Release; decreasing

Require; increasing

Breaking a chemical bond_______ energy? A. Requires B. Releases C. Sometimes requires, sometimes releases

Requires

Scientists commonly use arrows to represent beta strands in protein structures. What level of protein structure are represented by the arrows on your GFP model? A. Primary B. Secondary C. Tertiary D. Quaternary

Secondary

Which of the following statements is true about protein synthesis in prokaryotes? A. Extensive RNA processing is required before the prokaryotic transcripts can be translated B. Translation can begin while transcription is still in progress C. Translation does not require ribosomes D. More than one of the above is a true statement

Translation can begin while transcription is still in progress

The production of ATP is endergonic on its own and is directly coupled to what exergonic process so that it can occur in cells? A. The formation of a chemical bond in ATP B. The movement of electrons from high to low potentialenergy C. The formation of chemical bonds in water D. The movement of protons from high to low concentration

The movement of protons from high to low concentration

Consider a cell in which the proteins or enzymes involved in DNA replication is altered in a way that results in an increased rate of single-base changes in the newly synthesized DNA strand. Which function of which protein is most likely disrupted in this situation? A. The unwinding function of helicase B. The fragment joining function of DNA ligase C. The winding stress relief function oftopoisomerase D. E. The strand separation function of SSB

The proofreading function of DNA polymerase

A particular chemical reaction has a positive ∆H° value. Which of the following statementis true about the reaction? A.The reaction is endergonic. B. The reaction is exergonic. C.The products have stronger bonds than the reactants. D.The reactants have stronger bonds than the products. E. More than one of these is true. ΔG° = ΔH° - TΔS°

The reactants have stronger bonds than the products.

Consider the following haplotype for the bacterial lac operon: I+O+Z + If the inducer is present then β-gal will be produced A. True B. False

True

Consider the following haplotype for the bacterial lac operon: I+OcZ+ If there is no inducer present then β-gal will be produced A. True B. False

True

Mark A for True or B for False Increasing temperature can increase the rate of a chemical reaction.

True

Mark A for True or B for False: Histone acetylation is an example of a post translational modification

True

After translation has been initiated, forhow long does elongation go on? 5'GUACGUCAUGGUAAGAAAGUAAGACCGUCCAAAAAAAAAAAAA-3' A. Until the ribosome reaches an AUG codon B. Until the ribosome reaches a UAA, UAG, or UGA codon C. Until the ribosome reaches the end of the mRNA D. Until the ribosome reaches the poly(A) tail of them RNA E. Until the cell runs out of tRNAs

Until the ribosome reaches a UAA, UAG, or UGA codon

At which point does the electron represented in the diagram below have the highest potential energy? A. When it is in H2O before being transferred to PSII B. When it is excited in PSII and is about to be transferred to Pq C. When it is excited in PSI and about to be transferred to Fd D. When it is in NADPH after being used to reduce NADP +

When it is excited in PSI and about to be transferred to Fd

Which graph corresponds with a van der Waals bond?

curve a

Which graph corresponds with a hydrogen bond?

curve b

Which graph corresponds with a ionic bond?

curve c

Which graph corresponds with a covalent bond?

curve d

Which of these bonds/interactions has thehighest potential energy?

van der Waals' forces

Negative ∆H°, Positive ∆S°:

∆G° Must be negative

Positive ∆H°, Negative ∆S°

∆G° Must be positive