Lymph & Immune II

List the 2 primary ways that antibodies function.

1) Antibodies are secreted into the blood and mucosa, where they bind to and inactivate foreign substances such as pathogens and toxins (neutralization). 2) Antibodies activate the complement system to destroy bacterial cells by lysis (punching holes in the cell wall).

List the 6 activities of the complement. (Understand & Memorize the function & definition of each)

1) Lysis of cells, bacteria, and viruses 2) Opsonization - process by which a pathogen is marked for ingestion 3) Binding to specific complement receptors on cells of the immune system, triggering specific cell functions, inflammation, and secretion of immunoregulatory molecules 4) Immune clearance (depositing immune complexes in liver and spleen) Kill microorganism, including certain cells, bacteria, virus and yeast directly Induce inflammation

Define antibody

A blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen. Antibodies combine chemically with substances which the body recognizes as alien, such as bacteria, viruses, and foreign substances in the blood.

Give another name of antibodies

An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses.

What produces antibodies

Antibodies are produced by specialized white blood cells called B lymphocytes (or B cells). When an antigen binds to the B-cell surface, it stimulates the B cell to divide and mature into a group of identical cells called a clone.

Describe the essential function of antibodies.

Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are Y-shaped proteins that are produced by the immune system to help stop intruders from harming the body. When an intruder enters the body, the immune system springs into action. These invaders, which are called antigens, can be viruses, bacteria, or other chemicals.

Where are self antigens located? Where are foreign antigens located?

Antigens are small proteins that are embedded in the membranes of all the cells in your body. The antigens on your own cells are known as self-antigens, while those that do not originate in your body are called non-self antigens. Foreign antigens originate from outside the body.

What are they composed of?

Antigens are usually proteins, peptides (amino acid chains) and polysaccharides (chains of monosaccharides/simple sugars) but lipids and nucleic acids become antigens only when combined with proteins and polysaccharides.

Describe the essential function of B-lymphocytes

B cells, also known as B lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell of the small lymphocyte subtype. They function in the humoral immunity component of the adaptive immune system by secreting antibodies. ... BCRs allow the B cell to bind to a specific antigen, against which it will initiate an antibody response.

What does chemotaxis trigger?

Chemotaxis (from chemo- + taxis) is the movement of an organism in response to a chemical stimulus. Somatic cells, bacteria, and other single-cell or multicellular organisms direct their movements according to certain chemicals in their environment

List the types of T-lymphocytes (5) (Memorize their functions for test)

Cytotoxic T Cells( CD8 cells) Destroys host cells that harbour anything foreign. They are directly responsible for cell mediated immunity Helper T Cells(CD4 cells) Modulate activities of OTHER immune cells Supressor T Cells Turn off an immune response Memory T Cells Jump start an immune response to an antigen that was previously present in the body. They remain in the body B lymphocytes Produce antibodies and are responsible for antibody mediated immunity T lymphocytes Responsible for cell mediated immunity

How does a woman give her fetus immunity?

During the last 3 months of pregnancy, antibodies from the mother are passed to her unborn baby through the placenta. ... Antibodies are special proteins the immune system produces to help protect the body against bacteria and viruses. The amount and type of antibodies passed to the baby depends on the mother's immunity.

When are antigens produced?

Endogenous antigens are generated within normal cells as a result of normal cell metabolism, or because of viral or intracellular bacterial infection. The fragments are then presented on the cell surface in the complex with MHC class I molecules.

Define gamma globulins

Gamma globulins are a class of globulins, identified by their position after serum protein electrophoresis. The most significant gamma globulins are immunoglobulins (antibodies), although some immunoglobulins are not gamma globulins, and some gamma globulins are not immunoglobulins.

Which of the two are the most effective?

IgG is the most abundant antibody isotype in the blood (plasma), accounting for 70-75% of human immunoglobulins (antibodies). IgM. IgM usually circulates in the blood, accounting for about 10% of human immunoglobulins.

List the 5 types of antibodies (memorize functions, locations & % of each)

IgM very first ones to respond to the primary response to an antigen (found on B cell) IgA most common; protect portals of entry; found in saliva, tears, breastmilk, mucus (float free in blood plasma) IgE respond in allergic reactions/ parasite infections (float free in blood plasma) IgD found on mature B cells (found on B cell) IgG effective against antigens in secondary response; effective against toxins, viruses, and bacteria (float free in blood plasma)

T-cells make up what percent in blood?

In human adults lymphocytes make up roughly 20 to 40 percent of the total number of white blood cells.

In what 2 primary ways do these 5 differ?

In summary, there are several differences between primary antibodies and secondary antibodies. Firstly, primary antibodies and secondary antibodies have different binding capacity. Primary antibodies bind to the antigen detected, whereas secondary antibodies bind to primary antibodies, usually their Fc domain.

What percentage of her total antibodies does the fetus receive?

Infants generally receive only a fraction (50%-85%) of either naturally acquired or polysaccharide vaccine-induced antibodies from their mothers.

What percentage of her total antibodies does the baby receive?

Lymphocytes constitute the remaining 10 percent of white cells in the milk. About 20 percent of these cells are B lymphocytes, which give rise to antibodies; the rest are T lymphocytes, which kill infected cells directly or send out chemical messages that mobilize still other components of the immune system.

Which specific cells recognize foreign antigens?

Macrophages. Macrophages are the body's first line of defense and have many roles. A macrophage is the first cell to recognize and engulf foreign substances (antigens). Macrophages break down these substances and present the smaller proteins to the T lymphocytes.

Which portion of those cells recognize foreign antigens?

Macrophages. Macrophages are the body's first line of defense and have many roles. A macrophage is the first cell to recognize and engulf foreign substances (antigens). Macrophages break down these substances and present the smaller proteins to the T lymphocytes.

List the 4 actions of Direct Attachment of antibodies (Understand & Memorize the function & definition of each)

Major functions of the antibodies are: Neutralization of infectivity, Phagocytosis, Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), Complement-mediated lysis of pathogens or of infected cells: Antibodies activate the complement system to destroy bacterial cells by lysis.

Which specific immune cell begins the immune response?

Monocytes and macrophages also are able to carry antigens from these unwanted cells on their surfaces, so that your body's lymphocytes can see them and begin launching a specific immune response. Because of this ability, monocytes and macrophages are also called antigen-presenting cells.

What does this cell do first to start the immune response

Neutrophils: These white blood cells are among the first to travel to a site of infection. ... Monocytes and macrophages also are able to carry antigens from these unwanted cells on their surfaces, so that your body's lymphocytes can see them and begin launching a specific immune response.

Where are specifically are these receptors located?

Receptors come in many types, but they can be divided into two categories: intracellular receptors, which are found inside of the cell (in the cytoplasm or nucleus), and cell surface receptors, which are found in the plasma membrane.

Describe the essential function of T-lymphocytes

T cells are a type of white blood cell known as a lymphocyte. ... T cells function to actively destroy infected cells, as well as to signal other immune cells to participate in the immune response.

What event produces an immune response?

The Immune response is the body's response caused by its immune system being activated by antigens. The immune response can include immunity to pathogenic microorganisms and its products, allergies, graft rejections, as well as autoimmunity to self-antigens.

Give the essential description of the complement by antibodies.

The complement system, also known as complement cascade, is a part of the immune system that enhances (complements) the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism, promote inflammation, and attack the pathogen's cell membrane.

When do lymphocytes develop the specific receptors for foreign antigens?

The development and activation of T and B cells. The central lymphoid organs, where lymphocytes develop from precursor cells, are labeled in yellow boxes. Lymphocytes respond to antigen in peripheral lymphoid organs, such as lymph nodes or spleen.

Give the essential description of Direct attachment.

The primary antibody recognizes the target molecule (antigen) and binds to a specific region called the epitope. ... The direct attachment of the messenger to the antibody reduces the number of steps in the procedure, saving time and reducing non-specific background signal.

Explain the "inventory" that is done.

This inventory usually prevents the body's immune system from attacking itself.

How does a women give her baby immunity? (2)

When a mother comes into contact with germs, she develops antibodies to help her fight off the infection. These are passed to the baby in breast milk. As mothers and babies are usually exposed to similar germs, this means the baby is protected.

List the substances produced by T-lymphocytes (7)

Your body can then produce the most effective weapons against the invaders, which may be bacteria, viruses or parasites. Other types of T-cells recognise and kill virus-infected cells directly. Some help B-cells to make antibodies, which circulate and bind to antigens. A T-cell (orange) killing a cancer cell (mauve).