Lymphatic Practical

What absorbs most of the interstital fluid in the lymphatic system?

Capillaries

Lymph nodes are found:

Clusters in the groin, axilla, antecubital fossa, popliteal region, neck, thorax, and abdomen.

Which tonsils are found on the sides of the oral cavity?

The palatine tonsils are found on the side of the oral cavity.

Lymph travels from where to where?

from the tissues into the blood [to go to heart]

Medullary Sinus contain what types of cells?

histiocytes (immobile macrophages) and reticular cells, and reticular fibers

histiocytes

immobile macrophages

What is the thymus an important site for?

in determining immune competence.

Blood cells and plasma proteins typically stay in the vessels, yet a significant amount of fluid from the plasma leaks from the capillaries and bathes the cells of the body. This is known as

interstitial fluid

Lymph flow into the Medullary sinuses from which structure and goes where?

into the medullary sinuses from cortical sinuses,and into efferent lymphatic vessels.

Efferent =

leave at bottom and smaller vessel

The remainder of the interstitial fluid is picked up by what vessel?

lymph capillaries

Interstitial fluid is also known as

lymph in the lymphatic system.

What is the organ of the lymphatic system?

lymph node

Lymphatic vessels always lead to where what structure is found?

lymph nodes

What is the Cortex filled with?

lymphatic nodules

Medullary cord contains what type of tissue and projects where?

lymphatic tissue and projects into the medullary sinus

The appendix is another type of lymph gland made of what type of tissue?

lymphoid tissue

The inner most part of the lymph node.

medulla

The spleen is located

on the left side of the body, adjacent to the stomach.

Capsule of lymph node is the

outer sheath that encloses the lymph node.

Arteries typically carry ____________ blood.

oxygenated

Valves prevent the back flow of lymph away or toward the vascular system?

prevent back flow AWAY from the vascular system into which they drain

The spleen is a highly vascular organ that cleanses the blood and produces what?

produces lymphocytes

What is white pulp?

produces lymphocytes

The spleen contains

red and white pulp

The spleen removes what from the blood?

removes aging erythrocytes and foreign particles from the blood

Lymph capillaries

return the interstitial fluid/ lymph to the lymphatic vessels

Chylomicron is found in

the cells that line the digestive track.

There are several subsets of T cells, all of which have:

the t-cell receptor which is one way to distinguish them from other lymphocytes.

Cisterna chyli is part of what structure?

the thoracic duct

Palatine Tonsils are located where?

-Along the sides of the oral cavity near the oropharynx -paired tonsils,largest,most commonly infected

Lingual Tonsils are located where?

-At the posterior portion of the tongue - lymphoid follicles

Lymphatic System functions

-Immunity -Lipid Absorption -Fluid recovery

Interstitial fluid

-fluid that flows between the cells of the body -provides nutrients to the cells -receives dissolved wastes from the cells and cellular debris

Lymphatic system is composed of:

-lymphatic capillaries -lymph nodes -lymphatic vessels -lymph organs -lymphatic (lymphoid) tissue

Medullary sinuses and cords are what color?

-sinuses = gray -cords = dark purple

How many pairs of tonsils do you have?

3 pairs

What is the cisterna chyli?

An enlarged portion of the thoracic duct in the abdominal region.

Main cell types found in the medullary cords

B cells and plasma cells

The outer portion of the lymph node

Cortex

The Thoracic Duct does what function?

Drains most of the body, taking lymph to the left subclavian vein, where the fluid is returned to the cardiovascular system.

Right lymphatic duct

Drains the right side of the head and neck, the right thoracic region, and the right upper extremity. It returns lymph to the right subclavian vein.

Function of the all three pairs of Tonsils

Have crypts lined with lymphatic nodules that serve as a first line of defense against foreign matter that is inhaled or swallowed.

The Spleen is a

Highly vascularized lymph organ.

Blood is recycled by which lymph organ in the adult?

In adults, blood is recycled by the spleen.

Trace the flow of Lymph system from the region of the Lymph capillaries through the subclavian vein

In general, lymph occurs as the tissue fluid enters the lymph capillaries. It then travels into a lymphatic and eventually enters an afferent lymphatic, a lymph node where it is cleansed and then into goes to an efferent lymphatic. From here it travels in lymphatic vessels to the subclavian vein.

Thoracic duct is located where?

In the abdomen/thoracic region, posterior to the heart

Right lymphatic duct is located where?

In the axilla region on the right (the Left lymphatic duct serves the same function on the left side)

Pharyngeal Tonsils are located where?

In the nasopharynx

The tonsils are located where?

It is a lymph organ in the oral cavity and nasopharynx.

Lymph travels how fast or slow compared to the Cardiovascular system?

Lymph travels at a much lower pressure and slower rate than the cardiovascular system.

Lymphocytes travel where to get to the thymus?

Lymphocytes travel from the bone marrow

Lymphatic vessels have a one-way flow from the extremities to the heart. Damage to the lymphatic system can lead to edema, an increase in tissue fluid. From the standpoint of reducing edema, how does the use of medical leeches (segmented worms that drain tissue fluid) work for a region that has suffered trauma?

Medical leeches are placed on the ends of the extremities and drain the excess tissue fluid from the region decreasing the edema and removing debris and some potential pathogens.

Medulla's job

Medullary cords and sinuses cleanse the lymph of foreign particles and cellular debris.

Superficial veins contain valves. Inactive people may have problems with their veins in that blood pools in their veins. Can you propose a mechanism by which blood from the veins may be returned to the heart (other than standing on your head!)?

One of the mechanisms of increasing venous return to the heart in inactive people is for them to wear support hose. The pressure of the hose functions to squeeze the vessels thus increasing the return flow.

The thymus is located where?

Overlays the vessels superior to the heart

What type of tissue makes up the endothelium of capillaries?

Simple squamous epithelium is the tissue that makes up the endothelium of capillaries

What functional advantage does simple squamous epithelium tissue type provide to the capillary?

Simple squamous epithelium is very thin and allows for diffusion to cross the cell membranes.

Where do T cells become immunocompetent?

T cells become immunocompetent in the thymus gland.

Efferent lymphatic vessel

Takes lymphatic fluid away from the lymph node

Afferent lymphatic vessel

Takes lymphatic fluid to the lymph node

The adenoids are enlarged ____________ tonsils.

The adenoids are enlarged pharyngeal tonsils.

Name the vessel that takes lymph to a node and the vessel that takes lymph away from a lymph node?

The afferent lymphatic takes lymph to a node and the efferent lymphatic takes lymph away from a lymph node.

Elephantiasis is a disease that may be caused, in some cases, by a parasitic worm blocking the lymphatic vessels. Examine the following illustration and predict where the lymphatic vessel blockage occurs.

The blockage occurs in the popliteal region of the left leg, and the antecubital region of the left upper extremity.

The Capsule of lymph node keeps what together?

The capsule keeps the many lymphatic nodules together to form the node.

What tonsils are located at the back of the tongue?

The lingual tonsils are found on the back of the tongue.

From what you know of the functions of lymph nodes, make a prediction of the difference between lymph entering a node and lymph leaving a node. What materials may be missing from the lymph leaving the node?!

The lymph is interstitial fluid that has passed into the lymphatics. It carries tissue fluid, cellular debris, and microorganisms. Since the function of the lymph node is to cleanse the tissue, the lymph traveling to the node should have more cell debris and potential microorganisms than the lymph traveling from the node.

Where are infections identified by the immune system?

The lymph node

What happens in the thymus to the lymphocytes once they arrive from the bone marrow?

The lymphocytes undergo development/maturation essential to immune responses.

What is the name of the inner and outer region of a lymph node? Describe their function.

The medulla is the inner region of the lymph node and it cleanses the lymph as it passes through the node. The cortex has many nodules and is packed with lymphocytes.

What does red pulp do?

filters the blood

In the analysis of breast cancer, lymph nodes of the axillary region are removed and a biopsy is performed. The removal of the nodes is done to determine if cancer has spread from the breast to other regions of the body. What effect would the removal of lymph nodes have on the drainage of the pectoral region?

The removal of lymph nodes on the axillary region would cause edema, or swelling of the pectoral region.

What part of the spleen is involved in storage of monocytes?

The white pulp of the spleen is involved in storage of monocytes.

Difference between the Thoracic Duct & Right lymphatic duct:

Thoracic Duct drains the left side and majority of the body Right lymphatic duct drains right side of the body

Once tissue fluid enters the lymphatic vessels, what is it called? What might be found in this fluid?

Tissue fluid in the lymphatic vessels is called lymph. Lymph contains tissue fluid, old cells, bacteria or other microorganisms.

T cells

Type of immunocompetent lymphocyte that gains its competence (matures) in the Thymus.

Vein

Vasculature that moves blood from the extremities of the body back to the heart

Artery

Vasculature that moves blood from the heart throughout the body

Lymphatic system is

a network of vessels through which lymph drains from the tissues into the blood toward the heart, absorbs lipids from the digestive system, is where the immune response is stimulated.

small lymph nodes

are lymphatic nodules found as a single unit; this is another form of a lymphatic nodule

Typically, blood is pumped from the heart through arteries and distributed through the__________ to the ___________, where nutrients, water, and oxygen are exchanged with the_____ of the body.

arterioles; capillaries; cells

Lipids in the small intestine are converted to ______________, which are phospholipids and other molecules, that are in the cells that line the digestive tract.

chylomicrons

Lymphatic nodules are located where?

cortex of the lymph node; there are many lymphatic nodules in the cortex of the lymph node

Veins typically carry ____________ blood.

deoxygenated

What is the function of the appendix?

destroy intestinal bacteria and produce lymphocytes

You see an increase in white pulp cells when?

during an immune response

Adenoids are

enlarged pharyngeal tonsils

Afferent =

enter at top and bigger vessel

Chylomicrons are conducted into the lymphatic system, which then the transports the material (lymph) through where?

the thoracic duct and into the subclavian vein where it enters the cardiovascular system

Lymphatic vessels return the lymph to

the venous system.

The blood returns via __________ to _______ and back to the heart under relatively low pressure. The valves in the veins keep blood flowing _______ the heart.

venues to veins; toward

Lymph node are 'filters' packed with what type of cells?

white blood cells; including lymphocytes (B and T) and macrophages.