lymphatic system

Chylothorax

"chyle in the thorax" is the leakage of the fatty lymph, chyle, from the thoracic duct into a pleural cavity into the thorax. it is caused by tearing/blockage of the thoracic due to chest trauma/compression by a nearby tumor.

Lymphangitis

(lymph vessel inflammation) They are supplied with blood vasa vasorum. when the vessels are infected and inflamed the vasa vasorum fill with blood. the superficial lymphatic vessels become visible through the skin as red lines are tender to touch.

Which of the following might explain why most people are sick more often as children than as adults in their 20s through 50s?

) We build up many varieties of memory lymphocytes during childhood, providing immunity to more and more antigens during adulthood.

A lymphoid nodule is

) a cluster of densely packed lymphocytes.

) A bubo is

) an infected lymph node containing a large number of pathogens that are trapped in the node but not destroyed.

B lymphocytes are to ________ as T lymphocytes are to ________.

) antibodies; programmed cell death

) The lymph trunk that drains the thoracic organs is called the

) bronchomediastinal trunk.

Lymphatic vessels perform all of the following functions except

) carrying blood.

) Which cell has the responsibility of presenting foreign antigens to lymphocytes?

) dendritic cell

) Lymph leaves a lymph node via

) efferent lymphatic vessels.

) In a histological cross section through an artery, a vein, and a lymphatic vessel, one can recognize the lymphatic vessel because it

) has the thinnest walls

) Which cell secretes cytokines that will stimulate the proliferation of other types of immune cells?

) helper CD4+ T lymphocyte

lymphatic ducts deliver lymph to the cardiovascular system proximal to the

) internal jugular and subclavian veins

the lymph trunk that contains chyle and is unpaired is the

) intestinal

tonsil located on the posterior surface of the tongue is the ________ tonsil.

) lingual

Lymphocytes attack antigens mostly in lymphoid organs (except the thymus) and in

) loose connective tissue.

The paired lymph trunks that carry lymph from the lower limbs are the

) lumbar trunks.

Small, bean-shaped organs abundant in the cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions.

) lymph nodes

Which of the following is not a part of MALT?

) lymphocytes in the spleen

Masses of lymphoid tissue within a lymph node.

) lymphoid follicles

The lymphatic capillaries are

) more permeable than blood capillaries.

The bulges that give lymph vessels a string-of-beads appearance are really

) pockets for valves.

Large lymphatic vessel that if present, is comprised of the right subclavian trunk, right jugular trunk and right bronchomediastinal trunk.

) right lymphatic duct

Recycles red blood cells and initiates immune responses.

) spleen

) Macrophages that destroy aged and defective blood cells from circulation are present in the ________ of the spleen.

) splenic cords

lymph capillaries differ from blood capillaries in all of the following ways except that

) their walls consist of endothelial cells.

Lymphoid tissue contains all of the following elements except

) thick collagen fibers.

) Blockage of the ________ duct would prevent drainage only from the ________ and lumbar trunks.

) thoracic; intestinal

) T cells gain immunocompetence in this lymphoid organ.

) thymus

The lymphoid organ that atrophies with age.

) thymus

two-lobed lymphoid organ located posterior to the sternum.

) thymus

) All of the following mechanisms help move lymph through the lymphatic vessels except

) tiny lymph hearts

Lymphoid organs located in the mucosal lining of the pharynx.

) tonsils

The immune system cell type that is preferentially destroyed by the Epstein-Barr virus in mononucleosis is the

B lymphocyte

which immune cells will respond to an infection caused by an bacterial agent?

B lymphocytes

what type of lymphocyte is found in lymphoid follicles? what occurs at the germinal center of a lymphoid follicle?

B lymphocytes, each lymphoid follicle is dervired from a single B cell. cell division occurs at the germinal center, producing new B cells that then migrate from the follicle to become plasma cells.

Blind-end invaginations of tonsil epithelium that trap bacteria and particulate matter.

CRYPTS

A person with many enlarged lymph nodes that do not feel tender or sore is most likely to have

Hodgkin's lymphoma.

A senitinel lymph node is the first lymph node to receive drainage from the site of a tumor. This lymph node is tested to determine whether cancer has spread from its initial location. In which a group of lymph nodes would the sentinel node be located in a patient with throat cancer? breast cancer? cervical cancer?

In throat cancer it would be cervical node. In breast cancer it would be in the axillary node. In cervical cancer it would be in the inguinal node.

Fatty lymph, picked up by the lacteals in the small intestine, travels through the _______ trunk into the _______ duct and empties into venous circulation at the junction of the _______ and ________ veins.

Intestinal trunk, thoracic duct, left internal jugular and left subclavian veins.

Which of the following statements about the right lymph duct is false?

It empties into the thoracic duct.

lymphoid tissue associated with the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts.

MALT

lymph capillaries

Structures comprised of endothelial cells separated by flaplike minivalves that are opened as fluid accumulates in peripheral tissue describes

secreting hormones, the thymus causes which cells to become immunocompetent?

T lymphocytes

what structural feature of lymphatic capillaries makes them permeable to tissue fluid??? How does this differ from the features that make blood capillaries permeable???

The endothelial cells of lymphatic capillaries have few intercellular junctions, and the edges of adjacent cells overlap, forming easily opened minivalves. Blood capillaries have tight junctions between endothelial cells. Intercellular clefts between adjacent cells & in some cases pores cause these vessels sometimes permeable.

Where are the T lymphocytes located in lymph nodes?

They are located in the deeper portion of the cortex and in medullary cords of the medulla.

Which of these statements regarding lymph capillaries is false?

They have precapillary sphincters that regulate drainage of lymph from tissues.

) Is it possible for lymphocytes to gain immunocompetence in the thymus of an 82-year-old person?

Yes, but fewer than in youth.

Edema is

accumulation of excess tissue fluid in loose connective tissue.

nonhodgkins lymphoma

all cancer of lymphoid tissue except hodgkins lymphoma. involves uncontrolled multiplication and metastasis of undifferentiated lymphocytes usually B cells and sometimes T cells. lymp nodes swollen, spleen might enlarge, gut lymphoid tissue might be affected and many organs might be involved. 5th most common type of cancer. A low grade type usually affects the elderly. and grows slowly, is often fatal because resistant to chemo.

In humans, B lymphocytes originate in

bone marrow

The thymus is most active during

childhood

The sinuses within lymph nodes

contain macrophages living along a reticular fiber network.

what is the function of the red pulp in the spleen?

defective blood cells are phagocytized by macrophages.

The largest kind of lymphatic vessel is a lymphatic

duct

The immune system cell type that is preferentially destroyed by the AIDS virus is the

helper T cell

Clusters of lymph nodes occur in all of the following sites except

in bones and bone marrow.

In lymph nodes, follicles are always located

in the cortex

Which part of the intestine contains aggregated lymphnoid nodules?

in the ileum of the small intestine.

where do cytoxic T lympocytes gain immunocompetence?

in the thymus

hodgkins lymphoma

is a malignancy of lymph nodes characterized by swollen, nonpainful nodes, fatigue, fever and night sweats. Giant cells in the nodes called Reed-Sternberg which are uncertain origin maybe modified lymphocytes/macrophages. It is treated with radiation therapy.

lymphatic capillaries that collect fat-laden fluids from the intestinal tract.

lacteals

Which of the following is not classified as a lymphoid organ?

liver

Lymph vessels drain lymph from all the lymphoid organs (simply because lymph vessels drain almost all organs of the body). However, lymph vessels enter (empty into) only one type of lymphoid organ. The only organ with such afferent lymph vessels is

lymph node

Given that a germinal center arises from a single activated lymphocyte, how many different kinds of antibodies are secreted by a single germinal center (and by the plasma cells it produces)?

one

Because the appendix is a narrow tube, it traps microorganisms from the digestive tract, and these microorganisms enter its wall and activate memory lymphocytes for long-term immunity. Another immune organ that traps microorganisms is the

palatine tonsil

Which of the following cells are the largest producers of antibodies?

plasma cells

Which of the following is not a normal component of lymph?

red blood cells

lymphatic structure drains lymph from the right upper limb?

right subclavian duct

________ stores blood platelets.

spleen

Which of the following lymphoid structures have a hilum?

spleen and lymph nodes

In humans, T lymphocytes originate in

the red bone marrow

) Begins at the cisterna chyli.

thoracic duct

Duct of the lymphatic system that drains the body's entire lower half.

thoracic duct

This organ has a superficial cortex filled with lymphocytes and an inner medulla with few lymphocytes and a sizable number of degenerating epithelial reticular cells.

thymus

Which of the following lymphoid organs does not directly fight antigens?

thymus

) Crypts of the tonsils

trap bacteria and particulate matter.

mononucleosis

viral disease common in adolescence and young adults. symptoms are: fatigue, fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, and enlargement of the spleen. Caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, attacks B lymphocytes. This attack leads to activation of t lymphocytes, which in turn attacks the virus-infected B cells. It is transmitted through saliva lasts 4-6 weeks.

) In the spleen, lymphoid tissue is confined to the

white pulp