Lytic and Lysogenic Cycle

What are the Koch Postulates?

1. Pathogen must be found in an animal with the disease and not in a healthy animal. 2. The pathogen must be isolated from the sick animal and grown in a laboratory culture. 3. When the isolated pathogen is injected into a healthy animal, the animal must develop the disease. 4. The pathogen should be taken from the second animal and grown in a laboratory culture. The pathogen should be the same as the original pathogen.

What structures do all viruses have, no matter their shape?

A core that contains DNA or RNA & Protein coated capsid

Who was Robert Koch?

A physician that used anthrax to establish a procedure for diagnosing infection called Koch's postulates.

What is a bacteriophage?

A virus that infects bacteria cells

What is a pathogen?

Any organism that can cause an infection or disease

What are the two kingdom names for bacteria?

Archaebacteria Eubacteria

Which is larger: bacteria cells or viruses? How might this increase the fitness of organisms like bacteriophagesm polio, etc.

Bacteria cells This might increase the fitness of viruses because they're able to duplicate more, and fit into any host/cell even bacteria.

Why might a virus require a living organism to reproduce?

Because they need a host in order to reproduce and survive. They also need the energy and nutrients to survive.

What is the difference between a gram positive and a gram negative bacteria cell?

Cell wall is a thick layer of Peptidoglycan outside the cell membrane - picks up crystal violet - appears purple - GRAM POSITIVE

What are the 3 shapes of bacteria cells? Give an example of a bacterium that retains that shape.

Cocci- Streptoccocus Bacilli- E.coli Spirilla- Spirillium minus

Which is larger: bacteria cells or eukaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells

Explain the difference between the lytic and lysogenic cycle.

Lytic cycle is active viral replication, causing the host to feel viral symptoms. It is the reproduction of viral cells. Lysogenic cycle can happen after the lytic cycle whereas the viral DNA is still present, but in a dormant state. If the dormant virus undergoes stress or is exposed to radiation, the viral lysogenic cycle can turn into the viral lytic cycle once again.

What is the name of the symbiotic relationship that is held between E.Coli and our digestive system?

Mutualism

Bacteria cells contain cell walls. What is their cell wall made of?

Peptidoglycan

What can happen if you do not complete an entire round of antibiotics that the doctor prescribes for you?

Some bacteria that have survived now recognize the antibiotic and become antibiotic resistant

Describe Eubacteria

The type of bacteria we interact with everyday. They are found in land, water, air and in other organisms.

What is the difference between the lytic and lysogenic cycles?

There are several differences between the lytic and lysogenic cycle. First of all, in the lytic cycle, the bacteriophages take over the host, takes over the cell's metabolism injecting its DNA and protein into the cell causing new synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids. Then, they assemble and form complete bacteriophage particles. Lastly, the cell wall bursts and the new bacteriophages attack other cells. The lysogenic cycle starts off the same, but is different in the sense that it integrates with the host cell. Then the DNA polymerase copies chromosomes and the cell divides and the virus is transmitted into the daughter cells. When those cells reproduce, they create more cells with the same virus.

Describe Archaebacteria

Typically live in extreme environments such as deep sea hot vents

What are the characteristics of prokaryotic cells?

Unicellular, no true nucleus, small in size, no membrane bound organelles

What are the three modes of transportation used by bacteria cells?

Use of a flagella or cilia Vibration Snake-like lashing movements