M07 Ch 13 - Microbe Human Interactions: Health and disease

Select all that apply Which two of the following are components of the human holobiont? Candida yeast The human body Rabies virus Ringworms

Candida yeast The human body

Although scientists believe fetuses may be seeded with normal biota during gestation, babies born by _________ section typically become colonized by adult skin biota.

Cesarean

Which of the following is NOT a portal of entry? Multiple choice question. Urogenital tract Circulatory system Gastrointestinal tract Respiratory system Skin

Circulatory system

Select characteristics exhibited by endotoxins, but not exhibited by exotoxins. Composed of lipopolysaccharide Require very small doses to cause toxic effects Secreted from a living cell Heat-stable Have very specific targets Fever-inducing

Composed of lipopolysaccharide Heat-stable Fever-inducing

______ can be characterized as any deviation from the healthy state. Inflammation Infection Pathology Disease

Disease

Which factor does NOT make the human body a favorable environment for many different microbes? Dryness Stable temperature Constant nourishment Stable pH Surface area

Dryness

Which three of the following tissues/organs are definitively known to harbor normal microbiota? Eyelids and conjunctiva Brain Bloodstream Skin and mucous membranes External genitalia

Eyelids and conjunctiva Skin and mucous membranes External genitalia

True or false: Normal biota can benefit the human host by making a majority of the nutrients needed in human metabolism.

False

Select the patterns of indirect (vehicle) transmission of infectious disease. Food, water kissing, touching fomites mother to fetus (vertical) vector droplet air

Food, water fomites air

Which of the following factors is LEAST likely to weaken host defenses? Multiple choice question. Age Surgery and organ transplants Genetic defects in immunity Mental stress Physical stress Height

Height

Which of the following does NOT explain how microbial antagonism occurs? Multiple choice question. - Normal biota members change the chemical environment making it hostile to other species. - There is limited space for occupation in or on certain areas of the human body. - Certain normal biota species directly kill other species by phagocytosis.

- Certain normal biota species directly kill other species by phagocytosis.

Select all that apply Which two of the following statements regarding microbial changes in a developing fetus are true? Microbes that promote healthy skin in a newborn are transferred to the baby as it passes through the vagina. Microbes that promote the digestion of milk may be transferred to the baby through the placenta. Microbes that promote the digestion of milk may be transferred to the baby as it passes through the vagina. The uterus and its contents (baby and placenta) are sterile until vaginal delivery.

- Microbes that promote healthy skin in a newborn are transferred to the baby as it passes through the vagina. - Microbes that promote the digestion of milk may be transferred to the baby as it passes through the vagina.

Select all that apply The phenomenon of microbial antagonism can be explained by Normal biota members change the chemical environment making it hostile to other species. Certain normal biota species directly kill other species by phagocytosis. There is limited space for occupation in or on certain areas of the human body. The immune system only recognizes certain species for destruction.

- Normal biota members change the chemical environment making it hostile to other species. - There is limited space for occupation in or on certain areas of the human body.

a human plus all of its resident microbiota Symbiont Holobiont Microbiome

Holobiont

The aim of the _______ _________ _______ (HMP) has been to collect genetic sequences in various body sites to identify their microbial composition and to determine if this composition impacts disease development.

Human Microbiome Project

Select all that apply Which two of the following statements regarding microbes and human breast milk are correct? Human milk is sterile. Human milk contains around 600 species of bacteria. Human milk contains many sugars that the baby digests easily. Carbohydrates in human milk are used by the baby's gut microbes.

Human milk contains around 600 species of bacteria. Carbohydrates in human milk are used by the baby's gut microbes.

Select the statements that accurately reflect virulence factors. Many are found encoded on pathogenicity islands. Virulence factors only cause direct damage to host tissues. Streptokinase is an enzyme that builds blood clots to block the invasion of pathogens. Toxins are examples of virulence factors. Bacterial capsules are not considered virulence factors for they do not directly damage the host.

Many are found encoded on pathogenicity islands. Streptokinase is an enzyme that builds blood clots to block the invasion of pathogens. Toxins are examples of virulence factors.

Select all that apply Which two of the following statements represent outdated ideas about the human microbiome? Many sites of the human body are sterile, notably the lungs. Healthy people harbor potentially dangerous pathogens but these are kept in low number by the normal microbiota. The gut microbiota can influence many aspects of health. Viruses are not considered a part of the human microbiota.

Many sites of the human body are sterile, notably the lungs. Viruses are not considered a part of the human microbiota.

Select all that apply Select which statements accurately reflect the current progress of the HMP. - The lungs were thought to be sterile, but they contain a sparse but diverse microbiota. - Normal biota keep pathogens in check so that they rarely cause disease. - The genetic contribution of the human microbiome is many times greater than that of the human genome. - There is no indication that the composition of the human microbiome is related to the development of any diseases. - The HMP has sequenced the microbiota of two individuals, one male, one female.

- The lungs were thought to be sterile, but they contain a sparse but diverse microbiota. - Normal biota keep pathogens in check so that they rarely cause disease. - The genetic contribution of the human microbiome is many times greater than that of the human genome.

Most microbiology teaching labs operate at biosafety level ______. Multiple choice question. 2 3 1 4

1

Which biosafety level is required when working with organisms that can cause severe or lethal disease spread by inhalation? Multiple choice question. 3 2 4 1

3

The CDC places pathogens into ______ biosafety categories based on degree of pathogenicity and the danger in handling.

4

Select all that apply Which of the following are factors that can weaken the immune system of a host? Age Stress Disease Hair color Chemotherapy Surgery Malnutrition Height Genetic defects

Age Stress Disease Chemotherapy Surgery Malnutrition Genetic defects

Select all that apply Preliminary results from the HMP show an association between the composition of the gut microbiome and which conditions? Asthma Heart disease Diabetes Crohn's disease Cancer

Asthma Heart disease Diabetes Crohn's disease

Which step is NOT directly required to cause actual damage to the host? Produce toxins that destroy host tissues Induce a host immune response that causes damage to the host Avoid the host immune defenses

Avoid the host immune defenses

Select all that apply Which of the following organisms are considered opportunistic pathogens? Multiple select question. Pseudomonas bacteria Candida albicans Mycobacterium tuberculosis Plasmodium protozoan Influenza virus

Candida albicans Pseudomonas bacteria

At the time of birth, what event provides a comprehensive exposure to microbial life during a natural delivery? Multiple choice question. Cutting of the umbilical cord Rupturing of the membranes Handling by medical personnel Passing through the birth canal

Passing through the birth canal

During a recent survey, 0.014% of the population showed evidence of a particular respiratory infection.Select the term that is illustrated by this statistic. Mortality Prevalence Incidence Epidemic rate

Prevalence

Select the statements that accurately reflect opportunistic pathogens. They commonly cause disease in healthy individuals. Pseudomonas and Candida species are common opportunistic pathogens. Very young and very old patients are most susceptible to opportunistic infections. The presence of other pathogens in a patient has no effect on the development of opportunistic infections. Cancer patients are at a higher risk for opportunistic infections.

Pseudomonas and Candida species are common opportunistic pathogens. Very young and very old patients are most susceptible to opportunistic infections. Cancer patients are at a higher risk for opportunistic infections.

If the inoculum is much larger than the infectious dose, what may occur? Multiple choice question. Shut down of immune system Signs and symptoms are more profound Rapid onset of disease Damage to more body systems

Rapid onset of disease

Select characteristics exhibited by exotoxins, but not exhibited by endotoxins. Composed of lipopolysaccharide Require very small doses to cause toxic effects Secreted from a living cell Heat-stable Have very specific targets Fever-inducing

Require very small doses to cause toxic effects Secreted from a living cell Have very specific targets

Select all that apply Which bacterial groups typically colonize the newborn within the first 12 hours of birth? Sneathia Candida Prevotella Lactobacilli Entamoeba

Sneathia Prevotella Lactobacilli

Select all that apply What factors make the human body a favorable environment for a wide range of microbes? Immune system Source of nourishment Moisture Temperature Surface area Dryness

Source of nourishment Moisture Temperature Surface area

Select all that apply Which two of the following statements regarding microbial changes during pregnancy are true? Species of Lactobacillus that digest milk appear in the vagina during pregnancy. The mother's vaginal microbiota retains a modified microbiota following delivery. The uterus and its contents (baby and placenta) are sterile until vaginal delivery. The microbial composition of the vagina changes significantly during pregnancy.

Species of Lactobacillus that digest milk appear in the vagina during pregnancy. The microbial composition of the vagina changes significantly during pregnancy.

an organism involved in a close and impactful relationship with another organism Symbiont Holobiont Microbiome

Symbiont

True or false: The cumulative damage to host tissues that results from infection is referred to as a pathologic state or disease.

TRUE

Select the statements that accurately reflect characteristics of epidemiology from the choices below. The CDC is primarily responsible for the tracking of infectious diseases in the US. Barbara McClintock helped establish the foundations of modern epidemiology. Epidemiology applies concepts of microbiology, physiology, medicine, sociology, and many more disciplines. Epidemiologists only study infectious diseases and their statistics within a population. Epidemiologists study the frequency and distribution of disease within a population.

The CDC is primarily responsible for the tracking of infectious diseases in the US. Epidemiology applies concepts of microbiology, physiology, medicine, sociology, and many more disciplines. Epidemiologists study the frequency and distribution of disease within a population.

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the human holobiont? Multiple choice question. The HIV virus is part of the human holobiont because some individuals carry it. The HIV virus is part of the holobiont of a healthy individual. The HIV virus is part of the holobiont of an AIDS patient. Viruses are never a part of the holobiont.

The HIV virus is part of the holobiont of an AIDS patient.

Please read the following scenario: "Molly developed gastroenteritis after eating raw cookie dough. Upon culture of her stool, the causative agent was shown to be Salmonella typhimurium. Presumably the Salmonella was in the uncooked eggs in the raw cookie dough." What is the reservoir for the infection in this case? The infected individual (Molly) The eggs The chickens from which the eggs came The cookie dough

The chickens from which the eggs came

Select all that apply Which two of the following statements are true regarding the human microbiome? The human microbiota carries many more genes than the human genome. Viruses present in healthy humans infect only the microbiota, not the human cells. Healthy people harbor potentially dangerous pathogens, but these are in low abundance. Many sites of the human body are sterile, notably the lungs and the brain.

The human microbiota carries many more genes than the human genome. Healthy people harbor potentially dangerous pathogens, but these are in low abundance.

Which of the following statements regarding gut microbes is correct? Multiple choice question. There are only 8-10 species of fungus in the human gut. The gut microbiota is comprised of bacteria and their viruses only. There are at least 100 types of fungus in the human gut.

There are at least 100 types of fungus in the human gut.

Which of the following statements regarding the abundance of viruses in the intestines is correct? There are bacteriophages but no human viruses in the human gut. There are billions of virus particles, both human viruses and bacteriophages, in the human gut. There are human viruses but no bacteriophages in the human gut. There are no viruses in the human gut.

There are billions of virus particles, both human viruses and bacteriophages, in the human gut.

Select the two major goals of the Human Microbiome Project. Determine antibiotic susceptibility of the most prevalent microorganisms among human microbiota To enumerate all of the members of the human microbiota, both those that can be cultured and those that are nonculturable To eradicate those members of the normal microbiota that may potentially cause disease To determine the role the human microbiota plays in health and disease

To enumerate all of the members of the human microbiota, both those that can be cultured and those that are nonculturable To determine the role the human microbiota plays in health and disease

Select all that apply To establish itself in a host, a microbe must: Utilize a portal of entry Be able to adhere to host tissue Damage and destroy host tissue Produce toxins and exoenzymes Survive immune system defenses

Utilize a portal of entry Be able to adhere to host tissue Survive immune system defenses

When the cumulative effects of an infection damage or disrupt tissues and organs, the pathologic state that results is called ________

disease

An _____ infection is characterized as an infection with either a member of the normal biota or a latent virus. endogenous exogenous

endogenous

An infectious agent that already exists on or in the human body is referred to as a(n) ______ agent. exogenous latent endogenous virulent

endogenous

The human body supports a wide variety of microorganisms by providing a range of diverse __________ for the microorganisms to live in.

environment

True or false: Among healthy adults, the composition of the normal microbiota was found to be very stable among different body sites.

false Reason: The microbiota were found to vary significantly.

A teacher walking through her first grade class room pauses to pick up a used tissue that had ended up on the floor instead of in the waste basket. Unfortunately, after discarding the tissue, she doesn't immediately wash her hands, and acquires a strain of rhinovirus. Several days later she begins to experience symptoms of a cold. Based upon this scenario, please select the mode of disease transmission demonstrated here. direct contact (touching) droplet air fomite vector

fomite

Select the answer that reflects the correct pairing of an enzyme and the host tissue it acts upon: mucinase, skin and hair keratinase, mucous membrane coating coagulase, collagen fibers hyaluronidase, cell cement

hyaluronidase, cell cement

Humans with compromised ________ systems can more easily experience disease caused by normal biota.

immune

Those with cystic fibrosis, or AIDS, or undergoing an organ transplant are examples of people who are ______. immunocompromised immunized elderly competent

immunocompromised

The condition in which pathogens enter, establish, and multiply in the human host is referred to as a(n) ______. infection disease pathogen sequela

infection

The invasion and multiplication of a pathogen in the human host is referred to as a(n) ________

infection

Historically, scientists described the human "normal microbiota" as those organisms that could be cultured from the human body. This represents a significant underestimate because ______. many microbes cannot be cultured in the laboratory bacteria can be counted easily, but fungi are more problematic it is unethical to use human tissue for culturing microbes many microbes are resident only on a small portion of the population

many microbes cannot be cultured in the laboratory

An infectious dose is the ______. Multiple choice question. term used to describe the severity of an infection amount of bacterial cells used in immunization minimum number of microbial cells required to cause an infection total number of microbial cells that caused infection in a particular host

minimum number of microbial cells required to cause an infection

The ability of a nonpathogen or weakly pathogenic microorganism to cause disease primarily in an immunocompromised host is termed: virulence pathogenicity antagonism opportunism

opportunism

Pathogens are classified by the CDC into different biosafety categories based on their degree of ________ and danger in handling.

pathogenicity

______ is the ability of a microbe to cause disease, whereas _______ refers to the relative capacity of a pathogen to invade and harm host tissues.

pathogenicity, virulence

Physical damage to host tissues is referred to as the ________ state or disease

pathologic

A(n) ______ disease occurs when microbes cooperate in breaking down a tissue or one microbe creates an environment that enables another microbe to invade. focal polymicrobial systemic localized chronic

polymicrobial

In many cases, normal biota can benefit the human host by ______. Multiple choice question. - making conditions favorable for the growth of other normal biota members - preventing the overgrowth of potentially harmful biota - making a majority of the nutrients needed in metabolism - eliminating metabolic wastes from the body to prevent disease

preventing the overgrowth of potentially harmful biota

Although the exact microbial composition varied among individuals, the HMP found that the collection of ______ made by the normal biota was very stable. lipids proteins carbohydrates nucleic acids

proteins

Long term microbial inhabitants that generally do not cause disease in the host are called ________ hosts

resident

The stable microbes that inhabit the human body on a permanent or long-term basis, and generally do not cause disease, are referred to as ______ biota. resident pathogenic transient

resident

Microbes with ______ infectious doses are usually more virulent. large small

small

Prior to the Human Microbiome Project, scientists defined the human "normal microbiota" as the organisms ______. that transiently reside on the skin of the hands that colonize the skin and gut that will cause infections in most individuals that could be cultured in the laboratory

that could be cultured in the laboratory

Lactobacilli and other bacteria that colonize the newborn within 12 hours of birth are acquired from ______. forceps used in delivery handling of the newborn the vaginal canal breast milk

the vaginal canal

Microbes that do not colonize the human host, but instead are lost rapidly, are referred to as __________

transient

Microbes that occupy the human body for only short periods are called ______. commensals indigenous colonists transients

transients

True or False Resident microbiota can cause disease in some individuals if they gain access to the correct portal of entry.

true

True or false: A pathologic state resulting from the disruption and destruction of tissues by microbes is referred to as an infectious disease.

true

True or false: A portal of entry is the route a pathogen uses to get into the human host.

true

True or false: Almost all organisms that come into contact with the human body are removed or destroyed before they can colonize body tissues.

true

True or false: Candida albicans is considered to be an opportunistic pathogen.

true

True or false: Infection with either a member of the normal biota or a latent virus is an example of an endogenous infection.

true

True or false: The composition of the gut microbiota that colonizes the newborn is usually determined by the method of feeding (bottle or breast fed).

true

Adhesins, endotoxin, destructive enzymes, and exotoxins are all examples of ________ factors produced by pathogens.

virulence

The relative capacity of a pathogen to invade and harm host cells, or the degree of pathogenicity, is ______. toxicity virulence valence lethality

virulence

Any characteristic or structure of a pathogen that allows it to establish itself in a host or cause damage to the host is referred to as a(n) ______. exit portal virulence factor entry portal microbial antagonist

virulence factor

Select the microorganisms that have been discovered to be part of the normal human microbiome: viruses helminths algae fungi bacteria protozoa

viruses fungi bacteria protozoa

microbial _________ is the situation in which microorganisms compete for survival in a common environment and where resident microorganisms take actions that inhibit or destroy intruder microorganisms.

antagonism

Select all that apply An opportunistic pathogen ______. usually will not cause disease can be part of the resident biota is another term for true pathogen only causes disease in immunocompromised individuals can cause disease when it is transferred to another site in the body

can be part of the resident biota can cause disease when it is transferred to another site in the body

Normal biota generally exist in either a _______ or a ________ association with their hosts

commensal or mutualistic

The infectious dose of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the causative agent of the sexually-transmitted infection gonorrhea, is 1,000. This means ______. Multiple choice question. one out of 1,000 cells of Neisseria gonorrhoeae are infectious only 1/1,000 people exposed to Neisseria gonorrhoeae will get the disease contact with fewer than 1,000 cells of Neisseria gonorrhoeae is not likely to result in a disease state

contact with fewer than 1,000 cells of Neisseria gonorrhoeae is not likely to result in a disease state

The infectious dose of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the causative agent of the sexually-transmitted infection gonorrhea, is 1,000. The infectious dose of Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, is one billion (1,000,000,000). This means ______. Neisseria is more pathogenic than Vibrio contact with many fewer Neisseria bacteria will cause disease, compared to many more Vibrio needed to cause disease Neisseria is a much more dangerous pathogen than Vibrio, because far fewer microbes are needed for infection

contact with many fewer Neisseria bacteria will cause disease, compared to many more Vibrio needed to cause disease

Genetic variations in which one of the following can best explain why some individuals develop infection from a microorganism while others remain disease-free? Lipid profile Immune defenses Race Weight

Immune defenses

During 2007, there were 3.6 new cases of pertussis per 100,000 susceptible individuals in the U.S., part of a steady increase that has been occurring since the 1980s. Select the term that is illustrated by this statistic. Prevalence Incidence

Incidence

Select all that apply To cause actual damage to a host, a microbe must: Multiple select question. Evade immune system defenses Induce an injurious immune response Produce toxins that destroy tissue Utilize a portal of exit

Induce an injurious immune response Produce toxins that destroy tissue

Select all that apply Which of the following organisms are considered true pathogens? Candida albicans Influenza virus Mycobacterium tuberculosis Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Plasmodium protozoan Pseudomonas bacteria

Influenza virus (flu) Mycobacterium tuberculosis Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Plasmodium protozoan (malaria)

Why does the human body support a wide variety of microorganisms? Multiple choice question. It provides a wide range of habitats. Its pH is usually acidic, supporting the majority of microbial life. It easily rids itself of dangerous waste products. It has an abundant oxygen supply to support aerobes.

It provides a wide range of habitats.

Select all that apply Which two factors determine the virulence of a particular pathogen? The overall health of the infected person Its ability to establish itself in the host The number in the inoculating dose Its ability to cause damage to the host tissues The degree of immune system involvement in the infection

Its ability to establish itself in the host Its ability to cause damage to the host tissues

Select the three basic ways in which microbes cause tissue damage. Microbes release toxins that cause tissue damage. Microbes block host cell respiration pathways. Microbes alter host blood glucose levels. Microbes release enzymes that break down host tissue. Microbes activate a host response that is itself destructive to host tissue. Microbes disrupt the host's endocrine system.

Microbes release toxins that cause tissue damage. Microbes release enzymes that break down host tissue. Microbes activate a host response that is itself destructive to host tissue.

Which of the following indicates a relationship in which resident microorganisms prevent the overgrowth of intruder microorganisms when competing for survival in a common environment? Microbial commensalism Microbial synergism Microbial mutualism Microbial antagonism

Microbial antagonism

Choose the statement that best describes the benefits of microbial antagonism to the human host. Microbial antagonism refers to the mechanisms by which a pathogen damages the host. Microbial antagonism keeps normal microbiota from colonizing some parts of the human body.Incorrect Microbial antagonism occurs when members of the normal microbiota prevent pathogens from colonizing and becoming established in the body.Correct Microbial antagonism refers to the effects that antibiotics have on the normal microbiota.

Microbial antagonism occurs when members of the normal microbiota prevent pathogens from colonizing and becoming established in the body.

the resident microbiota Symbiont Holobiont Microbiome

Microbiome

Select all of the sites where normal microbiota has been definitively found in humans. Brain Mouth Liver Throat Large intestine Skin Vagina

Mouth Throat Large Intestine skin vagina

What usually determines the composition of the normal healthy gut microbiota that colonizes the newborn after birth? Multiple choice question. The mother's vaginal tract biota The method of feeding The birthing environment The method of birth

The method of feeding

Select all that apply Of the following, the two that are most likely examples of endogenous infections are ______ and ______. a Staphylococcus infection of a hair follicle a Micrococcus infection resulting from a cut to the skin a measles infection from contact with a contagious individual an HIV infection from unprotected sex a Staphylococcus infection from consuming contaminated food

a Staphylococcus infection of a hair follicle a Micrococcus infection resulting from a cut to the skin