Macromolecules, Carbohydrates, and Proteins

What are the chemical components of a nucleotide?

A nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a pentose sugar.

Which type of protein shields a newly forming protein from cytoplasmic influences while it is folding into its functional form?

Chaperonins. Like a Chaperone shields from bad influences.

Which of the following carbohydrate molecules has the lowest molecular mass? 1. lactose 2. sucrose 3. chitin 4. glucose 5. cellulose

Glucose. Glucose is a monosaccharide.

glucose + glucose = _______ by ____.

Maltose and water by dehydration synthesis.

Which of the following is a polymer? 1) cellulose, a plant cell wall component 2) glucose, an energy-rich molecule 3) testosterone, a steroid hormone 4) triacylglycerol, or fat 5) fructose, a component of sucrose

cellulose, a plant cell wall component. It is a polymer composed of many glucose monomers joined together by glycosidic linkages.

What might alter the shape of an enzymatic protein?

treating the protein with a chemical that breaks hydrogen bonds, a change in salt concentrations or pH, denaturing the protein, and/or heating the protein

Which of the following is true regarding complementary base pairing in DNA and RNA molecules? 1) Complementary base pairing promotes an antiparallel orientation in the structure of DNA and RNA molecules. 2) Although a DNA molecule demonstrates complementary base pairing between two DNA polynucleotides to form a double helix, an RNA molecule can base-pair only along stretches of nucleotides in the same RNA molecule, such as in transfer RNA molecules. 3) Complementary base pairing within single strands of DNA and RNA gives them particular three-dimensional structures that are necessary for their function. 4) Although the base pairing between two strands of DNA in a DNA molecule can be thousands to millions of base pairs long, base pairing in an RNA molecule is limited to short stretches of nucleotides in the same molecule or between two RNA molecules.

4) Although the base pairing between two strands of DNA in a DNA molecule can be thousands to millions of base pairs long, base pairing in an RNA molecule is limited to short stretches of nucleotides in the same molecule or between two RNA molecules.

What do Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and mad cow disease have in common?

All are associated with the buildup of misfolded proteins in cells.

What biological activities are proteins directly involved in?

Changing the shape of a cell, Breaking food polymers, into smaller molecules, Defending cells against viruses, and Sensing light.

The flow of genetic information in a cell goes from _____.

DNA to RNA to Protein.

The building blocks or monomers of nucleic acid molecules are called _____.

Nucleotides.

Which of the following describes a difference between DNA and RNA? 1) RNA molecules generally consist of a single polynucleotide chain, whereas DNA molecules generally consist of two polynucleotide chains organized into a double helix. 2) Both molecules contain adenine, guanine and cytosine, but DNA also contains thymine and RNA also contains uracil. 3) They contain different sugars. 4) The first and second listed responses correctly describe differences between DNA and RNA. 5) The first three listed responses correctly describe differences between DNA and RNA.

The first three listed responses correctly describe differences between DNA and RNA. 1. RNA molecules consist of a single polynucleotide chain, whereas DNA molecules generally consist of two polynucleotide chains organized into a double helix. 2. Both molecules contain adenine, guanine, and cytosine, but DNA also contains thymine and RNA also contains uracil. 3. They contain different sugars.

Enzymes that break down DNA catalyze the hydrolysis of the covalent bonds that join nucleotides together. What would happen to DNA molecules treated with these enzymes?

The phosphodiester linkages of the polynucleotide backbone would be broken.

Adenine pairs with ______. Guanine pairs with _______.

Thymine. Cytosine. A-T. G-C.

Sucrose is formed when glucose is joined to fructose by a(n) _____.

glycosidic linkage. they join simple sugars to form polysaccharides.

Humans can digest starch but not cellulose because

humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the α glycosidic linkages of starch but not the β glycosidic linkages of cellulose.