Mahir Texas Govt 2306 Exam 1 Chapter 1-3

Article IV of the Texas Constitution provides for ________ executive. A single An appointed A plural None of the above

A plural

Republican Party

A political party that began in 1854 and is today one of the two major political parties in the United States. Originally, it was composed mainly of northerners from both major parties of the time, the Democrats and the Whigs, with some former Know-Nothings as well.

Limited Government

A principle of constitutional government; a government whose powers are defined and limited by a constitution.

New Federalism

Attempts by Presidents Nixon and Reagan to return power to the states through block grants. A political philosophy of devolution, or the transfer of certain powers from the United States federal government back to the states.

Although considered by many to be a weak act, the _____ was an important step toward the development of welfare and health care policies at the federal level. Social Security Act of 1921 Kitchin-Garner Act Sheppard-Towner Act Charitable Protection Act

Sheppard-Towner Act

In the November 2011 constitutional amendment elections, voters were asked to consider _______ proposed amendment(s). One Ten Sixty Ninety-five

Ten

14th amendment

(1) All persons born in the U.S. are citizens; (2) no person can be deprived of life, liberty or property without DUE PROCESS OF LAW; (3) no state can deprive a person of EQUAL PROTECTION of the laws. Second of three "Reconstruction Amendments" passed after Civil War.

Risk corridors

- limits losses and gains beyond an allowable rang ACA established this for insurance companies

The Collector v Day

-A Supreme court case symbolizing their relationship between national and state governments -Was about if the federal government could tax a state judge's income but the federal govt could not, because the federal govt cannot intrude into state political institutions

Robert Fogel

-He won Nobel Prize in Economics, used counterfactual history to ask the question "what if the railroads had not been built in the late 19th century"? -Also suggested that a significant factor in long-run economic growth is improved health from better nutrition

NAFTA

-In the early 1990s, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) put Texas in the middle of an expanding international economy. -The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is an agreement among the United States, Canada and Mexico designed to remove tariff barriers between the three countries.

Trans Pacific Partnership TPP

-It involves 12 countries: the US, Japan, Malaysia, Vietnam, Singapore, Brunei, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Mexico, Chile and Peru. -The pact aims to deepen economic ties between these nations, slashing tariffs and fostering trade to boost growth. -Member countries are also hoping to foster a closer relationship on economic policies and regulation. -The agreement could create a new single market something like that of the EU.

Obergefell v Hodges

-ruled that the 14th amendment requires a state to license a marriage between 2 people of the same sex

Bill of Rights

1-Guarantees the freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly and the right to petition government. 2- Right to bear arms 3- No quartering soldiers 4- No unreasonable search or seizure 5- No double jeopardy and due process 6- Just and speedy trial with counsel 7- Right to a jury in suits involving 20 dollars or more 8- No cruel or unusual punishment 9- Rights not listed in other amendments are not the only rights. You have more rights 10-Asserts that powers not delegated to the national government or denied to the states are reserved to the states.

Texas Political Culture

1. Daniel Elazar created a political culture classification scheme of moralistic, individualistic, and traditionalistic to describe the political cultures of the states. 2. According to Elazar, Texas can be described as traditionalistic and individualistic. 3. Historically, Texas politics demonstrate a strong one-party tradition, provincialism, and business dominance. 4. These patterns, however, may be weakening as the Republican Party increases its power in the state and urbanization continues.

Economic Change in Texas

1. Each region has contributed to the state's economic development. 2. The Texas economy has been influenced by innovations in cotton and cattle production, the oil industry, and the high-tech industry. 3. Cotton is one of the oldest crops grown in Texas; by 1880, Texas led the nation in its production. Cotton farming also increased tenant farming and sharecropping. 4. Ranching became a dominant economic aspect in the late 1800s. 5. The 1901 discovery of the Spindletop field near Beaumont brought the oil boom to Texas. Cheap oil affected everything from transportation to state coffers to the establishment of higher education. 6. In the 1980s, Texas began to expand into the high-tech realm to diversify its economy. 7. In the early 1990s, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) put Texas in the middle of an expanding international economy. 8. While Texas experienced some of the effects of the credit crisis and subsequent economic downturn that began in late 2007, overall the state's diversified economy has helped it weather the Great Recession fairly well.

2011 Amendments to the Texas Constitution

1. In November 2011, voters passed seven of the ten constitutional amendments they were asked to consider. Only approximately 5.2 percent of registered voters turned out to vote. 2. Most of the 2011 proposed constitutional amendments were uncontroversial. The controversial ones were those identified by the Tea Party and other antitax groups as increasing the financial burden on Texans. These groups succeeded in defeating three of the proposed amendments, breaking the modern pattern in which amendments are routinely approved. 3. Highly visible, controversial amendments, such as previously proposed propositions concerning tort reform and same-sex marriage, can lead to higher turnout.

The New Deal and Texas

1. In the election of 1918, Democrats lost control of Congress, and in the election of 1920, Democrats lost the presidency. Texas, still a solidly Democratic state, lost influence in the executive and legislative branches. 2. The New Deal era brought about a new relationship between the states and the national government where the national government had broad regulatory powers over the economy and eventually over protecting civil rights. Much of the expansion of federal government power was done under the interstate commerce clause. 3. By 1944, a split had developed between liberals and conservatives in the Texas Democratic Party based upon their opposing positions on the New Deal. 4. In 1952, the conservative wing of the Democratic Party aligned with Governor Allan Shivers to vote for the popular (and conservative) Republican Presidential candidate Dwight Eisenhower. They were dubbed "Shivercrats." 5. For the most part, Texas Democrats after the New Deal were united on another issue: race relations and segregation.

Recent Attempts to Rewrite the Texas Constitution

1. Over the past thirty years, there have been a number of attempts to streamline the political system by rewriting the Texas Constitution. 2. The most recent attempts occurred in 1974 and 1999. 3. These attempts to rewrite the Texas Constitution tried to strengthen Texas's government and to make changes in the operation of state government. 4. Texans, however, have rejected these attempts, partly out of a fear that an improved government will mean higher taxes.

A modest break with the New Deal System: The Reagan Era in Texas

1. Ronald Reagan and a new generation of Texas Republican Party leaders stressed the importance of economic deregulation and tax cuts along with traditional family values and a powerful national defense. 2. During the Reagan era, there was an effort to strengthen the powers of state governments versus the powers of the national government. 3. The Supreme Court has been unwilling to place more than minimal restrictions on Congress' power to tax and spend.

Functions of a State Constitution

1. State constitutions make state political institutions legitimate by defining and delegating power and authority. 2. State constitutions also prevent the concentration of power and generally provide for a system of checks and balances. 3. State constitutions prohibit governments from abridging the basic freedoms of its citizens.

Historical Foundation for the Current Texas Constitution

1. Texans have been governed under seven constitutions, each shaped by historical development of its time. 2. The first constitution for Texas was the Mexican Constitution of Coahuila y Tejas (1827). 3. The second was the Constitution of the Republic of Texas (1836), which was written when Texas declared its independence from Mexico. It established an elected chief executive with considerable powers, a bicameral legislature, and a four-tiered judicial system composed of justice, county, district, and supreme courts. 4. The third constitution was the Texas State Constitution (1845), which was written when Texas was admitted to the union. 5. In 1861, Texas withdrew from the union, joined the Confederate States of America (i.e., the Confederacy), and drafted its fourth constitution. 6. The fifth constitution—the Constitution of 1866—was written upon readmission to the Union after the Civil War. 7. The sixth constitution—the Constitution of 1869—was written during Reconstruction. It empowered E. J. Davis, who is believed to have presided over the most corrupt and oppressive government in Texas history. 8. The seventh and final constitution—the Constitution of 1876—was drafted primarily by members of the Grange, in opposition to the Reconstruction government. It embodies a strong anti-government sentiment.

Texas Joins the Union

1. Texas became the 28th state in 1845. The issue of Texas joining the Union was a major one that involved war with Mexico as well as the expansion of slavery. 2. It was not until 1869 that Texas got four Congressional districts and it was not until 1897 that a Texas politician had a leadership role in Congress.

Thinking Critically about Texas and Federalism

1. Texas began its role in the national government as a backwater state. Its entrance into the nation led to war with Mexico and it was important in expanding slavery. 2. Things changed for Texas during the administration of Woodrow Wilson, and Texans held positions of power in the executive and legislative branches up until the current era. 3. With the emergence of the Tea Party, the key question is whether this new dominant position on federalism will last and whether Texas can solve the problems it faces without strong national governmental involvement.

The Land

1. Texas is the second-largest state in the nation and has four distinct geographical regions: the Gulf Coastal Plains, the Interior Lowlands, the Great Plains, and the Basin and Range Province.

Texas Urbanization

1. Texas was predominately rural until the mid-1900s, in part due to the prominent role of agriculture and ranching. 2. The oil boom was one impetus for urbanization, as it led to increased populations in cities like Houston, Dallas-Fort Worth, San Antonio, and Austin. 3. Houston, the largest city in Texas, is one of the world leaders in the petrochemical industry, and its port provides access to world markets. 4. Dallas is the commercial center of Texas, with an emphasis on banking and real estate development. 5. San Antonio's economy focuses on national military bases, educational institutions, tourism, and medical research. 6. Together, these cities have become politically dominant and can help us understand the political economy of the state as a whole.

Conclusion: Thinking Critically about the Texas Constitution

1. Texas's current constitution is far more complex than its predecessors or the U.S. Constitution. 2. Matters considered public policy in most other states are often addressed as constitutional issues in Texas. 3. The Texas Constitution is based on a general distrust of politicians and political power. 4. In limiting and decentralizing power, the Texas Constitution makes it difficult to exercise power effectively without being able to maintain extraordinary majorities in a variety of political arenas. 5. The Texas Constitution has been a difficult document to replace, despite 474 amendments. 6. The Texas Constitution provides protections for the interests of key groups in Texas society; those groups are reluctant to give up those protections in exchange for a more flexible document.

Texas: A state in a Federal System

1. The Articles of Confederation gave states the primary role in government. Dissatisfaction with this system led to the U.S. Constitution, which increased the power of the national government. 2. Although the national government had imposed its will successfully during the Nullification Crisis, the question of the exact relationship between the central government and the individual states was still open. 3. The Civil War was, in part, a struggle over the meaning of the federal system and the proper relationship between the national and the state governments. Following the end of Reconstruction, the United States operated under a system of dual federalism. 4. The onset of the Great Depression in 1929 brought forward new calls to change the existing federal system. Under FDR, the relationship between the national government and the states changed into what has been described as cooperative federalism. 5. In an attempt to reduce federal control, Nixon introduced a funding mechanism called block grants and tried a somewhat different version of federalism, which he called New Federalism. 6. More recently, federal actions have been described as coercive federalism where federal regulations are used to force states to change their policies to meet national goals. 7. Under a federal system, states are essentially 50 laboratories set up for experimentation with different approaches to problems to determine which works best.

District of Columbia v Heller

2008 Court held that the Second Amendment protects an individual right to possess a firearm unconnected with service in a militia, and to use that firearm for traditionally lawful purposes, such as self- defense within the home.

Texas is the second-largest state, consisting of approximately ____________ square miles. 167 million 267,000 627,000 950,000

267,000

The Texas Constitution provides for a state legislature with _____ members in the Senate and ____ members in the House. 100; 435 31; 150 50; 100 435; 100

31; 150

The Constitution of Texas Today

1. The Texas Constitution was written to prevent the expansion of governmental authority and to avoid the return of any political power that acted against the interests of the people. 2. The U.S. Constitution has two great virtues: brevity and flexibility. Neither of these virtues could be said to characterize the Texas Constitution. The differences are a direct reflection of the differences in the framers' underlying goals. 3. The framers of the Constitution of 1876 placed a bill of rights in Article I—clearly announcing the document's purpose was to restrict governmental power. This document included many protections not found in the U.S. Bill of Rights. 4. The Texas Constitution also establishes a separation of powers, which is intended to limit the powers of the three branches of government. 5. The Texas legislature consists of the House of Representatives, with members serving two-year terms, and a Senate, with four-year terms. Legislative salaries are low, and a balanced budget is required. 6. The Texas governor is part of a plural executive, meaning he or she is among a number of key executive officials who are also elected by the voters. The governor's powers are extremely limited in this model, making the office one of the weakest in the nation. 7. Texas judges are elected by the voters, subjecting them to constant review by the public. 8. Constitutional amendments are drafted by the legislature, but must be approved by the voters of the state.

Texas in the Nation Today: The Tea Party Era

1. The shift to Republican dominance in Texas occurred rapidly in the 1980s and 1990s. Another recent change in the form of the Tea Party Movement goes beyond the anti-regulation policies of the Reagan era to a general anti-federal government ideology. 2. In the Tea Party's view, politics is a zero sum game in which the goal is to remain ideologically pure and to defeat Democrats rather than join with them in lawmaking. 3. The Texas legislature was once known for its lack of partisanship, but it is becoming increasingly partisan. 4. Concerns about the expansion of federal government power are especially evident in three areas of "marble cake" federalism that are important issues in Texas today: health care; water policy; and immigration policy.

The people: Texas Demography

1. The state's population has grown considerably during the past thirty years. 2. International and domestic immigration is increasing and diversifying the state's population. 3. Anglo Americans make up approximately 47 percent of the state's population. 4. The Hispanic population has seen the greatest increase and makes up approximately 36 percent of the state's population. 5. African Americans make up approximately 11 percent of the state's population. 6. Texans are generally younger and are generally poorer than individuals in other states.

Similarities and Differences between the U.S. and Texas Constitutions

1. The two constitutions are similar in that they provide for a separation of powers, checks and balances, and a bill of rights. 2. The concept of federalism is also embodied in both documents. 3. The U.S. Constitution's supremacy clause and necessary and proper clause distinguish the federal constitution from its state counterpart.

A growing Role for Texas: The progressive Era

1. When Woodrow Wilson was elected President, Texas rapidly gained national political influence. It was a remarkable coup for Texas to have three of their own serving as key advisors in Wilson's cabinet. 2. Because of single-party dominance in their states, congressional members from Texas and the South could build up seniority and achieve positions of power simply by being elected and reelected in a noncompetitive political environment. 3. In the Wilson era, states lost power in the national government due to the establishment of the Federal Reserve System and the passage of several constitutional amendments that allowed for the direct election of senators, granted women the right to vote, and allowed for a federal income tax.

Which constitutional amendment is the so-called states' rights amendment? First Amendment Second Amendment Tenth Amendment Fourteenth Amendment

10th Amendment

States rights amendment

10th amendment Powers not expressly given to federal government by the Constitution are reserved to states or the people. Also known as "reserved powers amendment" or "states' rights amendment"

18th and 21st amendments

18- No producing selling, or transporting alcohol ; 21- repealed 18

By 1860, there were over approximately ______________ slaves in Texas, accounting for more than 30 percent of the state's population. 58,000 180,000 130,000 100,000

180,000

The Constitution of _________ was drafted following Texas's secession from the Union. 1860 1861 1865 1866

1861

The Constitution of ________ abolished slavery in Texas. 1845 1865 1866 1876

1866

Brown v Board of Education

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Wesberry v Sanders

1963, Established the principle of "one person, one vote" in drawing congressional districts.

When did the shift from Democratic domination to Republican domination of Texas state politics occur? 1870s 1930s 1950s and 1960s 1980s and 1990s

1980s and 1990s

Grange

A militant farmers' movement of the late nineteenth century that fought for improved conditions for farmers.

Provincialism

A narrow, limited, and self-interested view of the world.

James K. Polk

A nationalist that campaigned on Manifest destiny and the annexation of Texas

Radical Republicans

A bloc of Republicans in the U.S. Congress who pushed through the adoption of black suffrage as well as an extended period of military occupation of the South following the Civil War. After the Civil War, a group that believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South.

Electoral College

A body of electors chosen by the voters in each state to elect the President and Vice President of the United States.

Cooperative federalism

A concept of federalism in which national, state, and local governments interact cooperatively and collectively to solve common problems, rather than making policies separately but more or less equally

coercive federalism

A form of federalism in which the federal government pressures the states to change their policies by using regulations, mandates, and conditions

Spindletop

A major oil discovery in 1901 near Beaumont that began the industrialization of Texas.

The Constitution Convention of 1974 was called in response to: The need for compliance with provisions of the Voting Rights Act. Democrats' fear of an impending Republican shift in the state. A reform movement based on the bribery allegations against major politicians in the state. The power grasps of Governor Edmund Davis.

A reform movement based on the bribery allegations against major politicians in the state.

Republican Government

A representative democracy, a system of government in which power is derived from the people.

Elite

A small group of people that dominates the political process.

Federalism

A system of government in which power is divided, by a constitution, between a central government and regional governments.

Cooperative Federalism

A type of federalism existing since the New Deal era in which grants-in-aid have been used to encourage states and localities (without commanding them) to pursue nationally defined goals. Also known as "intergovernmental cooperation."

U.S-Mexico War of 1846-48

A war (1846-1848) between the United States and Mexico, resulting in the cession by Mexico of lands now constituting all or most of the states of California, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, and Colorado.

Marble-cake federalism

A way of describing cooperative federalism where there is interaction between the levels of government.

Layer-cake federalism

A way of describing the system of dual federalism where there is no interaction between the levels of government.

Gales of Creative Destruction

According to Schumpeter, the "gale of creative destruction" describes the "process of industrial mutation that incessantly revolutionizes the economic structure from within, incessantly destroying the old one, incessantly creating a new one".

Unfunded mandates

Actions imposed by the federal or state government on lower levels of government which are not accompanied by the money needed to fund the action required.

Federalist 51

Addressed how to do checks and balances

Federalist 10

Addressed on how to guard against "factions", or groups of citizens, with interests contrary to the rights of others or the interests of the whole community.

Federalist 47

Addresses Separation of Powers

The Texas Bill of Rights prohibits the denial or abridgment of free and equal rights on the basis of Sex. Race. Creed. All of the above

All of the Above

independent state grounds

Allow states, usually under the state constitution, to expand right it's beyond those provided by the US Constitution

16th amendment

Allows the federal government to collect income tax

dual federalism

Also referred to as divided sovereignty, is a political arrangement in which power is divided between the federal and state governments in clearly defined terms, with state governments exercising those powers accorded to them without interference from the federal government.

counterfactual history

Also sometimes referred to as virtual history, is a form of historiography that attempts to answer "what if" questions known as counterfactuals

Means of amending state constitution

Amendment must be proposed by a two-thirds vote of members in each chamber of the legislature and approved by a simple majority of voters in a general or special election.

Plural Executive

An executive branch in which power is fragmented because the election of statewide officeholders is independent of the election of the governor.

Affordable Care Act

An expansion of medicaid, most of employers must provide health insurance, have insurance or face surtax, prevents rejection based on pre-existing condition. Also referred to as "Obamacare", signed into law in 2010.

Necessary and Proper Clause

Article I, Section 8, of the U.S. Constitution; it provides Congress with the authority to make all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out its powers.

Supremacy clause

Article VI of the U.S. Constitution, which states that the Constitution and laws passed by the national government and all treaties are the supreme law of the land and superior to all laws adopted by any state or any subdivision.

"ambition must be made to check ambition"

Basically sums up Federalist 51

Incorporation

Basically the application of each right found within the Bill of rights to the states

Basic demographic trends

Blacks, Hispanics, Gays, and minorities usually vote democratic Those with more education vote more Those with little education do not vote much The older a person is, the more likely they will vote White are usually republican

An important effect of the oil and gas boom in Texas was the development of a new mentality to economic life in the state called comparative advantage. boom and bust. land fever. economic exploitation.

Boom and Bust

Political Culture (state)

Broadly shared values, beliefs, and attitudes about how the government should function and politics should operate. American political culture emphasizes the values of liberty, equality, and democracy.

Which of the following economic sectors dominated Texas politics throughout the latter half of the twentieth century? labor business environmental consumer

Business

In 1827, _______________ was established as the state religion and was supported by the state: Catholicism Protestantism Southern Baptist Judaism

Catholicism

_____ federalism is a form of federalism in which the federal government uses mandates and strict regulations to put pressure on states to alter their policies. Dual Cooperative New Coercive

Coercive Federalism

Unicameral

Comprising one body or house, as in a one-house legislature.

Which of the following is not a function of a state constitution? Concentrate political power in the hands of a small group of leaders Provide legitimacy to state political institutions Delegate power to specific institutions Limit political power

Concentrate political power in the hands of a small group of leaders

Importance of 1845

Constitution of 1845 Texas joined the Union

Under _____ federalism, national and state governments work together to provide services, often with joint funding of programs. Dual Cooperative New Coercive

Cooperative Federalism

One of the earliest cash crops in Texas was onions. citrus. cotton. rice.

Cotton

In the modern Tea Party Era, according to the textbook, Texas power at the national level has Grown. Declined. Grown a lot. Stayed about the same.

Declined

The ______________ Party dominated Texas politics from the end of Reconstruction until the 1990s. Republican Progressive Democratic Republic of Texas

Democratic

NFIB v Sebelius

Determined constitutionality of individual mandate but struck down the requirement states increase Medicaid expenditures

17th amendment

Direct Election of Senators

Under _____ federalism, the states do most of the governing, and the national government is relatively small in comparison to the states. Dual Cooperative New Coercive

Dual Federalism

Today the African American population of the state is concentrated in South and Central Texas. rural areas. East Texas and urban areas. the Houston area, almost exclusively.

East Texas and Urban Areas

______________ was elected to serve as governor of the state of Texas under the Constitution of 1869. Jim "Pa" Ferguson Andrew Johnson Edmund Davis Jim Hobby

Edmund Davis

Which of the following Texans was involved in the planning and creation of the Federal Reserve? Thomas Gregory Edward House David Houston Albert Burleson

Edward House

Judges in the state of Texas are: Appointed by the governor and confirmed by the Senate. Appointed by the lieutenant governor. Elected by the voters. Chosen by a commission established by the state bar of Texas.

Elected by the voters

Employer mandate

Employers with more then 50 employees must offer insurance

Thomas Gregory, an Austin lawyer who became the U.S. Attorney General under President Woodrow Wilson, was instrumental in the passage of the Treaty of Versailles. Espionage and Sedition Acts. Alien and Sedition Acts. Nineteenth Amendment.

Espionage and Sedition Acts.

individual insurance mandate

Everyone is required to have insurance

Prior to the creation of the _____, the federal government's role in addressing national financial problems was minimal. Bureau of the Budget Congressional Budget Office Federal Reserve Office of the Secretary of the Treasury

Federal Reserve

Block grants

Federal grants that allow states considerable discretion in how the funds are spent

Sam Houston

General chosen by government planners to lead the Texas army. He trained the Texas fighters and defeated and captured Santa Anna at the battle of San Jacinto.

A significant number of the delegates attending the convention that wrote the Constitution of 1876 were affiliated with the Ku Klux Klan. Grange. Republicans. Populists.

Grange

Like other Southern states from the Confederacy, Texas had _____ influence in Congress during the Woodrow Wilson presidency. Great Very little Some None

Great

Which of the following is not among the four distinct physical regions of the state of Texas? Coastal Plains Interior Lowlands Great Plains Great Plateau

Great Plateau

Bicameral

Having a legislative assembly composed of two chambers or houses.

Bicameralism

Having, consisting of, or based on two legislative chambers

John Tyler

He became the 1st Vice President to succeed to Presidency. He made Florida part of the union. He approved of the annexation of Texas.

Mirabeau B. Lamar

He was a Texas politician, poet, diplomat and soldier who was a leading Texas political figure during the Texas Republic era. He was the second President of the Republic of Texas after David G. Burnet (1836 as ad-interim president) and Sam Houston.

The Texas economy diversified in the 1980s and 1990s with the rapid growth of __________ enterprises in the Austin and Dallas areas. high-tech industrial manufacturing construction

High Tech

The fastest growing ethnic group in Texas are Anglos. Hispanics. African Americans. Asian Americans.

Hispanics

Tejas

How Native American's called Texas. Meant friend

Rational basis test

If it involves economic regulation, minimum wage laws, or worksman compensation, the rational basis test is applied

"if men were angels..."

If men were angels, no government would be necessary. If angels were to govern men, neither external nor internal controls on government would be necessary. In framing a government which is to be administered by men over men, the great difficulty lies in this: you must first enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place oblige it to control itself.

The population of Texas has grown rapidly since the early 1990s for all of the following reasons except improved nutrition. the natural increase from the difference between births and deaths. international immigration. domestic migration.

Improved Nutrition

John C Calhoun

In 1828, he lead the fight against protective tariffs which hurt the south economically. Created the doctrine of nullification which said that a state could decide if a law was constitutional. This situation became known as the Nullification Crisis.

Unicameralism

In government, unicameralism is the practice of having one legislative or parliamentary chamber.

Citizens United v FEC

Independent expenditures and donations are free speech

______________ state political cultures originated in the middle states where individuals sought material wealth and personal freedom through commercial activities. Moralistic Monistic Individualistic Traditionalistic

Individualistic

Intermediate scrutiny

Intermediate Scrutiny is for laws dealing with gender differences and equality

Compared with the rest of the nation, the population of Texas is relatively young. has a similar median age. has higher percentages of both children and seniors. is relatively old.

Is Relatively Young

alternative history

Is a genre of fiction consisting of stories in which one or more historical events occur differently from reality.

The process of urbanization in Texas has had only a small influence on the state's economy and politics. is now nearly complete, as nearly 88 percent of Texans live in urban areas. began only in the last generation. bears no relationship to the suburbanization of the state.

Is now nearly complete, as nearly 88 percent of Texans live in urban areas.

1844 election

James K. Polk won Issues were The annexation of Texas and the reoccupation of Oregon and tariff reform.

Who was the first congressman from Texas to hold a leadership role in the U.S. House of Representatives? Joseph Weldon Bailey Lyndon B. Johnson Sam Houston Edward House

Joseph Weldon Bailey

Political scientist Morton Grozdins famously described dual federalism as _____. Cupcake Bundt cake Layer-cake Marble-cake

Layer Cake

Compared with the rest of the nation, the effect of the Great Recession (2008-2010) on Texas has been much worse. about the same. similar to other high-tech states, but not as good as more industrial states. less severe.

Less severe.

Henry Clay

Lost election of 1844 to James Polk because he attempted to straddle the Texas annexation issue which lost him the antislavery liberty party votes

Problem of factions

Madison saw that factions will always exist and the only way to counteract that is to have numerous factions, so that no one faction becomes to powerful.

Mcculloch v. Maryland

Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law

The first federal (or national) constitution that Texas operated under was actually the Articles of Confederation. Confederate Constitution. Spanish Constitution. Mexican Constitution.

Mexican Constitution.

Santa Anna

Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War

Miranda v Arizona

Miranda rights

Which of the following is not used by Daniel Elazar to describe state political cultures? moralistic monistic individualistic traditionalistic

Monistic

______________ state political cultures were rooted in New England, where Puritans and other religious groups sought to create the Good Society. Moralistic Monistic Individualistic Traditionalistic

Moralistic

The ____________ sought to create a free trade zone in North America. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Mexico and United States Trade Treaty Rio Grande Proviso Treaty of Guadalupe

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

In spite of the support of major Texas politicians for the New Deal, what economic development in Texas created some opposition to the regulatory state created under the New Deal? Railroads Oil production Cotton production Automobile manufacturing

Oil production

Renolds v Sims

One Person one vote

States often demonstrate a distinct _____________ that is the product of their entire history. ideology socialization political culture political economics

Political Culture

The framers of the Constitution of 1876, the constitution Texas still has today, drafted a document based on the principles of: Strengthening government powers to protect the civil rights of newly freed slaves. Strong parties and the will of the majority. Popular control and limited government. Centralizing power to the executive branch.

Popular control and limited government.

Sovereign

Possessing supreme political authority within a geographic area.

Amendment process in Texas

Process for changing the Texas Constitution in which an amendment is proposed by a two-thirds vote of each chamber of the legislature and approved by a simple majority of voters in a general or special election.

The concept of __________________ emphasizes rural values and Jeffersonian notions of limited government. provincialism socialism agrarianism utopianism

Provincialism

The _________________ Commission expanded its original mission and began regulating oil and gas production in 1917. Public Utilities Land Railroad Petroleum

Railroad

_____________ took off as an industry after the Civil War, expanding throughout the state; by the twentieth century it become a cyclical industry, thriving during economic booms and struggling when international and national prices declined. Fishing Ranching Manufacturing Shipbuilding

Ranching

Swann v Charlotte Mecklenberg

Requiring school districts to bus pupils to achieve integration

Barron v Baltimore

Ruled that the Bill of Rights restricts only the powers of the federal government and not those of the state government

Ratliff-Junell proposals

Said it was time for Texas to have a constitution appropriate for the times, thought current constitution was too cumbersome for modern government, but again their proposal didn't have the backing to pass.

When Texas was considering secession right before the Civil War, which important Texas figure tried to keep Texas in the Union? Joseph Weldon Bailey William B. Travis Sam Houston David Crockett

Sam Houston

In 1952, a conservative wing of the Democratic Party in Texas voted for Republican presidential candidate Dwight Eisenhower. What were these Texas Democrats called? Reformists RINOs Shivercrats Dixiecrats

Shivercrats

The Constitution of 1836 differed from the Constitution of Coahuila y Tejas because it included constitutional protection for: Community property. Slavery. Homestead protections. Debtor relief.

Slavery.

The discovery of oil at _______________ in 1901 produced Texas's first oil boom. Baytown Humble Odessa-Permian Spindletop

Spindle top

Strict scrutiny

Strict Scrutiny is for laws A form of judicial review that courts use to determine the constitutionality of certain laws. To pass strict scrutiny, the legislature must have passed the law to further a "compelling governmental interest," and must have narrowly tailored the law to achieve that interest.

Gideon v Wainwright

Supreme Court states that Gideon is given the right to a lawyer, incorporation of 6th amendment

U.S. v Texas

Supreme court upheld Texas opposition to Obama Administration legalization plan in U.S. v Texas

In the November 2011 constitutional amendment elections, the _____________ was able to exert a significant influence and successfully defeat three of the proposed amendments. Occupy Wall Street movement Tea Party National Rifle Association American Civil Liberties Union

Tea Party

Woodrow Wilson

Texans first assumed important positions of power at the national level during the presidential administration of Woodrow Wilson President during WW1 and great depresion

The Constitution of 1836 was written in response to the Mexican-American War. Texas Declaration of Independence. Civil War. Seven Years' War.

Texas Declaration of Independence.

It is the job of the _____________ to make recommendations for salary increases for members of the Texas legislature. Governor Texas Ethics Commission Texas legislature Comptroller

Texas Ethics Commission

Importance of 1836

Texas becomes independent from Mexico in 1836 Creation of the constitution of the Republic of Texas (2nd Constitution)

Traditionalistic-individualistic subculture

Texas is an example of this

According to the authors of the textbook, what was a major factor constraining the role Texas political leaders played in The affairs of the national government up until 1912? The Reconstruction Era after the Civil War the Progressive Movement Texas politicians lacked the needed oratory skills Texas was a single-party Democratic state

Texas was a single-party Democratic state

Gitlow v NY

The 1925 Supreme Ct decision holding that freedoms of the press and speech are "fundamental personal rights and liberties protected by the due process clause of the 14th Amendment from impairment by the states" as well as by the fed gov't.

Confederacy

The Confederate States of America, those southern states that seceded from the United States in late 1860 and 1861 and argued that the power of the states was more important than the power of the central government.

U.S. v Carolene Products

The Court upheld a federal prohibition on the interstate shipment of filled milk, because it is a decision that should be made by Congress, not by courts.

By 1944, a split between liberals and conservatives in the Texas Democratic Party had developed based upon their opposing positions on Entry into World War II. Joining the United Nations. The New Deal. The Great Society.

The New Deal.

Which of the following groups has a general anti-federal government ideology? The Tea Party Movement The Shivercrats RINOs Blue Dogs

The Tea Party Movement

Moralistic Political Culture

The belief that government should be active in promoting the public good and that citizens should participate in politics and civic activities to ensure that good.

Traditionalistic political culture

The belief that government should be dominated by political elites and guided by tradition.

Individualistic political culture

The belief that government should limit its role to providing order in society, so that citizens can pursue their economic self-interests.

Political Economy

The complex interrelations between politics and the economy, as well as their effect on one another.

Shelby County v. Holder

The coverage formula used to determine which jurisdiction had engaged in voting decisions was outdated, this outdated coverage was an intrusion on states rights and Congress must update the coverage formula, states are now free to pass laws affecting voting without justice department approval

Separation of Powers

The division of governmental power among several institutions that must cooperate in decision making.

Great Depression

The economic crisis and period of low business activity in the u.s. and other countries, roughly beginning with the stock-market crash in October, 1929, and continuing through most of the 1930s.

Arizona v Arizona Inter Tribal Council, Inc.

The f*ck is this -The court rejected a requiremt by Arizona in 2004 that potential voters supply proof eliginlilty beyond an applicant's oath on the federal form that he or she is a citizen.

Scott v Sanford

The federal government couldn't prevent slavery in territories

After Progressive reforms such as the direct election of U.S. Senators, how did the relationship between the states and the national government change? There was no change in the relationship between the states and the national government. The federal government gained more power over the state governments. States and the national government were finally on equal footing. States gained more power over the federal government.

The federal government gained more power over the state governments.

Federal preemption

The invalidation of a U.S. state law that conflicts with federal law.

Constitution

The legal structure of a government, which establishes its power and authority as well as the limits on that power.

Hugh Everett and the "Many Worlds" interpretation of quantum theory

The many worlds theory says that every probable outcome has happened in a different world/ dimensions.

Federalism can be defined as the relationship between The national government and the states. The legislative and executive branches. All three branches of the federal government. The states and the local government.

The national government and the states.

Checks and Balances

The power of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government to block some acts by the other two branches--ie. the veto, declaring a law unconstitutional, or impeaching a president.

Urbanization

The process by which people move from rural areas to cities.

According to the textbook, Morris Sheppard is perhaps most remembered for his role in advocating The prohibition amendment to the Constitution. The creation of the Federal Reserve System. Entry into World War I. The woman's suffrage amendment to the Constitution.

The prohibition amendment to the Constitution.

Political Culture (people)

The set of attitudes, beliefs, and sentiments which give order and meaning to a political process and which provide the underlying assumptions and rules that govern behavior in the political system.

Dual federalism

The system of government that prevailed in the United States from 1789 to 1937, in which most fundamental governmental powers were strictly separated between the federal and state governments.

Democratic Party

They were the major party in Texas for a long time. One of the two major political parties in the United States; the Democrats. The origins of the Democrats are in the Democratic-Republican party, organized by Thomas Jefferson in the late eighteenth century; the first president elected simply as a Democrat was Andrew Jackson.

A ______________ political culture developed in the South, reflecting the values of the slave plantation economy and its successor, the Jim Crow era. moralistic monistic individualistic traditionalistic

Traditionalistic

Texas is categorized as having a __________________ political culture. monistic-moralistic moralistic-individualistic moralistic-traditionalistic traditionalistic-individualistic

Traditionalistic-Indivualistic

Footnote four

US v. Carolene Products (1983) Establishes Tiers of Scrutiny. Even though court differs to congress when it comes to economics, there are certain things that the court will be more serious on. Provide guideline to court in certain situations.

Phyler v Doe

Under 14th Amendment: State does not have right to deny free public education to undocumented immigrant children.

Nullification Crisis of 1833

Under Jackson. Caused by the Tariff of 1828 (taxing rate was 48%). South Carolina is not going to pay that tax. Jackson supported states rights but sends troops into South Carolina to enforce the tariff of 1828. Nullified the Force act - congress allows Jackson to send troops to South Carolina.

Impeachment

Under the Texas Constitution, the formal charge by the House of Representatives that leads to trial in the Senate and possible removal of a state official.

If Congress passes a law requiring states to install wheelchair accessible elevators in public buildings but does not provide funding for the associated costs of doing so, Congress has passed what is known as a(n) reverse finance program. categorical grant. block grant. unfunded mandate.

Unfunded Mandate

West Coast Hotel v Parrish

Upholding the constitutionality of minimum wage

Constitutional amendments in Texas are proposed by the legislature and approved by the Voters of the state. Governor. Lieutenant governor. Supreme Court of Texas.

Voters of the state.

In 1999, State Senator Bill Ratliff and state representatives proposed a new constitution for Texas because they thought the 1876 constitution Centralized too much power in the governor's office. impeded the development of a true two-party system. Was too vague and created conflict in interpreting the document. Was too lengthy, cluttered, and disorganized to produce an efficient modern government.

Was too lengthy, cluttered, and disorganized to produce an efficient modern government.

The Nullification Crisis of 1833 was about what issue? Whether the president could veto legislation passed by the states Whether a state could veto national legislation passed by Congress The Supreme Court's power to declare laws unconstitutional Congress' ability to void the decisions made by the Electoral College

Whether a state could veto national legislation passed by Congress

Decided by the Supreme Court in 1942, _____ is probably the most extreme example of how FDR's New Deal led to a rejection of state power when it appeared to conflict with the power of the federal government. Wickard v. Filburn Hammer v. Dagenhart West Coast Hotel Company v. Parrish United States v. Lopez

Wickard v. Filburn

Brown II

another case issued by the Supreme Court, implementing the order from 1954, ruling that communities must work to desegregate their schools with all deliberate speed, but set no timetable and left specific decisions up to lower courts.

Engel v Vitale

banned formal prayer in schools, no "official" religion

Baker v Carr

case that established one man one vote. this decision created guidelines for drawing up congresional districts and guaranteed a more equitable system of representation to the citizens of each state -1962, Supreme Court ruled that all state legislative districts to be as near equal as possible in population

One person-one vote

established in Baker v. Carr, Wesberry v Sanders, and Renolds v. Sims

Coercive federalism

federal governmental efforts to accomplish national policy goals by preempting state power, forcing states to change their policies, and forcing the expenditure of money by states without compensation by the national government.

The shift in Texas from Democratic to Republican domination of state politics occurred

in 1980s and 1990s, led at the national level by President Reagan and at the state level by George W. Bush.

Constitution of 1869 (Reconstruction Constitution)

oOutlawed slavery and gave lots of power to the governor. It required children to go to school and let African Americans vote. Texas not happy. Reconstruction constitution o Dominated by "Radical Republicans" like Edmund Davis He was driven away from office •Reconstruction goes away in 1876

Reperesentative Government

power and right to govern come from the people who choose leaders to make and enforce the law on their behalf

Texas adopted its third constitution in 1845 in response to: Gaining its independence. Statehood. Secession. Reconstruction.

statehood.

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

trade treaty among the United States, Canada, and Mexico to lower and eliminate tariffs among the three countries.

King v Burwell

upheld Obama administration interpretation of the law governing insurance exchanges ACA only permits the federal government to subsidize insurance policies bought on state exchanges, not on the federal marketplace

Shelby County v Holder

~Supreme Court struck down a key provision of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, that required that certain states with a history of voter discrimination obtain federal approval of any changes in voting law

Planned Parenthood v Abbott

~ruled that states could restrict access to abortion as long as they did not place an "undue burden" on women

Political Socialization

•A lifelong process by which people form their ideas about politics and acquire political values. The family, educational system, peer groups, and the mass media all play a role.

Morrison v Chicago

•Able to show, that congress had gone too far in regulating the activities of the state

Federalist Vs. Antifederalist Debates

•Anti-Federalist was for State's right and individual rights while Federalist were for more federal and centralized power

Joseph Schumpeter

•Any system of government in which leaders are authorized to make decisions by winning a competitive struggle for the popular vote •Believed that the democratic method is competitive

Constitution of 1861 (Seceding from U.S; Joining the Confederacy)

•Caused by the Civil War •Essentially same as 1845 but with strong defense for slavery

Constitution of 1827 (State Constitution with Mexico)

•Coahuila y Tejas needed to write a constitution for their province. Coahuila y Tejas was split into three departments, one being Texas. Outlawed slavery and Catholicism was the religion. o Unicameral Legislature [12 deputies] o Governor and Vice-governor elected for 4 year terms o Independent judiciary o Guarantee of liberty, security and property

Commerce Clause of Article One of U.S. Constitution

•Congress shall have the power to regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states (continually expanding power) •interstate=commercial trade, business, movement of goods or money, or transportation from one state to another •*USED to be: movement of goods, trade, and business from state to state •*NOW: almost every activity is considered interstate commerce and fed govt can regulate it, most business activities are considered this

Constitution of 1866 (State constitution, rejoining the union)

•Higher salaries for politicians. Improve education. President Johnson agreed, congress didn't. o Essentially same as 1845 and 1861 documents except repudiation of right to succession and acceptance of abolition of slavery •Black's still not given Suffrage

Wickard v. Filburn

•Issue: Filburn was fined for growing more wheat for private use than allowed under the Agricultural Adjustment Act; Filburn refused to pay fine and filed complaint when Wickard (Secretary of Agriculture) denied him a marketing card. •Court Decision: unanimous in favor of Wickard; because Filburn was growing excess crop for his own use, he was affecting national commerce; they had to make an example out of Filburn. •Federalism: Commerce Clause was interpreted to allow national government to control a matter reserved for the states (intrastate trade--crops)

U.S. Constitutional Convention

•Meeting of delegates in 1787 to revise the Articles of Confederation, which produced the new U.S. Constitution

Housing bubble, financial crisis and Great Recession of 2008-09

•People were given loans that they could not afford or pay back which ended up causing a crash that required the government to bail out several banks which ultimately led to a crash and recession

Necessary and Proper Powers Clause of Article I

•Set forth the implied powers of Congress. It states that Congress, in addition to its express powers, has the right to make all laws necessary and proper to carry out all powers the Constitution vests in the national government.

Constitution 1836 (Republic of Texas)

•Texas needed a new constitution for its own country o Elected chief executive with considerable powers [ 2 year terms] o Bicameral legislature o Judicial system divided into 4 levels o Guarantee of white male suffrage o Defense of Slavery

Constitution of 1845 (Annexation with the United States)

•Texas needed a new constitution to become a state in the U.S o Elected governor and Lt. Governor [2 year terms] o Bicameral legislature/ governor with extensive appointment powers o Independent judiciary with judges appointed for six year terms

Articles of Confederation

•This document, the nation's first constitution, was adopted by the second continental congress in 1781 during the revolution. the document was limited because states held most of the power, and congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage