malabsorption

protein malabsorption by congenital defects

*AA transport disorders -cystinuria -tryptophan malabsorption *protein loosin enteropathy

consequences of CHO malabsorption

*CHO presented to ileum n colon *fermented by lactose fermrntin e-coli *CHO->organic acids+gas -acetic,propionic n lactic acids

organic acids react to HCo3 due to malabsorption

*HCO3 in stool decreases stool becomes acidic

symptoms associated with malabsorption include

*abdominal pain o cramping *abdominal swelling, distension o bloating *bulky stools *diarrhea *vomiting

congenital absence of carrier

*absence of glucose/galactose receptor sited on carrier molecules *causes glucose-galactose malabsorption -affected infants present wid profuse diarrhea n failure to thrive

malabsorption of fats common causes(defects in intracellular processing of fat)

*decreased esterifying activity *failure of chylomicron formation -its rare

malabsorption of fats common causes(hepatic diseases)

*decreased secretion -obstruction -drugs;cholestyramine

test for fat malabsorption

*determination of stool fats *determination of stool nitogen *D-xylose absorption test

other symptoms of malabsorption dat can occur throughout the body include

*developmental delays n failure to thrive *dry skin *easy bleeding o bruising *osteoporosis n fractures *frequent infections *growth impairements *muscle weakness *anaemia *unexplained weght loss

thus generaly CHO malabsorption presents wid

*diarrhoea *acid stools *flatulance

acquired malabsorptions are frm

*diseases of intestines -crohn's -tropical sprue *parasitic infestation -whiple's -giardiasis *irradiation

general causes of malabsorption

*enzyme deficiencies *mucosal causes *structural causes *othr causes

malabsorption of fats common causes(bile acid deficiency)

*fall in bile salt conc <4mmol/L *impairs micelle formation *its a common cause of dusturbed fat digestion n absorption *ileal dysfunction -resection, crohns disease -decrease in heteropathic circulation

osmotic diarrhea due to malabsorption

*glucose into smaller units increases osmotically active solute, water into lumen by osmosis -volume of stool increased causing diarrhea

consequences of malabsorption

*persistent diarrhea dat cab result in dehydration, dats a life threatening condition *can cause oda diseases caused by poor nutrition

fat malabsorption leads to

*steatorrhoea-bulky clay colured stools *deficiency of fat soluble vitamins

malabsorption of fats common causes(*lipase deficiency)

-impairs TG hydrolysis -lipase output must drop to <10% b4 steatorrhea

Osteoporosis

A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily.

Fat soluble vitamins

ADEK

d-xylose

D-xylose is a monosaccharide, or simple sugar, that does not require enzymes for digestion prior toabsorption.

D-xylose absorption test

Used to distinguish GI mucosal damage from other causes of malabsorption

Crohn's disease

a chronic autoimmune disorder inflamation that is most often found in the ileum and in the colon

failure to thrive

a condition in which the baby does not grow and develop properly

whiple's disease

a systemic disease most likely caused by a gram-positive bacterium, Tropheryma whippelii. Although the first descriptions of the disorder described a malabsorption syndrome with small intestine involvement, the disease also affects the joints, central nervous system, and cardiovascular system.

causes of carbohydrate malabsorption

abnormal digestion *pancreatic failure -pancreatitis -removal of pancreas(pancreatectomy) -loss of pancreatic juice leads to third of starches undigested *oligosaccharidase deficiencies-congenital -lactase deficiency leads to lactose intolerance -maltase deficiency alone isnt reported, bt congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency is there

bloating o distension

abnormal enlargement of the abdominal area due to accumulation of gas or fluids

Cystinuria

an inherited autosomal recessive disease that is characterized by high concentrations of the amino acid cysteine in the urine, leading to the formation of cystine stones in the kidneys, ureter, and bladder. It is a type of aminoaciduria.

malabsorption of fats common causes(congenital beta lipoprotenaemia)

congenital absence of enzyme fo producing lipoproteins

protein malabsorption by failure of digestion

due to pancreatic insufficiency -bt hydrolytis of whole protein failure may b compesated by increase in transport of peptides

maldigestion

faulty or impaired digestion/hydrolysis

lactose intolerance

impaired ability to digest lactose due to reduced amounts of the enzyme lactase

malabsorption

impaired digestion or intestinal absorption of nutrients

pancreatitis

inflammation of the pancreas

coelic sprue

is a long-term autoimmune disorder primarily affecting the small intestine that occurs in people who are genetically predisposed

tropical sprue

is a malabsorption disease commonly found in tropical regions, marked with abnormal flattening of the villi and inflammation of the lining of the small intestine. It differs significantly from coeliac sprue

symptoms of lactose intolerance

nausea, bloating, abdominal discomfort, diarrhea

protein loosing enteropathy

refers to any condition of the gastrointestinal tract (e.g. damage to the gut wall) that results in a netloss of protein from the body.