Malaria

True/False. Vector Control is not a method used to control the Anopheles mosquito.

False, Vector Control is a strong agent to combat the mosquito that carries Malaria. Mosquito nets alone can help mortality reduce by almost 20%.

What cell type do motile sporozoites infect when transmitted into a human by a female anopheline mosquito. A. Erythrocyte B. Hepatocyte C. Macrophage D. Leukocyte

Hepatocyte

What is the reservoir for Malaria? A. Cows B. Birds C. Humans D. Horses

Humans

Which of these is a reservoir for malaria? A. Tsetse fly B. Humans C. All of the above D. None of the above

Humans

Which species of Plasmodium is responsible for more deaths in children in the world than any other single infectious agent? A) P. vivax B) P. falciparum C) P. ovale D) P. malariae

P. falciparum

Fill in the blank: __________ is responsible for more deaths in children in the world than any other single infectious agent

P. falciparum is responsible for more deaths in children in the world than any other single infectious agent

Which species of plasmodium infects humans with malaria throughout the tropics?

P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae

In endemic areas, what two groups of people are risk groups for malaria? A. Pregnant Woman and Toddlers B. Pregnant Women and Infants C. HIV Infected Individuals, Toddlers D. HIV Infected Individuals, Infants

Pregnant Women and Infants

At what stage are Plasmodium in when they are injected in a human? A. sporozoite B. mesozoite C. trophozoite D. schizont

sporozoite

What stage are plasmodium parasites in when injected into a human host? a) merozoites b) sporozoites c) schizont d) gametocyte

sporozoites

What is the only reservoir for malaria? A. bats B. horses C. birds D. humans

humans

Fill in the blank ___ (1/2/3/4) million children die of malaria every year. ______ (100/250/500) million people become ill with malaria every year. In Africa alone at least ___ (5/8/12/15) billion in economic activity (GDP) is lost annually due to malaria.

(1 million) children die of malaria every year. (250 million) people become ill with malaria every year. In Africa alone at least (12 billion) in economic activity (GDP) is lost annually due to malaria.

Choose the species of mosquito that correctly matches the statement. Some statements may have more than one species that are correct or none. (P. Falciparum, P. Vivax, P. Ovale) 1) Found in mostly SE Asian countries. 2) Carries the malaria parasite. 3) Has the highest mortality rate (>50%). 4) Responsible for more deaths in children than any other single infectious agent. 5) Cause of unstable malaria cases.

1) Found in mostly SE Asian countries. (P. Vivax) 2) the malaria parasite. (P. Falciparum, P. Vivax, P. Ovale) 3) Has the highest mortality rate (>50%). (P. Falciparum) 4) Responsible for more deaths in children than any other single infectious agent. (P. Falciparum) 5) Cause of unstable malaria cases. (P. Vivax)

What are the three species of malaria that infect humans? Describe them.

1. P. falciparum: This is malignant malaria, drug resistance, and deaths due to organ failure. 2. P. vivax, P. ovale: "Benign" relapsing tertian. 3. P. malariae: "Quartan malaria" that if repeated in childhood will lead to nephrotic syndrome due to permanent kidney damage.

How many "life cycles" are there in the malaria mosquito vector total? A. 8 B. 9 C. 10 D. 11

11

In P falciparum malaria, protuberances or knobs emerge on the infected erythrocyte's surface ________ hours after invasion. a) 1-2 hours b) 8-10 hours c) 12-15 hours d) 24 hours

12-15 hours

P. falciparum requires what temperature to survive life cycle (25 days) from midgut to salivary gland? A. 37ºC B. 23ºC C. 20ºC D. 15ºC

20ºC

For up to how many years can the dormant parasites, P. vivax and P. ovale remain in the liver? A. 1 B. 3 C. 5 D. 7

5

How is it that certain human beings are innately immune to malaria. Please be sure to reference three different red blood cell disorders within your answer.

5% of humans carry abnormal hemoglobins with changes in the α- or β- globin genes, which have been selected through generations of malaria exposure. Sickled cell hemoglobin, the root cause for sickle cell anemia, can confer resistance for Plasmodium falciparum infections. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency which is an X-linked disease causes a defect in reduction of methemoglobin which particularly affects infected RBC, and those hemi or heterozygous for this disease are protected from severe malaria effects. Additional genetic conditions such as ovalcytosis can also confer protection against malaria (specifically cerebral malaria). These genetic red blood cell disorders cause innate immunity and protection against malaria

Which diseases can malaria be confused with? A. Meningitis B. Acute Respiratory Infection C. Tetanus D. A and B

A and B -Meningitis -Acute Respiratory Infection

What complications can malaria cause in pregnancy? Select all that apply. A) Abortion B) Anemia C) Low birth weight D) Microcephaly

A) Abortion B) Anemia C) Low birth weight

Which of the following symptoms are associated with severe malaria? A. Severe Anaemia B. Acidosis C. Pulmonary Oedema D. Acute Kidney Injury E. All of the Above

All of the Above

1. What are the effects of malaria on pregnant women? A. Abortion B. Exacerbated Anemia C. Low Birth Weight D. All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following is NOT true regarding immunities to malaria? a. Those who carry the sickle cell trait (heterozygous) are protected from malaria b. Ovalocytosis protects against cerebral malaria c. Sterile immunity is not common d. Asymptomatic adults are not a reservoir for transmission

Asymptomatic adults are not a reservoir for transmission

Which of the following are true of Malaria? I) Transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito. II) The RTS, S for Malaria vaccine targets a transcription control protein of P falciparum. III) Female anopheline mosquitoes transmit malaria during a blood feed by inoculating microscopic motile sporozoites. IV) Sickle cell disease, hemoglobins C and E, ovalocytosis, thalassaemias, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency all confer a survival advantage in the presence of malaria. V) The immune response to Malaria is well studied and thoroughly understood. A) I, II, III, IV B) I, III, IV C) , III, V D) II, III, IV, V E) options are correct regarding Malaria

B) I, III, IV I) Transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito. III) Female anopheline mosquitoes transmit malaria during a blood feed by inoculating microscopic motile sporozoites. IV) Sickle cell disease, hemoglobins C and E, ovalocytosis, thalassaemias, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency all confer a survival advantage in the presence of malaria.

What form of Plasmodium is eaten by the mosquito from a human host during a blood meal? (Multiple Answers) A. Merozoites B. Gametocytes C. Schizont D. None of the above

B. Gametocytes C. Schizont

Blood-stage malaria parasites convert ________ (which is released during hemoglobin digestion) into _________. A. hemozoin, hematin B. hematin, hemozoin C. hemoglobin, myoglobin D. hematocrit, hematoid

B. hematin, hemozoin Blood-stage malaria parasites convert (hematin) (which is released during hemoglobin digestion) into (hemozoin)

Female Anopheles, the Malaria vector, bites during what time of the day? A) Early in the morning B) In the afternoon C) Between dusk and dawn D) Only at night

Between dusk and dawn

What is considered the "gold standard" for diagnosis of malaria? A) Electron microscopy B) Blood film microscopy examination C) Antibody-based rapid diagnostic tests D) Regular physical examination E) Blood counting

Blood film microscopy examination

(Has a picture) This image shows the cultured pre-erythrocytic (liver) schizont of P. berghei. What does the blue represent? What does the green represent?

Blue (Hoechest) nuclei, Green (GFP) apicoplasts.

What protein do red blood cells attach to on vascular endothelial cells and is highly expressed in children?

CD36

Malaria can be confused with all of the following EXCEPT: A. Acute Respiratory Infection B. Tonsillitis C. Phayrngitis D. Common Cough

Common Cough

What is the correct order for the following stages of the life cycle of Plasmodium falciparum? 1) Transmission to mosquito 2) Merozoite stage 3) Infection 4) Sporozoite 5) Hepatocyte invasion 6) Blood stage A) 1, 3, 2, 6, 4, 5 B) 1, 3, 4, 5, 2, 6 C) 1, 3, 2, 5, 4, 6 D) 3, 4, 5, 2, 6, 1 E) 3, 2, 5, 4, 6, 1

D) 3, 4, 5, 2, 6, 1 3) Infection 4) Sporozoite 5) Hepatocyte invasion 2) Merozoite stage 6) Blood stage 1) Transmission to mosquito

When do female anopheline mosquitoes transmit malaria? A. Before a blood feed. B. During a blood feed. C. After a blood feed. D. Female anopheline mosquitoes do not transmit malaria.

During a blood feed.

Which of the following is true regarding stable malaria? A. Transmission varies from year to year B. Main parasite is vivax C. Adult immunity is low D. Epidemics are rare

Epidemics are rare

PfEMP1 is an adhesive protein that appears on infected erythrocytes to mediate cytoadherence. Based on this, during what stage would it make the most sense for PfEMP1 to be synthesized by the parasite? A. Sporogony B. Exo-erythrocytic schizogony C. Erythrocytic schizogony D. Plasmodiophelesogony

Erythrocytic schizogony

T/F There is 1 schizont stage in the malaria life cycle in humans

F- there are 2

True or False: P. falciparum is not drug resistant, but P. vivax is.

FALSE

T/F There is an approved vaccine for malaria in adults.

FALSE, the vaccine is only approved for children.

T/F: In epidemic areas, only pregnant women and infants are risk groups.

False, all age groups are at risk in epidemic areas. In endemic areas, pregnant women and infants are considered the risk groups.

According to the article, in areas of stable transmission, individuals are protected from re-infection due to humoral and cellular immunity; T/F?

False, repeated exposure causes individual to be protected from the illness but not the infection, i.e. they are often asymptomatic

True or False: The temperature at which P. vivax survives during the life cycle of a mosquito is 20 degrees Celsius.

False, the temperature is lower than 20 degrees Celsius, at approximately 17-18 degrees Celsius. This is significant because this means that P. vivax can survive at lower temperatures than P. falciparum and can thus be transmitted in subtropical and temperate regions, expanding the possible regions of infection

True/False: The oocyst stage of the Plasmodium parasite takes place in the human liver.

False; the oocyst stage occurs in the midgut of the mosquito.

What component of the hematin molecule is capable of creating free radicals that cause membrane damage? A) O B) N C) Fe3+ D) C

Fe3+

Fill in the blank. There are two invasive stages of the plasmodium responsible for causing malaria. ____ stage invades liver cells and ____ stage invades red blood cells.

Fill in the blank. There are two invasive stages of the plasmodium responsible for causing malaria. (Sporozoite) stage invades liver cells and (Merozoite) stage invades red blood cells.

Which of the following in the malaria life cycle occurs in mosquitos? A. Merozoites B. Hyponozoite C. Formation of zygote D. Formation of gametocyte

Formation of zygote

Successful parasite transmission from humans to mosquitos is dependent on what sexual precursor cells? A. Gametocytes B. Osteocytes C. Gametophytes D. Trichocytes

Gametocytes

Why does malaria cause splenic enlargement in children with stable malaria outbreaks? A.) The falciparum parasite causes the liver leak bile into the blood stream which the spleen cannot properly filter B.) Hemolysis caused by the propagation of the falciparum parasite overwhelms the spleen's ability to filter C.) The vivax parasite causes a cytokine storm in the bloodstream which causes the spleen to become inflamed D.) Vivax propagation leads to white blood cells to collect in the spleen which hampers the spleen's ability to filter red blood cells

Hemolysis caused by the propagation of the falciparum parasite overwhelms the spleen's ability to filter

What is "malaria pigment?" A) Hematocrit B) Bilirubin C) Heme D) Hemozoin

Hemozoin

Where does the change from gamete to zygote occur in either the infected human or mosquito vector? a. The the liver cells of infected humans b. In the Salivary gland of infected mosquitoes c. In the Midgut of the infected mosquito d. None of the above

In the Midgut of the infected mosquito

Which of the following is not a disease/condition that malaria is commonly confused with? A. Infectious mononucleosis B. Acute respiratory infection C. Tonsillitis D. Meningitis

Infectious mononucleosis

Which of the following is Malaria NOT confused with? a. Pharyngitis b. Tonsillitis c. Influenza d. Meningitis

Influenza

What does Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase deficiency cause?

It causes a defect in reduction of methemoglobin which affects infected red blood cells.

(Has a picture) What does this image of the sporozoites injected by the female Anopheles show?

It is carried in the blood to the liver.

Which of the following stages of the life cycle is not correct? A. Life cycle 1: Infected vector bites B. Life cycle 3: Invasion of RBC C. Life cycle 6: Pre-sexual stage develops D. Life cycle 11: Mobile fertilized ovum

Life cycle 11: Mobile fertilized ovum

Which of the following is the infectious agent responsible for more deaths in children than any other single infectious agent? A. P. falciparum B. C. falsiparium C. P. falseparum D. P. malariae

P. falciparum

"Quartan malaria" can cause what if there are repeated childhood infections? a. Nephrotic syndrome b. Myocarditis c. Intermittent shortness of breath d. myeloencephalopathy

Nephrotic syndrome

Who is chemoprophylaxis recommended for? Select all that apply. a. travellers to endemic areas b. pregnant women c. anyone from any country can request chemoprophylaxis d. only children, as their immune systems cannot handle severe malaria on their own

Only A (Pregnant women is incorrect because the article states there is an opposition to the drugs used for this purpose).

Which of the following is the first immobile stage of the malaria parasite life cycle that occurs in the mosquito midgut? a. Zygot b. Ookinete c. Macrogamete d. Microgamete

Ookinete

Which of the following Plasmodium species is known to have severe drug resistance? A. P. ovale B. P. vivax C. P. falciparum D. P. malariae

P. falciparum

Which species of Plasmodium leads to nephrotic syndrome and permanent kidney damage due to repeated childhood infections? A. P. falciparum B. P. vivax C. P. ovale D. P. malariae

P. malariae

Which species of Plasmodium, which infects humans, is known as "Quartan malaria"? A. P. falciparum B. P. malariae C. P. vivax D. P. ovale

P. malariae

Which of these is NOT a species of Plasmodium which infects humans throughout the tropics? A. P. falciparum B. P. raveine C. P. vivax D. P. malariae

P. raveine

What is the main parasite of unstable malaria? A) P. falciparum B) Ae. aegypti C) C. pipiens D) P. vivax

P. vivax

Explain why a vaccine has been difficult to develop against the parasites Plasmodium.

Plasmodium is a eukaryote, which makes it difficult to develop drugs and vaccines that will target the parasite but not human cells. The parasite also changes it's cellular receptors to evade the immune system, again making it difficult to create a specific target.

What kind of cells do merozoites infect? A) Liver cells B) Red Blood Cells C) White Blood Cells D) Pneumocytes E) All of the Above

Red Blood Cells

What is the theory that explains why plasmodium undergoes an asexual and a sexual stage within its' life cycle? A. Gradualism B. Red Pin Theory C. Mutation Theory D. Red Queen Theory

Red Queen Theory

What region of the Anopheles mosquito becomes occupied by plasmodium sporozoites? A) Salivary gland B) Proboscis C) Abdomen D) None of the above

Salivary gland

Why do schizont red blood cells not appear in blood samples?

Schizont red blood cells express pfEMP1, a protein that binds to CD36 and ICAM1, proteins that are expressed in the walls of blood vessels. This means that schizont cells are bound to the lining of blood vessels (cytoadherence), preventing them from being expressed in blood samples. This serves to avoid detection by the splenic response, which would destroy the host cell. This evasion mechanism can block the blood flow through these vessels, which can block blood flow to the brain leading to death.

The disease commonly known as ____________, in heterozygote form, provides significant protection from the malaria parasite. a.) Hemophilia b.) Leukemia c.) Sickle Cell Anemia d.) Lyme Disease

Sickle Cell Anemia

What happens to P. vivax, P. falciparum, P. ovale, and P. malariae if humans are not available to provide blood-meal?

Since humans are the only reservoir, these mosquito populations will lose their infections within weeks due to the absence of infective humans.

(Has a picture) What condition does this child, who lives in a region where malaria transmission is stable, have? A. Elephantiasis B. Hepatomegaly C. Splenomegaly D. Swollen Abdomen

Splenomegaly

Which of the following is true regarding the sporozoite phase of the malaria parasite? A.) Sporozoites target white blood cells immediately upon entering the human body B.) Sporozoites are responsible for parasitic replication inside of the mosquito midgut C.) Sporozoites are motile and target human hepatic cells D.) Sporozoite replication results in hemolysis within the human bloodstream

Sporozoites are motile and target human hepatic cells

Which of the following is false regarding Stable and Unstable malaria? A. Stable malaria transmission is high every year while Unstable malaria varies. B. The main parasite for Stable malaria is falciparum and the main parasite for Unstable malaria is vivax C. Adult immunity for Stable malaria is high while adult immunity for Unstable malaria is low. D. Stable and Unstable malaria are difficult to control.

Stable and Unstable malaria are difficult to control.

According to the Malaria article, which is not a main determinant of the transmission intensity of malaria? a. Density of mosquito vector b. Life-span of mosquito vector c. Sugar-feeding behavior of mosquito vector d. anthropophilic biting in mosquito vector

Sugar-feeding behavior of mosquito vector

T/F 5% of humans carry abnormal hemoglobin selected often through malaria exposure over multiple generations.

TRUE

Which of the following is false regarding the differences between stable and unstable malaria? a) Stable malaria transmission is generally high every year and unstable malaria varies from year to year. b) The main parasite for the transmission of unstable malaria is plasmodium falciparum. c) Stable malaria transmission is difficult to control while unstable malaria is easier to control. d) Adult immunity is high for stable malaria and low for unstable malaria

The main parasite for the transmission of unstable malaria is plasmodium falciparum.

What is the only reservoir for malaria and why is this the only reservoir?

The only malaria reservoir is human beings because mosquito populations will lose their infections within weeks in the absence of infective humans

Why are Chloroquine phosphate and Quinine sulfate less ideal drug treatments for malaria? A. They're less effective due to a high drug resistance rate B. They're too expensive C. Chloroquine phosphate has massive negative side effects D. Quinine sulfate helps malaria-ridden mosquitoes become super-spreaders of malaria

They're less effective due to a high drug resistance rate

Describe the life cycle of the malaria parasite within the mosquito?

When the mosquito ingests infected blood meal, there will typically be male and female gametocytes (haploid) from the malaria parasite, these fuse in the midgut to form a zygote (diploid). Eventually, this zygote turns into a much more mobile form, an ookinete (diploid), which breaks through the midgut wall. The ookinete then forms an oocyst (diploid), which harbors up to one thousand sporozoites. The oocyst then ruptures and when the infected mosquito draws blood meal again, these sporozoites (haploid) are transmitted to another human causing infection; the sporozoites can then turn into merozoites and begin the cycle again.

(Has a picture) According to this graph, what is a correct statement regarding maturation time and mean temperature in mosquitoes? A) When the temperature is higher, mosquitoes mature quickly B) When the temperature is lower, mosquitoes mature quickly C) When the temperature is higher, mosquitoes mature slowly D) When the temperature is lower, mosquitoes mature slowly E) There is no relationship between temperature and time maturation

When the temperature is higher, mosquitoes mature quickly

Malaria is commonly confused with all of the following except: a. Acute respiratory infection b. Tonsillitis c. Pharyngitis d. Meningitis e. Zika virus

Zika virus

A Hypnozoite is the___ form of malaria (P. vivax and P. ovale), and can be found in the cells of the ___ a. dormant; liver b. dormant; heart c. active; liver d. active; heart

a. dormant; liver A Hypnozoite is the (dormant) form of malaria (P. vivax and P. ovale), and can be found in the cells of the (liver)

Out of the list below, select the indicative clinical features that malaria presents. a. fever b. nausea c. diarrhea d. jaundice e. loss of hearing f. loss of spinal contortion

a. fever b. nausea d. jaundice

The host responds to malaria by augmenting splenic immune function and filtrative clearance, accelerating removal of ________. a) parasitized erythrocytes b) uninfected erythrocytes c) both parasitized and uninfected erythrocytes d) none of the above

both parasitized and uninfected erythrocytes

Which of the following is not a reason that malaria infections persist? a) the only reservoir is man b) dormant parasites may remain in the kidneys for up to 6 years c) persistence in man depends on the persistence in the blood stage d) mosquito populations lose their infections within weeks in the absence of infective humans Reply to post from Sophia ShaikhReply

dormant parasites may remain in the kidneys for up to 6 years

Asexual and sexual life cycle of malaria parasites are mainly _______. A. diploid B. triploid C. haploid D. none of the above

haploid

Stable malaria has ____ while unstable malaria has ____. Which is not true? A. main parasite falciparum; main parasite vivax B. rare epidemics; epidemics when conditions are suitable C. relatively easy control; difficult control D. EIR ~10 to 300; EIR 0 to <10

relatively easy control; difficult control

Which of the following stages of the malaria life cycle would NOT be found inside a mosquito? a. sporozoites b. schizont c. oocyst d. zygote

schizont

Which of the following is the main parasite for unstable malaria? A. falciparum B. vivax C. ovale D. Malariae

vivax