Mammalogy
Balaenidae (Family)
Suborder Mysteceti; Order Cetacea - Right whales + bowhead whales - Large; thick-bodied - 18 m long + up to 67,000 kg - Huge head + tongue - 350 long baleen plates per side - Flippers short + rounded
rabbits vs. hares
- Hares = larger & faster than rabbits - Hares have longer ears & larger feet than rabbits - Hares have black markings on their fur - Rabbits = altricial (i.e. young are born blind & hairless) - Hares = precocial (i.e. born w/ hair and can see)
Ctenomyidae (Family)
- Infraorder Hystricognathi; Suborder Hystricomorpha; Order Rodentia - "Tuco-tucos" - Fossorial adaptations; convergent w/ pocket gophers - Neotropical distribution
Dinomyidae (Family)
- Infraorder Hystricognathi; Suborder Hystricomorpha; Order Rodentia - "pacarana" - 1 sp. (Dinomys branickii) - Neotropical distribution - Rare - Brown pelage w/ white stripes + spots - Probably nocturnal
Spalacidae (Family)
- Suborder Myomorpha; Order Rodentia - Zokors, bamboo rats, blind mole rats, & African root rats - Palaearctic, Oriental, Ethiopian - Compact & stoutly built - Eyes small, pinnae absent, tail short - Skull robust Spalax (blind mole rat, * not to be confused w/ mole-rats (Bathyergidae)) - Small eyes covered w/ skin - Optic nerve degenerate - Fossorial, digs w/ incisors - Nose protected by thick pad - Feet not enlarged for digging
Dipodidae (Family)
- Suborder Myomorpha; Order Rodentia - jerboas, birch mice - Old World semiarid regions (Palaearctic); Zapus in Nearactic - Saltatorial locomotion in some - Reduced number of digits on hind limbs; remaining digits elongate - Enlarged auditory bullae in arid adapted species - Convergent with kangaroo rats & mice Jerboas: - occupy arid regions - Live in burrows - Nocturnal - Granivorous - Richochetal locomotion Jumping mice and birch mice: - Boreal regions - Omnivorous - Some sp. hibernate in winter
Aplodontiidae (Family)
- Suborder Sciuromorpha - Single species, Aplodontia rufa - Many ancestral features; most primitive living rodent - Riparian habitats in Pacific Northwest of U.S. - Protrogomorphous masseter (zygomatic attachment only) - Constructs burrows; solitary - Herbivorous (mostly ferns), hind gut fermenters; coprophagus - sister group of sciurids
Sciuridae (Family)
- Suborder Sciuromorpha; Order Rodentia - Squirrels, chipmunks, marmots, prairie dogs - Everywhere except Australia + Antarctica - Skull arched in profile - Masseter on anterior zygomatic plate - Diurnal herbivores - Locomotion + thermoregulation varies - may occupy extreme environments - Ground squirrels often w/ social groups (eg. prairie dogs); others solitary (eg. marmots, chipmunks) - Sociality associated w/ high predation rates - Groups = related females + young; males disperse - Kin selection + predator detection
Daubentoniidae (Family)
- Suborder Strepsirrhini - Aye-aye (single species) - Secretive and nocturnal - Solitary and promiscuous - Insectivorous - Short skull, large ears, and bushy tail - Greatly enlarged incisors with diastema - Digits are clawed—3rd digit on hand very long and slender - Hallux opposable and bears nail
Lemuridae (Family)
- Suborder Strepsirrhini - Cranium elongate and face fox-like - Toothcomb present - Pollex (thumb) and hallux (big toe) opposable - Pelage woolly, tail heavily furred - Herbivorous / frugivorous - ring-tailed lemurs highly social - groups of 20+ - female dominance - have exclusive home ranges - elaborate olfactory communication ("stink fights," noisy vocal displays)
Indriidae (Family)
- Suborder Strepsirrhini - Large, short-faced lemurs - Woolly lemurs (avahis), sifakas, and indri - Folivorous - Travel by bipedal leaping - Avahi is nocturnal and monogamous - Propithecus diurnal and promiscuous - Indri diurnal, monogamous, and highly vocal
Lepilemuridae (Family)
- Suborder Strepsirrhini - Sportive lemurs - Nocturnal arboreal folivores - Enlarged cecum (hindgut) for microbial digestion - Coprophagy - Low metabolic rates - Solitary and territorial
Cheirogaleidae (Family)
- Suborder Strepsirrhini; Order Primates - Mouse + dwarf lemurs - Endemic to Madagascar - Nocturnal - Smallest primates - Quadrupedal walking / bipedal leaping - Usually solitary - Short gestation - omnivores
nose leaf
- help shape sonar beams - vary from simple to elaborate
Mammalian trends
-Endothermy -mastication -Heterodont dentition with limited replacement (partial diphyodont) -Dentary/squamosal jaw joint -Lactation and increased parental care -Middle ear with 3 auditory ossicles
Order Pholidota
-pangolins -
molecular clock
-uses rates of molecular change (mutations) calibrated w/ fossil dates to determine time in geologic history when two taxa diverged -produces phylogenetic hypotheses
Australian metatherians
1) Dasyuromorphia (carnivores, include numbats, quolls, Tasmanian devils, dunnarts, and thylacine (extinct)) 2) Peramelemorphia (bandicoots & bilbies) 3) Notoryctemorphia ("itjaritjaris", marsupial "moles") 4) Diprotodontia (wombats, koalas, possums, gliders, kangaroos) 5) Microbiotheria (only exant sp. actually in S. A.)
Herpestidae (Family)
Mongooses - Old World tropics (except introductions) - Small, long-bodied carnivores - Large auditory bullae - Anal scent glands well-developed - Some spp. have complex social lives (female kinship groups)
Physeteridae (Family)
Suborder Odontoceti; Order Cetacea - sperm whale - Physeter catodon reaches 18 m - Kogia (pygmy sperm whale) is 4 m - Huge blunt head (1/3 total length) - Rostrum contains oil sacs (spermaceti organ + junk) - Oil important in former whaling industry Physeter: - Social (groups up to 1,000) - Schools usually contain 1 large male - Younger males form "bachelor" herds - Use powerful echolocation signals at great depth - eat large squid + fish
Phocoenidae (Family)
Suborder Odontoceti; Order Cetacea Porpoises - Small (1.5 - 2.1 m) - Short jaws +no beak - Form schools (pods)
Iniidae (Family)
Suborder Odontoceti; Order Cetacea River dolphins 3 monotypic genera: 1) Amazon River dolphin (or Boto; Inia geoffrenis) 2) Chinese river dolphin ("Baiji"; Lipotes vexillifer) - recently extinct 3) LaPlata River dolphin ("Franciscana"; Pontoporia blainvillei)
Platanistidae (Family)
Suborder Odontoceti; Order Cetacea River dolphins - Ganges + Indus Rivers of Southern Asia - Very long snout - 2-3 meters + up to 90 kg - Eyes reduced - Echolocation important in murky waters - Tend to swim on sides
Tragulidae (Family)
Suborder Ruminantia; Order Artiodactyla - Chevrotains or mouse deer - Least derived ruminants - small - Tropical Africa +southeast Asia - Skull lacks antlers - Upper canines tusk-like; dimorphic (male competition) - Secretive, nocturnal, mostly solitary
Mustelidae (Family)
Superfamily Musteloidea; Suborder Caniformia; Order Carnivora - Nearly cosmopolitan (except Madagascar, Australia, oceanic islands) - Short limbs + elongate bodies (in some) - Skull w/ long braincase + short rostrum - Carnassials blade-like in many spp. - Badgers adapted for digging - Induced ovulation common - Typically require prolonged copulation - Delayed implantation of embryo common; May be delayed up to 10 months (badgers)
Ailuridae (Family)
Superfamily Musteloidea; Suborder Caniformia; Order Carnivora - 1 sp. = red panda (Ailurus fulgens) - Oriental - Not related to giant pandas (Ursidae) - Evolved from Simocyon-like ancestor - Enlarged radial sesamoid (false thumb) evolved for arboreal grasping - Arboreal + largely crepuscular - Eat bamboo leaves, berries, flowers + other plant material - Mostly solitary - Endangered throughout their range
Procyonidae (Family)
Superfamily Musteloidea; Suborder Caniformia; Order Carnivora - Raccoon, ringtail, + allies - New World (southern Canada through much of South America) - Omnivorous + agile climbers - Plantigrade feet, non-retractile or semi-retractile claws - Dexterous forefeet in some species (e.g. raccoons) - Tail long (prehensile in kinkajous)
Mephitidae (Family)
Superfamily Musteloidea; Suborder Caniformia; Order Carnivora - skunks + stink badgers - Conspicuously colored (black + white); Spots or stripes - Adapted for digging (Muscular legs, long claws) - Nocturnal, solitary, omnivorous - Anal glands spray noxious odor
Plesiadapiforms
primate-like mammals from late-Cretaceous - enlarged procumbent incisors - low-crowned molars - post-cranial adaptations to arboreal life
tragus
projection from lower medial border of pinna found in many microchiropteran bats
social grooming
reinforces sociality
Phocidae (Family)
"True" seals - Coastlines above 30°N + below 50°S latitude; also Caspian Sea + Lake Baikal - More specialized for aquatic life than otariids - No external ear - Hind flippers propel; useless on land - Foreflippers short and well furred - Pelage spotted, banded, or mottled - Heavy layers of blubber - Cheek teeth more homodont (crab eating seals use teeth to filter crustaceans) - Fusiform body shape reduces drag - some monogamous, some not (dimorphism vs. none)
Caniformia (Suborder)
"dog-like" carnivorans Family Canidae (wolves, foxes, + allies) Family Ursidae (bears) Family Odobenidae (walrus) Family Otariidae (eared seals + sea lions) Family Phocidae (seals) Family Ailuridae (red panda) Family Mephitidae (skunks + allies) Family Procyonidae (raccoons + allies) Family Mustelidae (weasels, badgers + allies)
Artiodactyla (Order)
"even-toed" ungulates - Foot structure paraxonic (Plane of symmetry through digits 3 +4) - Cannon bone (fused 3rd +4th metapodials) in some families - Limbs have springing ligaments Astragalus w/ "double-trochlea" ; Restricts lateral movement - Limbs usually elongate + slim - Postorbital bar - Horns with bone core - sexual dimorphism, cranial ornamentation, polygyny
anthropoid primates
"higher" or "simian" primates (Suborder Haplorhini minus tarsiers) includes monkeys and apes New World = Platyrrhini Old World = Catarrhini
Euprimates
"modern" primates - grasping hands/feet - digits w/ nails - enlarged brain - adaptations for arboreal leaping - enlarged orbits/orbital convergence
Noctilionidae (Family)
- "Bulldog" or "fishing" bats - Neotropical - Heavy lips (resemble bulldog) - Pointed ears - Feet greatly enlarged, w/ sharp claws - Calcar ossified - Primarily insectivorous, but fish occasionally - Catch fish by trawling with claws in water - Echolocation pulses up to 140 decibels
Octodontidae (Family)
- "Degus" - Neotropical distribution - Large ears, eyes, & long vibrissae - Occupy burrows & rocky crevices - Some spp. colonial
Thyropteridae (Family)
- "Disk-winged" bats - Neotropical - Thumb & metatarsal region have sucker-like disks - Use suction for adhesion - Disk has 60-80 chambers w/ sweat glands - Insectivorous - Tropical regions only
Cetacea (Order)
- Fully adapted to aquatic life - Remarkable swimming and diving ability - Complex social behaviors Baleen whales (Mysticeti) = largest living or fossil mammals - Feed at middle of marine food web Toothed whales (Odontoceti) - Feed at top of marine food web - Echolocation
Galagidae (Family)
- Suborder Strepsirrhini; Order Primates - Galagos or "bush babies" - Ethiopian - Large eyes + ears - Nocturnal - Arboreal leapers - Long hind limbs + tail - Toothcomb in lower incisors - Grooming claw on second digit of foot - Individual males + female kin groups maintain separate territories
Lorisidae (Family)
- Suborder Strepsirrhini; Order Primates - Pottos + Loris - Ethiopian + Oriental - Rostrum short; eyes face forward - Arboreal, slow-climbers - Tails short or absent - Digits modified for grasping branches - Nocturnal & omnivorous - Low metabolic rates (may be associated w/ detoxification of plant defensive compounds)
rhinarium
- moist, hairless surface around the nostrils of most mammals - associated w/ stronger olfactory sense - absent in Haplorhini
Eupleridae (Family)
- only in Madagascar - Largest (Cryptoprocta ferox; "fossa") is agile climber w/ retractile claws - Feeds on small lemurs - Most nocturnal & terrestrial - rare Eupleres has reduced dentition; Primarily feeds on invertebrates
Family Macropodidae
-Order Diprotodontia -65 sp. -marsupium opens anteriorly -Broad diastema -Highly specialized for jumping -Hindlimbs elongate -Digits 2 & 3 small and syndactylous -convergent w/ ungulates (Artiodactyla) -Browsing and grazing lifestyle -Cursorial -Specialized foregut digestive system for microbial fermentation of plant material -Australasia
Family Burramyidae
-Order Diprotodontia -pygmy possums -5 sp. -small, delicate -mountain pygmy possum hibernates -Australasia
Family Hypsiprymnodontidae
-Order Diprotodontia -single sp. = musky rat-kangaroo (Hypsiprymnodon moschatus) -Omnivorous -Inhabits rain forest and riparian areas -Retains all digits on hindfeet—quadrupedal -Australasia
Family Phascolarctidae
-Order Diprotodontia -single species (koala) -specialized arboreal herbivore; eats leaves of 3 sp. of Eucalyptus -sedentary, slow metabolism (to deal w/ toxins) -young depends on mom for 1 yr -Australasia
Family Tarsipedidae
-Order Diprotodontia -single species: honey possum (Tarsipes rostratus) -long, prehensile tail -long, bristled tongue for extracting nectar -jaw muscles & teeth reduced; simple gut -diet of nectar/pollen from Banksia -Australasia
Family Petauridae
-Order Diprotodontia -trioks, lesser gliders, Leadbeater's possum -11 sp. -long, bushy, prehensile tail -dark dorsal stripe on head/back -lesser gliders w/ gliding membrane -nocturnal and arboreal (except trioks) -trioks= non-gliding possums
Family Vombatidae
-Order Diprotodontia -wombats -3 sp. -stocky bodies; short, powerful limbs -marsupium opens posteriorly -extensive tunnel networks -Australasia
What taxa are arboreal leaf-eaters?
-Order Diprotodontia, Family Phascolarctidae (koalas) -Order Microbiotheria, Family Microbiotheridae (monito del monte) -Order Diprotodontia, Family Macropodidae, (Genus Dendrolagus; tree kangaroos)
Family Macroscelididae
-Order Macroscelidea -elephant shrews (or "sengis") -16 sp. -disjunct distribution across sub-Saharan Africa -Long, mobile snout -Long, slender legs adapted for running -Large eyes and prominent ears -Some species strikingly colored -Territorial; may maintain intricate trail system -Scent marking and foot drumming
Family Microbiotheridae
-Order Microbiotheria -1 sp. = "monito del monte" (Dromiciops gliroides) -Neotropical -relict of Australian or Antarctic radiation -Cloaca on ventral side of tail -dietary specialist; eats leaves of 2 sp. of bamboo -may hibernate
Family Notoryctidae
-Order Notoryctemorphia -marsupial "moles" -2 sp. -Australasian -eyes vestigial & lensless -cornified skin on nose -enlarged claws for digging -marsupium opens posteriorly -convergent w/ golden moles in Africa
Family Caenolestidae
-Order Paucituberculata -"shrew-opossums" -6 sp. -Neotropical -no marsupium -lower incisors procumbent -tribosphenic molars
Family Peramelidae
-Order Peramelemorphia -bandicoots -hindfeet modified for cursorial locomotion -Australasia
Family Chaeropodidae
-Order Peramelemorphia -pig-footed bandicoot (extinct) -hindfeet modified for cursorial locomotion -Australasia
Family Thylacomyidae
-Order Peramelemorphia -bilbies -hindfeet modified for cursorial locomotion -only 1 extant sp. (Macrotis lagotis) -Australasia
Family Manidae
-Order Pholidota -scaly anteaters or pangolins -Distantly (very!) related to Xenarthrans -Tropical to subtropical Africa and southeast Asia -Body covered with scales -Skull conical -Teeth absent (edentulous) -Tongue very long and vermiform -Tongue muscles originate on posterior sternum (convergent with Myrmecophagidae) -Scales made of agglutinated hair (keratin) -Manus and pes with long, recurved claws -Diet mostly termites and ants -Arboreal and fossorial forms
Family Cyclopedidae
-Order Pilosa -Silky anteater -Neotropical -Forages in canopy for ants and other insects -Nocturnal -Squirrel-sized (350 grams) -Arboreal -Prehensile tail -Distantly related to other anteaters
Family Megalonychidae
-Order Pilosa -Two-toed sloths -Sole surviving member is Choloepus—two-toed sloth -Arboreal folivores -5-8 cervical vertebrae -Forelimbs longer than hind limbs -Two functional digits with long claws -Suspensorial locomotion
Family Elephantidae
-Order Proboscidea -African elephants (forest and savanna) -Asian elephants -largest living land animal -large ears -digitigrade posture w/ dense heel pads -shortened skull w/ large air sinuses -highly social -matriarchal kinship groups -use infrasound over long distances -male elephants go through period of "musth" = heightened aggression
subquadrate molar
-derived therian condition -addition of hypocone=loss of trigon -loss of metaconid=loss of trigonid
metatherians vs. eutherians
-diverged 100 Ma during Cretaceous -metatherians less diverse (today): -no flying or marine metatherians -some productive food sources not eaten (plankton & flying insects) -only 6% of mammals are metatherians -metatherians more conservative morphologically (no fins/wings) -metatherians don't get too big (largest = red kangaroo) -metatherians lack highly social behavior -more primitive mode of reproduction (brief gestation & almost embryonic young) -need for precocious grasping may preclude development of wings/flippers, or other specializations of forelimbs -cerebral cortex larger and more rapid development in eutherians -more behavioral plasticity in eutherians -metatherians have larger litters, but eutherians have higher survivorship/longevity -eutherian young more endothermic and better able to exploit cold environments
Order Sirenia
-dugongs (Family Dugongidae) & manatees (Family Trichechidae) -nearly hairless, thick skin -thick dentary bone -valvular nostrils -dense bones for ballast -long-lived; low reproductive rate -dugongs faster than manatees, tail different
Glyptodonts
-early xenarthrans -large and armored -escape from terror birds
Order Proboscidea
-elephants (Family Elephantidae) -large size, columnar limbs/graviportal locomotion -evolved in Africa, expanded out -enlarged skull/reduced neck -elongate proboscis (trunk) -incisors become tusk-like -lophodont -anterior replacement of cheek teeth
Diarthrognathus
-fossil synapsid -two jaw joints, retention of quadrate-articular joint but dentary contacts squamosal
Procoptodon
-giant kangaroo known from fossil record
Mammary glands
-glandular ducts -teat, nipple, or hair tufts -under endocrine control -Lactation and suckling promote social bonds -Milk composition varies: Seal milk has 12 times the fat and 5 times the protein of cow milk
Synapsida
-group that gave rise to mammals (some are mammals, some not) -have temporal fenestrae (hold in skull behind eyes) -primitive synapsids = pelycosaurs -later synapsids = therapsids -Dominated terrestrial faunas during Permian and early Triassic -Many synapsid groups went extinct during Permian extinction event -Therapsida survived >Gave rise to cynodonts -Mammals arose from cynodont ancestor in late Triassic
Echolocation Sounds (bats)
Clicks= Produced with tongue in 2 pteropodid bats Signals= Produced in larynx in non-pteropodid bats Echolocation signals defined by: - Duration - repetition rate (varies w/ distance to target) - frequency - intensity (signal strength in decibals; "loudness" = perception of intensity)
Variability in Echolocation (bat)
Echolocation used for: 1) Orientation 2) Locating prey 3) Communication (e.g. Mother-young recognition) - Calls are variable (Geographically + Behaviorally) - Calls vary with habitat
Geologic Epochs
Eocene = 56-34 Ma Oligocene = 34-23 Ma Miocene = 23-5 Ma
Lemurs
Five Families: 1) Cheirogaleidae (mouse lemurs, dwarf lemurs, fork-crowned lemurs) 2) Lemuridae (bamboo lemurs, ruffed lemurs, etc) 3) Lepilemuridae (sportive lemurs) 4) Indriidae (woolly lemur, sifaka, indri) 5) Daubentoniidae (aye-aye) - endemic to Madagascar - arrived in Madagascar ~50 mya
Soricomorpha (Order)
Four families: 1) Solenodontidae (solenodons) 2) Nesophontidae (extinct in Holocene) 3) Soricidae (shrews) 4) Talpidae (moles)
gliding mammals
Four hypotheses for evolution: 1) economical locomotion 2) foraging optimization (decreases travel time between patches) 3) evasion of predators 4) control of landing forces
primitive metatherian dental formula
I5/4, C1/1, P3/3, M4/4
Sciuromorpha (Suborder)
Includes 3 families: 1) Aplodontiidae (mountain beaver) 2) Sciuridae (squirrels and marmots) 3) Gliridae (dormice)
Euarchonta
Includes 3 orders: 1) Dermoptera 2) Scandentia 3) Primates
Hystricomorpha (Suborder)
Includes Infraorder Hystricognathi, which is divided into parvorders: Caviomorpha: New World Phiomorpha: Ethiopian - Families Ctenodactylidae and Diatomyidae not included in Hystricognathi
Haplorhini (Suborder)
Includes: - Tarsiers (Tarsiidae) - New & Old World anthropoid (aka "simian" or "higher") primates (i.e. monkeys and apes) - several fossil families - have fovea centralis - have hemochorial placenta
Strepsirrhini (Suborder)
Includes: 1) Lemurs (5 families) 2) Galagidae 3) Lorisidae - females dominant sex - toothcomb - grooming claw - rhinarium
Cetacea: Adaptations
Must breathe air - Able to alternate b/w periods of eupnea (normal breathing) + apnea (no breathing) - Rapid rates of gas exchange in lungs - 2x amount of red blood cells - 2-9x as much myoglobin - Blood bypasses certain muscles during diving; Blood flow to brain maintained - Tolerate high levels of lactic acid Deep diving adaptations: - Many ribs lack connection to sternum (lungs collapse at depth) - Lungs dorsal to diaphragm - Volume of non-vascular air spaces is large - Bones dense - Trachea short + large diameter - Bronchioles braced by cartilage rings - Lungs highly elastic - Myoelastic sphincters in bronchioles of some odontocetes Swimming Adaptations: - Sub-dermal "springs" in tailstock store + release elastic energy Drag reduced on body surfaces - Compliant spongy layer in outer skin dampens pressure + turbulence - Laminar vs. turbulent flow Larger body mass increases speed - Also more favorable for thermoregulation - Long migrations
Hippopotamidae (Family)
Order Artiodactyla - 2 spp. - Closely related to cetaceans - Huge head, graviportal short limbs, massive bodies - Amphibious lifestyle - Skin glands secrete oily, red substance - Hipposudoric acid - Protects skin from sun exposure - May have antibiotic properties - Orbits +nostrils on dorsal skull - Enlarged tusk-like incisors +canines; Bunodont molars - gregarious - Spend much of day in water, and forage on land at night - Produce variety of sounds - Profoundly alter their environments (e.g. Overgrazing near waterways; Create deep channels and paths) - Pygmy hippo (Hexaprotodon liberiensis) - West African sp. - Solitary +prefers forested areas near water
What did ancestral eutherians look like?
Retained primitive characters: - tenrec (tailless) - moon rat - solenodon
Strepsirhini vs. Haplorhini
Strepsirhini: - split nostrils - Rhinarium - Long rostrum - Unfused frontals - Separate dentaries - Ectotympanic ring - Tooth combs - Tapetum present Haplorhini: - Unsplit nostrils - No rhinarium - Short rostrum - Single frontal bone - Dentary fused - Ectotympanic tube - No tooth combs - Tapetum absent
Pedetidae (Family)
Suborder Anomaluromorpha; Order Rodentia "Springhares" - Ethiopian - nocturnal; sleep in burrows they dig during the day - eat foliage, roots, other vegetable matter, occasionally arthropods - Bipedal hoppers
Musteloidea (Superfamily)
Suborder Caniformia; Order Carnivora Includes 4 families: 1) Ailuridae (red panda) 2) Mephitidae (skunks and stink badger) 3) Procyonidae (raccoon, ringtail, and allies) 4) Mustelidae (weasels, badgers, otters, and allies)
Pinnipedia (clade)
Suborder Caniformia; Order Carnivora - Monophyletic group; 3 families: 1) Odobenidae (walrus) 2) Otariidae (eared seals, sea lions) 3) Phocidae (earless seals) - Probably evolved from a bear-like ancestor - Highly adapted to marine lifestyle - Large; Favorable ratio of surface area to volume - Body insulated w/ blubber (and fur in some) - Pinnae small or absent - External genitalia + mammary nipples withdrawn beneath body surface - Tail rudimentary - Forelimbs flipper-like; Only distal limbs protrude from body - Fusiform body shape - Skull partially telescoped; Orbits large - Manus + pes fully webbed - Vertebral column flexible - Diving + swimming ability highly advanced
Nandiniidae (Family)
Suborder Feliformia - 1 sp. (Nandinia binotata), African palm civet - Genetically distinct from other feliforms - Ethiopian - Short, woolly fur - Omnivorous
Odobenidae (Family)
Walrus - 1 sp.= (Odobenus rosmarus) - Coastal Arctic waters of Atlantic + Pacific - Large; Nearly hairless; stout vibrissae - Lack ear pinna - Hind flippers can be brought under body; Allows some movement on land - Both sexes have tusk-like upper canines; lack enamel; shorter + stouter in males - Suction feed on mollusks on sea floor - Gregarious + polygynous - Groups up to 1,000 individuals - Vocal in + out of water
Echolocation Frequency
bandwidth= range of frequencies produced - narrowband vs broadband - Bat may detect prey w/ narrowband CF or shallow broadband (FM) signals - Switch to steep broadband (steep FM) signals at close range
Canidae (Family)
wolves, foxes, + allies - Nearly worldwide distribution (tundra to arid habitats) - Broadly adapted carnivores - Large nasal chamber = excellent sense of smell - Highly cursorial - Robust canines; carnassials present - Molars retain crushing surfaces - More flexible diet - Limbs generally long - Clavicle absent - Feet digitigrade - Blunt, non-retractile claws Behavior: - Larger species hunt w/ lengthy pursuit; endurance more important than speed - Classical "widely foraging" predator - Some spp. hunt in packs (= social canids) - Smaller spp. opportunistic hunters/scavengers; more solitary (e.g. foxes)
hemochorial placenta
type of placenta where maternal blood in direct contact w/ chorionic villi
Natalidae (Family)
"Funnel-eared" bats - Northern Mexico, West Indies, south to Brazil - Funnel-shaped ears w/ tragus - Nose simple (no nose leaf) - Skull long & wide
Feliformia (Suborder)
"cat-like" carnivorans 1) Nandiniidae (African palm civet) 2) Felidae (cats) 3) Viverridae (civets and genets) 4) Hyaenidae (hyenas and aardwolf) 5) Herpestidae (mongooses) 6) Eupleridae (Malagasy civets and mongooses)
Family Phalangeridae
-Order Diprotodontia -cuscuses, brushtail possums -Australasia
talonid
-crushing portion of tribosphenic molar (lower)
primitive eutherian dental formula
I3/3, C1/1, P4/4, M3/3
oreodonts
early artiodactyls
Platyrrhini (Parvorder)
- New World monkeys - Neotropical distribution - retain primitive primate dental formula Includes 4 families: 1) Cebidae (marmosets, tamarins, capuchins, squirrel monkeys) 2) Aotidae (night monkeys) 3) Pitheciidae (titi, uakari, saki monkeys) 4) Atelidae (howler, spider, and woolly monkeys)
Molossidae (Family)
- "Free-tailed" bats - Southern Europe, southern Asia, Australia, most of New World - Shoulder and forearm adaptations for flight - Wing long and narrow (high speed flight) - Tail extends well beyond uropatagium - Pinna broad & project to sides (reduce drag during flight) - Thick lips (wrinkled in some species) - Well-developed quadrupedal locomotion - High speed + enduring flight - Fly high (up to 3,000 meters) - Fly long distances to forage - Roost in massive colonies in caves
Capromyidae (Family)
- "Hutias" - Neotropical distribution - 6 species extinct in recent years - Thick furred rodents similar to nutria - Unable to cope with introduction of mongoose by humans
Ochotonidae (Family)
- "Pikas" - Palearctic + Nearctic - Short ears & limbs; no visible tail - Skull fenestrated & arched in profile - montane talus slopes - Seek shelter among rocks - Store large hay piles for winter - Does not hibernate
Emballonuridae (Family)
- "Sac-winged" bats or "sheath-tailed" bats - Neotropical, Ethiopian, Oriental, Australasian, Palearctic, Nearctic - Both primitive & specialized traits - Glandular sac on propatagium; important in social behaviors (males fill w/ urine and "salt" females) Males fill sac with urine - Several spp. have white dorsal stripes - Insectivorous - Males maintain territories and harems at roosts
Nycteridae (Family)
- "Slit-faced" bats - Ethiopian, Palearctic, Oriental - Large separate ears, small eyes - "Hollow" face with nose leaf - "T" or "Y"-shaped cartilage at tip of tail
Myzopodidae (Family)
- "Sucker-footed" bats - Madagascar - Very large ears, mushroom-shaped structure similar to a tragus - Thumb & sole of foot has a sucker disk; attach using wet adhesion not suction
Erinaceomorpha (Order)
- 1 Family = Erinaceidae - Hedgehogs, gymnures, & moon rats - Ethiopian, Palearctic, + Oriental - Retain many ancestral characters - Mouse to rabbit size - Snout usually long - 1st upper + lower incisors may be enlarged - Hedgehogs have spines + enlarged panniculus carnosus muscle (erects spines) - Omnivorous - Resistant to snake venom - Heterothermic; become homeothermic during breeding season (brown fat) - Hibernation in some species - Gymnures & moon rats - Oriental distribution - No spines (coarse hairs)
Craseonycteridae (Family)
- 1 sp. ("bumblebee bat" or Kitti's hog-nosed bat) - Oriental - Pelvis + several lumbar vertebrae fused - Roost in caves; forage by gleaning - Highly endangered
Myocastoridae (Family)
- 1 sp. (Myocastor coypus) - "Nutria" or "coypu" - Neotropical distribution; Introduced to North America (pest in some areas) - Large - Resemble beavers w/ rat-tails; convergent with muskrats - Capable swimmers (webbed feet)
Chiroptera (Order)
- 2nd-largest mammalian order (1,100+ spp.) - bats - Powered Flight - Echolocation in most spp. - Exploit wide array of foods - Temperate to tropical (greatest diversity in tropical regions) Two main clades: 1) Yinpterochiroptera Pteropodidae Rhinopomatidae Craseonycteridae Megadermatidae Hipposideridae Rhinolophidae 2) Yangochiroptera - 13 remaining families - Bones of arms + hands elongate & slender; five digits - Flight membranes = patagia Plagiopatagium Chiropatagium Uropatagium (calcar may be present) Propatagium - Modified shoulder lock in many spp. - Flight muscles arranged for increased maneuverability - Forearm muscles reduced in size; Attachments allow automatic extension
Rodentia (Order)
- 42% of all mammals - 2,277 species - Cosmopolitan distribution; extremely successful - Much convergent / parallel evolution - 5 main suborders: 1) Myomorpha 2) Anomaluromorpha 3) Castorimorpha 4) Sciurimorpha 5) Hystricomorpha
Evolution of echolocation (bats)
- Bat ancestors small, nocturnal gliders - Produced infrequent clicks for orientation - Later echolocation optimized for detecting flying prey - Flapping flight evolved after echolocation
Cetacea: Morphology
- Body fusiform - Nearly hairless - Thick layer of subcutaneous blubber - Teats enclosed w/in slits next to urogenital opening - Testes abdominal - Vertebrae w/ high neural arches - Cervical vertebrae compressed, often fused - Clavicle absent - Forelimbs (flippers) paddle-shaped - Digits long + have extra phalanges - Hind limbs vestigial (not visible externally) - Flukes horizontal - Skull highly modified - Posterior migration of nares - Nasals + parietals telescoped Tympanic bones not braced against skull - Surrounded by air sinuses - Acoustically isolated; no sound conduction through bone
Abrocomidae (Family)
- Chinchilla rats - Neotropical distribution - Pelage long & dense - Skull long w/ narrow rostrum - Bullae enlarged - Abrocoma bennetti has 17 pairs of ribs
Carnivora (Order)
- Creodonts (carnivorous mammals) appear in the Paleocene - Carnivorans evolved in response to increasing radiation of herbivore prey - phylogeny controversial Two major clades: 1) Feliformia 2) Caniformia Morphological characters: - Expanded braincase - Fused scaphoid and lunar bones in carpals (wrist) = restricted movement; adaptation to running - Mostly predaceous - Canines are usually large - Acute sense of smell - Cursorial ability strongly developed in some groups (e.g. Canidae and Felidae) - In many, 4th upper premolar and 1st lower molar are carnassials - Temporomandibular joint is tight Sociality: - Many solitary taxa but sociality has appeared independently in many groups Selection for Sociality: 1) High predation rates 2) Reduction of competition 3) Cooperative hunting 4) Cooperative raising of young
Cetacea: Paleontology
- Eocene cetaceans from coastal Tethys Sea - Transitional forms from terrestrial to aquatic (e.g. Pakicetus > Ambulocetus > Basilosaurus) - Archaeoceti (fossil whales) evolved from ancestral artiodactyls - Hippos = sister group to ancestral cetaceans - Early mysticetes (baleen whales) appear in early Oligocene - Lacked baleen, had teeth - Large eyes = hunted fish - Later forms had both teeth + baleen - Limited bulk filter feeding possible - Middle Miocene mysticetes lost teeth - long rostrums to support more baleen = Bulk filter feeding - Transition to filter feeding corresponds to opening of circum-Antarctic currents - Explosion in marine plankton productivity - Odontocetes (toothed whales) probably evolved from basilosaurid ancestor - Highly telescoped skulls - Homodont dentition - Evolution of echolocation
Cebinae (Subfamily)
- Family Cebidae; Parvorder Platyrrhini - Capuchin and squirrel monkeys - Long limbs and digits (with nails) - Long furred tail - High braincase, short rostrum - Orbits face forward - Broad internarial pad between nostrils - Capuchins live in groups of 10-40 - groups consist of related females, offspring, and several males - groups usually dominated by 1 male, who has primary mating rights (but white-headed capuchin groups led by both alpha male & alpha female) - Mutual grooming & vocalization help w/ communication and stabilization of group dynamics -Territorial; mark territory w/ urine and defend
Callitrichinae (Subfamily)
- Family Cebidae; Parvorder Platyrrhini - Marmosets & tamarins - Smallest New World primates - Chisel-shaped medial incisors - May have manes on head - Lack opposable thumbs and toes - All digits have claws except hallux (big toe) - Fraternal twins share common placenta - usually live in small, territorial groups of about 5-6 animals. - unique social organization called "cooperative polyandrous group" = communal breeding system w/ groups of multiple males and females, but only 1 female reproductively active - Females mate w/ >1 male and all share responsibility of carrying the offspring.
gorillas
- Family Hominidae; Parvorder Catarrhini; Suborder Haplorhini - Herbivorous - mostly terrestrial - Rarely violent - Groups = 1 dominant male + subordinate males + females - Group splits when subordinate males reach sufficient maturity; females choose which male to follow
Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
- Family Hominidae; Parvorder Catarrhini; Suborder Haplorhini - Larger group size - Dominant males form alliances - Violently defend territory from strange males - Promiscuous mating system; no pair bonding - Males conduct planned cooperative hunting; may use sharpened tools - Males "ritually" share meat from hunting
Bonobo (Pan paniscus)
- Family Hominidae; Parvorder Catarrhini; Suborder Haplorhini - Little aggression - Home range not actively defended - Less sexual dimorphism - Promiscuous mating system, no pair bonding - High degree of group bonding, reinforced by grooming & sex - Never observed hunting
orangutans
- Family Hominidae; Parvorder Catarrhini; Suborder Haplorhini - Oriental - Relatively solitary, groups of females w/ young - Sexually dimorphic; dominant males maintain territories violently - Most arboreal hominid - Omnivorous but mostly fruit - Sophisticated tool use
Pteromyini (Tribe)
- Family Sciuridae; Suborder Sciuromorpha; Order Rodentia - True flying squirrels - N. hemisphere (Glaucomys in U.S. convergent w/ Petaurus) - Monophyletic; split from tree squirrels ~20 mya - Nocturnal - Omnivorous
Thryonomyidae (Family)
- Infraorder Hystricognathi; Suborder Hystricomorpha; Order Rodentia - "Cane rats" (2 sp.) - Ethiopian distribution - Blunt snout & robust skull - Inhabit areas near water - hunted for food in some places
Cuniculidae (Family)
- Infraorder Hystricognathi; Suborder Hystricomorpha; Order Rodentia - "Pacas" - Neotropical distribution - Short legs, blunt head - Resonating chambers in maxillaries + enlarged zygomatic arches - Nocturnal, herbivorous, prefer riparian habitats
Petromuridae (Family)
- Infraorder Hystricognathi; Suborder Hystricomorpha; Order Rodentia - "dassie rat"; 1 sp. (Petromus typicus) - S.W. Africa - Small - Seek shelter in narrow crevices - Flattened skull - Flexible ribs - Mammae located laterally - Diurnal & herbivorous
Dasyproctidae (Family)
- Infraorder Hystricognathi; Suborder Hystricomorpha; Order Rodentia - Agoutis - Neotropical distribution - Limbs = slim; 4-toed forefeet + 3-toed hind feet - Claws hoof-like - Short tails
Caviidae (Family)
- Infraorder Hystricognathi; Suborder Hystricomorpha; Order Rodentia - Guinea pig, mara, capybara - Typically stocky and short-limbed except Patagonian mara = highly cursorial - Complex social systems in some spp. - Capybara = largest living rodent
Erethizontidae (Family)
- Infraorder Hystricognathi; Suborder Hystricomorpha; Order Rodentia - New World porcupines - Barbed quills cover much of body - Robust skull - More arboreal than Hystricidae - Eat cambium layer of trees in winter
Chinchillidae (Family)
- Infraorder Hystricognathi; Suborder Hystricomorpha; Order Rodentia - chinchillas & viscachas - Neotropical distribution - Densely furred - inhabit open plains to brush lands - Diurnal - Lagostomus highly cursorial
Hystricidae (Family)
- Infraorder Hystricognathi; Suborder Hystricomorpha; Order Rodentia - Old World porcupines - Large, stocky - Sharp, stiff spines
bats vs. moths
- Many nocturnal moths have "ears" (on thorax; Not homologous w/ vertebrate ears) - Sensitive to wide range of frequencies - Aid detection of bat ultrasonic pulses - Some moth spp. have sound-producing organ on thorax - Produce trains of ultrasonic clicks + interferes w/ bat signals/echoes Coevolution: - Bats prey on nocturnal moths - Moths responded by detecting bats' signals - Avoidance maneuvers - Jamming bat echolocation Bats responded by: - Using allotonic frequencies (freq. above or below moths' detection abilities) - Abandoning echolocation temporarily
Cebidae (Family)
- Marmosets, tamarins, capuchins, + squirrel monkeys - Neotropical -Parvorder Platyrrhini
Glires
- Monophyletic group including Rodentia + Lagomorpha - Sister group to the Euarchonta (Dermoptera, Scandentia, Primates) - Ancient group; began diversifying during Cretaceous - Probably drove extinction of Multituberculates (rodent-like mammals) through competitive exclusion
Vespertilionidae (Family)
- Nearly world-wide distribution - "Vesper" bats - Small bats w/ simple faces + tragus - Wings broad & uropatagium large - Mostly insectivorous; some spp. occasionally feed on birds
Perissodactyla (Order)
- Odd-toed ungulates 3 extant families: 1) Equidae 2) Rhinocerotidae 3) Tapiridae - Monophyletic group - Formerly much more diverse - Axis of symmetry of foot = middle digit (Mesaxonic) - Elongate rostrums w/ molariform teeth - Simple stomach but large cecum (hindgut) Evolution: - Arose in late Paleocene in Asia (condylarths) - Diversified + spread to Europe + North America by early Eocene - Dominant browsers of the Eocene - Began to decline in Miocene - Climatic changes - Competition w/ Artiodactyls Paraceratherium = largest known land mammal (5 m tall) Cursorial Adaptations: - Integrated locomotor + respiratory functions (Synchronize breathing w/ stride cycles (1:1)) - Tracheal valving shunts air to lungs - Slim, elongate legs - Running speed determined by Stride length + stride rate (Vel = SL x SF) Stride length adaptations: - Longer legs - Metacarpals + metatarsals elongate - Loss / reduction of clavicle - Flexion + extension of spine Stride rate adaptations: - Increase # of moveable joints in limb - Only hoof-bearing tips of digits contact ground - Muscles positioned near body; tendons distally (think pendulum!) Ankle joint: - Astragulus rests on distal tarsal bones - Tarsals modified by loss / fusion of elements - Weight transferred to central digits - Springing ligament in feet (stores elastic energy) -Nuchal ligament supports weight of head Dietary Adaptations: - Herbivorous diet - Molariform cheek teeth - Large complex occlusal surfaces (lophodont) - Plant material difficult to digest (defensive compounds; Cellulose in cell walls) - Complex chambers for housing microbes (needed to break down cellulose)
Catarrhini (Parvorder)
- Old World anthropoid primates - reduced dentition - diverged from platyrrhines 38-40 mya includes 3 families: 1) Cercopithecidae 2) Hylobatidae 3) Hominidae
Megadermatidae (Family)
- Order Chiroptera - "False vampire" bat = misnomer - Tropical East Africa, southeastern Asia to Australia - Large bodied, broad wings - Largest species has ~1m wingspan - Large ears, bifurcated tragus - Nose leaf on snout - Inhabit tropical forests & savannas - 3 spp. = carnivorous; 2 spp. = insectivorous - Hunt partly by sight - Prey of some spp. includes other bats
Rhinolophidae (Family)
- Order Chiroptera - "horseshoe" bats, refers to skin folds on nose (rhinae + loph) - Old World - Skull long & narrow; enlarged nasal chambers - Pinnae lack tragus - Inhabit temperate, tropical, & desert areas - Temperate species may hibernate in caves - Some African species migrate Insectivorous - Colonial to solitary
Yangochiroptera
- Order Chiroptera - 13 families in a monophyletic group
Pteropodidae (Family)
- Order Chiroptera - Non-echolocating bats (except Rousettus and Stenonycteris use tongue-click echolocation) - Old World fruit bats (flying foxes) - Face w/ fox-like rostrum & large eyes - Ears lack tragus - Well-developed postorbital process/bar - Two-clawed wing digits (except in Eonycteris and Dobsonia) - Tail short & rudimentary - Eat fruit or nectar and pollen - Typically roost in colonies in trees - Polygynous - May travel long distances to feed; high aspect ratio wings - Hypsignathus monstrosus has Massive vocal apparatus; males form communal leks
Rhinopomatidae (Family)
- Order Chiroptera - Northern Africa and southern Asia - Mouse-tailed bats - long tail, free of uropatagium - 2nd digit on hand retains 2 phalanges - Primitive shoulder anatomy - No fusion of vertebrae - Complete fibula
Hipposideridae (Family)
- Order Chiroptera - Old World tropics - Hipposideros gigas of Africa = one of largest insectivorous bats (1/2m wingspan) - Emit echolocation signals through nostrils - Complex nasal folds may help focus pulses - Ears large, lack tragus - Powerfully braced pectoral girdle
Talpidae (Family)
- Order Soricomorpha - Moles - Insectivorous - Nearctic, Palearctic, Oriental (Holarctic) - Terrestrial, semifossorial, fossorial, semiaquatic - Eyes small; pinnae absent - Snout elongate - Pelage lustrous, lies in any direction (i.e. "moleskin") - Fossorial adaptations: - Forelimbs rotate so digits point laterally - Limbs & phalanges short + stout - Claws long - Sternum & clavicle enlarged for muscle attachments - Powerful diggers; extensive tunnel systems - Sense prey w/ Eimer's organs on snout, Eimer's organs = sensory organs where epidermis is modified into bulbous papillae - Star-nosed mole (Condylura cristata) has most elaborate snout (25,000)
Solenodontidae (Family)
- Order Soricomorpha - Relict group restricted to Haiti + Cuba - Endangered species - Large (muskrat sized) - Long, slender, flexible snout - Small eyes - Incomplete zygomatic arch - No auditory bullae - Upper incisors enlarged - Second lower incisor grooved (may transport toxin) - Molars zalambdodont (i.e. narrow tribosphenic) - Omnivorous & nocturnal
Soricidae (Family)
- Order Soricomorpha - shrews - Worldwide, except Australia, most of South America, + polar regions - Small & inconspicuous but very abundant - Snout long & slim; eyes & pinna small - No zygomatic arch or tympanic bulla - Tooth enamel w/ pigmentation - 1st upper incisor large & hooked - Terrestrial, semiaquatic, semifossorial - Insectivorous - Some spp. venomous - Active day + night - High metabolic rates - Nonshivering thermogenesis in some (i.e. brown fat) - Echolocation unlikely
Hylobatidae (Family)
- Parvorder Catarrhini; Suborder Haplorhini - Gibbons, siamangs - Oriental - Extremely long forelimbs (brachiation) - Lack tail and cheek pouches - Highly vocal - Gibbons = social & territorial; defend boundaries with vigorous visual & vocal displays - can often be heard for distances of up to 1 km (0.6 mi), - duet b/w mated pair, w/ young sometimes joining in - In most sp., males sing solos to attract mates & advertise territories. - song can be used to identify sp. and also where it comes from (cultural learning)
Hominidae (Family)
- Parvorder Catarrhini; Suborder Haplorhini - Humans, chimps, orangutan, gorillas - Fossils from early-middle Eocene of Africa & Asia - Anatomically modern humans date to 154,000-160,000 BP in Africa - Living great apes (excluding humans): - Canines large, dimorphic - Mandibular symphysis fused, braced by "simian shelf" - Forelimbs longer than hind limbs - Construct nests for sleeping - Lack tails - Herbivorous (chimps occasionally carnivorous) - Long lived, single young - Social systems well-developed - "Fission-fusion" social systems common - Male dominance hierarchies (not bonobos) - Complex vocal communication - Culture, tool use for food acquisition, tool manufacture, personal hygiene, weapons
Cercopithecidae (Family)
- Parvorder Catarrhini; Suborder Haplorhini - Old World monkeys, baboons - Distribution = Ethiopian, Oriental, Palearctic - Sexual dimorphism common (canines, coloration) - Skull robust, braincase large - Opposable pollex (thumb) and hallux (big toe) (except Colobus) - All digits bear nails - Ischial callosities common - Arboreal to terrestrial forms - Tail present but not prehensile - Widespread in old world tropics, few in temperate climates (Macaca sp.) - In most sp., daughters remain w/ mothers for life, so basic social group of Old World monkeys = matrilineal troop - Males leave group during adolescence and find new troop to join - In many sp., only 1 adult male lives w/ each group, driving off all rivals, but others have multiple males w/ dominance hierarchies - Group sizes are highly variable; depend on resource availability
Atelidae (Family)
- Parvorder Platyrrhini, Suborder Haplorhini - Howler monkeys, spider monkeys, woolly monkeys - Tail long & prehensile - Diurnal & highly arboreal - Social & vocal - Males philopatric, females disperse, polygynic (males mate w/ multiple females) - typically polygamous; live in groups of <25, depending on sp. - When groups are small (e.g. howler monkeys), 1 male monopolizes 'harem' of females, - larger groups have several males, w/ dominance hierarchy
Aotidae (Family)
- Parvorder Platyrrhini; Suborder Haplorhini "Night monkeys" - Neotropical - Nocturnal + territorial - Large eyes, good nocturnal vision, but no color vision - Small - Not sexually dimorphic - Short gestation (133 days) - Adult male = primary caregiver for offspring (increases survival of infant & reduces metabolic costs on female) - monogamous; all form pair bonds - Only 1 infant per year
Pitheciidae (Family)
- Parvorder Platyrrhini; Suborder Haplorhini - Titi monkeys, saki monkeys, and uacaris - Pelage color varies widely among sp. - Diurnal & arboreal - Forage in canopy for fruit, leaves, nuts - Long lived & low reproductive rates - uakaris & bearded sakis = polygamous; live in groups of 8-30 - Each group has multiple males w/ dominance hierarchy - Titis & sakis in genus Pithecia = monogamous & live in much smaller family groups - Note presence of absence of sexual dimorphism!
Hindgut Fermentation
- Plant material (poor quality) moves rapidly through stomach + small intestine - Fast; allows processing of high volumes of low quality plant materials - Stomach + intestine unmodified (cell contents absorbed only; no microbes) - plant toxins absorbed in small intestine must be detoxified in liver - Enters caecum + mixed with microorganisms - Fermentation (cellulose) products absorbed in caecum (small body size) or large intestine (large body size) -occurs in perissodactyls, rodents, lagomorphs, elephants, hyraxes
Foregut Fermentation
- Plant materials enters rumen, mixed w/ microorganisms, fermentation begins - slower than hindgut fermentation -microbes detoxify plant toxins = energy saved - microbes also digested - Larger particles gathered in reticulum and regurgitated for further chewing (cud), salivary amylase added - Fine particles enter muscular omasum and further mixed - Final processing in abomasum (true stomach; proteases, acid) - All nutrients available in small intestine
Gliridae (Family)
- Suborder Sciuromorpha; Order Rodentia - Dormice (Old World) - Distribution = Ethiopian, Palearctic, Oriental - Small bodies, bushy tails - Infraorbital foramen enlarged & transmits part of medial masseter (pseudomyomorphy) - Agile climbers - Omnivorous; lacks caecum - Small family groups - Long hibernation in temperate climates (up to 6 months) - Sexual maturation + dispersal after 1st hibernation
Bat flight
- Relatively slow, but highly maneuverable due to low wing loading - Wings provide thrust + lift - Wing profile asymmetrical - Unequal pressures above + below wing => lift - Angle of attack - Camber - Ratio of body weight to wing area - Many bats have low aspect ratio wings - Ratio of wing span to wing chord - Downstroke = power stroke - Wing tips twisted & provide additional thrust - Upstroke = recovery stoke - some bats can hover (e.g. Nectar-feeding bats) - Downstroke oriented forward and upstroke directed backwards; so wing stroke is largely horizontal - Vertical thrust is generated - Wing tip flipped over on upstroke - Produces upward thrust - Energetically expensive to hover
Eusociality
- Reproductive division of labor (w/ or w/out sterile castes) - 1 breeding female; 1-3 breeding males - Overlapping generations - Cooperative care of young - Harsh, arid habitat - Thermoconformer - Low metabolic rate - Lacks pain receptors in skin
rodent morphology
- Single pair of ever-growing incisors - Diastema - Only anterior surface of teeth has enamel (Beveled tips) - Gnawing - Cheek teeth often complex, canines lost - Masseter muscles large and complex - Primitively, temporalis large; masseter not specialized
Echimyidae (Family)
- Spiny rats - Most diverse hystricognath family - Neotropical distribution - flattened spine-like hairs - Eyes & ears prominent - Tail can be lost to escape predators - Arboreal, terrestrial, or semifossorial
Ursidae (Family)
- Suborder Caniformia; Order Carnivora - Bears - Nearctic, Neotropical, Palearctic, Oriental - Large body size - More omnivorous diet (except polar bears + pandas) - Long rostrum - Post-carnassial teeth robust + adapted to crushing - Limbs powerful, feet plantigrade - Claws non-retractile - Tails very short - Northern spp. may "hibernate" (Heart rate + metabolism slows; Live off accumulated fat reserves; Arouse periodically)
Tarsiidae (Family)
- Suborder Haplorhini - Oriental distribution - Enormous, forward facing eyes - Digits with disk-like pads - Elongate hind limbs (arboreal, bipedal jumpers) - Tibia and fibula fused - Calcaneum (heel bone) and navicular (ankle/wrist bone) greatly elongate - Arboreal and nocturnal - Insectivorous/carnivorous - Some sp. solitary, others gregarious - Gestation takes ~6 months; give birth to single precocial offspring.
Argyrolagidae
-Fossil South American metatherian convergent w/ kangaroo rats & jerboas
primate adaptations
- arboreal locomotion - manual dexterity - stereoscopic vision - complex social behavior - complex communication
Felidae (Family)
- cats - Excellent predators; "hypercarnivores" - Worldwide except Antarctica, Australia, Madagascar, some oceanic islands - Number of teeth reduced, short rostrum - single pair of upper/lower molars - Carnassials well-developed - Digitigrade foot posture; cursorial ; Claws recurved and retractile (except in cheetah) - Spotted or striped pelage common (ambush predators) - hunt by stealthy stalk + quick burst of speed - Excellent senses of smell, sight, + hearing - Some spp. nocturnal (tapetum lucidum present) - Some spp. are agile climbers - Cheetahs sprint to 90 kph (60 mph) over short distances - Many spp. solitary; Lions are social (polygynous) + live in large prides - Some prehistoric spp. had saber-like upper canines (e.g. smilodon) - Spread across land bridges as sea levels changed - Roughly 6 mya lineage of small cats evolved (ancestors of domestic cats)
Viverridae (Family)
- civets & genets - Ethiopian, Palearctic, Oriental - small/medium size - Long rostrum - Short legs - Tail long + bushy - Well-developed perineal (anal) glands - Some are agile climbers, some semiaquatic, others terrestrial - Mostly carnivorous & nocturnal
anisogamy
- condition of having gametes of different sizes - typically male gamete (sperm) is much smaller than female gamete (ovum) - males don't invest as much in offspring as females; males compete against each other to mate
camber
- curvature (i.e. arching) of a wing - increased camber = more lift (but also more drag)
Otariidae (Family)
- eared "seals" + sea lions - Coastal Pacific, South Atlantic, Indian Ocean, southern Australia + New Zealand (temperate to cold water) - Better able to move on land than phocid seals - forelimbs propel - Small ear pinna - Nails on 3 middle digits - Males larger than females, polygynous, intense competition for females - Body covered with fur - Gregarious + highly vocal on land - Seasonal breeding rookeries
sexual dimorphism
- indicates female choice; male competition/advertisement of fitness - in monogamy, usually no dimorphism
ischial callosities
- pads of tough skin - In females, may become enlarged and brightly colored to signal receptivity to mate
Microbial Fermentation
- plant material hard to digest (cellulose, defensive compounds); requires microbes - Slow process - Requires fermentation chamber - Perissodactyla use hindgut fermentation - Cecum = expanded colon; -Primitive condition, widespread - Ruminant Artiodactyls use foregut fermentation - Multichambered stomach - Derived condition; much convergence (tree sloths, macropodids, leaf eating monkeys)
fovea centralis
- portion of retina providing sharpest vision - highest concentration of cones in sp. w/ color vision
wing loading
- ratio of body weight to wing area (W/S) - bats have low wing loading relative to birds; so can fly slower and still maintain enough lift to stay airborne
aspect ratio (bat wings)
- relationship b/w length of wing and mean wing breadth - high aspect ratio wings = long + narrow; suited for prolonged flight - low aspect ratio wings = short + broad; better maneuverability
Ruminantia (Suborder)
- upper incisors lost - Tragulidae
patagium
-"skin-wing" -gliding membrane
Paenungulata
-"subungulates" 1) Order Proboscidea (elephants) 2) Order Sirenia (manatees & dugongs) 3) Order Hyracoidea (hyraxes)
Afrotheria
-"superorder" including the following orders: 1) Afrosoricida (tenrecs, golden moles) 2) Macroscelidea (elephant shrews) 3) Tubulidentata (aardvark) 4) Proboscidea (elephants) 5) Sirenia (manatees, dugongs) 6) Hyracoidea (hyraxes)
Family Acrobatidae
-Order Diprotodontia -2 sp. -Feather-like hairs on tail edges -Feathertail glider has a gliding membrane between elbows and knees -Feathertail possums (from New Guinea) are larger and lack gliding membrane -Australasia
Give examples of "mole" ecoforms. What characteristics do they share?
-Family Notoryctidae, Genus Notoryctes (marsupial moles) and Family Chrysochloridae, Genus Eremitalpa (golden moles) -fossorial life style -conical skull -cornified skin on nose -vestigial eyes; may be covered in skin/fur -strong forlimbs and long claws for digging -posteriorly facing marsupium -fur directed straight (not directional)
Desmans (Subgroup)
-Family Talpidae, Order Soricomorpha - Russian desman (Desmana) & Pyrenean desman (Galemys) - Conical heads - Long, naked, snorkel-like snouts - Long tails & huge hind feet - Functionally blind; obtains sensory input from touch-sensitive Eimer's organs at end of long, bilobed snout - Semiaquatic
Borhyaenidae
-Fossil South American metatherian convergent w/ canids/bears
Order Afrosoricida
-Includes families Tenrecidae (tenrecs; 34 sp.) and Chrysochloridae (golden moles; 21 sp.) -ecological equivalent to Soricomorpha (shrews)
Chrysochloridae
-Order Afrosoricida -"golden moles" -Convergent with moles (Talpidae) and marsupial moles (Notoryctidae) -21 sp. -Highly fossorial lifestyle -Ears lack pinnae and ear canal covered with hair -Eyes vestigial (covered with skin and fur) -Leathery pad on snout -Skull conical -Auditory bulla present, malleus greatly enlarged; used to detect seismic signals -Forelimbs powerfully built—used for digging -Digits 2 and 3 bear huge claws -Ossified flexor tendon in forearm -Eremitalpa swims through loose sand using forearms, head, and shoulders
Family Tenrecidae
-Order Afrosoricida -Ethiopian -Adaptive radiation in Madagascar -"otter shrews" -retain many ancestral traits -shrew to rabbit sized -long snout & small eyes -cloaca -fur may be smooth or spiny -Hemicentetes has specialized quills; uses to stridulate -Some sp. may use rudimentary echolocation -some are heterothermic -most insectivorous or omnivorous (tribosphenic molars) -Limnogale is semiaquatic (webbed feet, forages in rivers/streams for crustaceans and insects, nocturnal) -incomplete zygomatic arch
Family Dasyuridae
-Order Dasyuromorphia -small carnivores -69 sp. -quolls, dunnarts, Tasmanian devil -Australasian
Family Thylacinidae
-Order Dasyuromorphia -thylacine or Tasmanian "wolf" -extinct -Australasian
Family Cynocephalidae ("dog-head")
-Order Dermoptera (only family in order) -colugos ("flying lemurs") -Oriental distribution -face resembles fruit bat -cryptic pelage -1st 2 lower incisors comb-like (grooming) -canines double-rooted -long limbs to support patagium (gliding membrane) -patagium extends from chin, to digits, to tail tip -largest living glider -Crepuscular/ nocturnal -hides in tree holes by day -Glide long distances between trees -eats leaves, flowers, fruit, and sap -Intestinal tract 9 times its head and body length -Cecal (hindgut) fermentation
Family Didelphidae
-Order Didelphimorphia -87 sp. -Neotropical & Nearctic -long narrow braincase -prominent sagittal crest -marsupium present or absent -tail usually prehensile
Family Potoroidae
-Order Diprotodontia -10 sp. -Small kangaroo-like metatherians -Retain slightly prehensile tail -Well-developed upper canines -Australasia
Family Pseudocheiridae
-Order Diprotodontia -17 sp. -ringtail possums & greater glider -prehensile tail -greater glider largest gliding metatherian -mostly herbivorous -Australasia
Family Tupaiidae
-Order Scandentia (tree shrews) -tree shrews -oriental -squirrel-like -Upper incisors caniniform -Lower incisors from tooth comb -Prominent hole in zygoma -Forage on ground and in trees; more terrestrial than Ptilocercidae -Opportunistic feeders; omnivorous, but mostly frugivorous -Quick and highly vocal -Diurnal and crepuscular -Common tree shrew is territorial (vocalizations and scent) -Parental care is minimal -Mothers suckle altricial young every other day ("absentee parental care") -> predator avoidance
Family Ptiloceridae
-Order Scandentia (tree shrews) -pen-tailed tree shrews -single species -oriental distribution -nocturnal/arboreal -only known wild mammal that chronically consumes alcohol; spends hours consuming the equivalent of 10 to 12 glasses of wine with an alcohol content of up to 3.8% every night drinking fermented nectar of the bertam palm -Well developed tapedum lucidum -Nest high in canopy
Great American Interchange
-Panamanian land bridge formed 2.5 Ma -Northern eutherians moved south -some metatherians (and Xenarthrans) moved north -metatherian starts to decline
Thylacosmilidae
-South American metatherian convergent w/ saber-toothed cats
Family Dasypodidae
-Suborder Cingulata (armadillos) -protective bony armor (osteoderms) -21 sp. -North & South America -Skull elongate and mandible slim -Teeth homodont, rudimentary -Axial skeleton relatively rigid -Limbs powerfully built for digging with strong claws, fossorial -Pink Fairy Armadillo = "mole" armadillo
significance of lacation
-allows for diphodonty (accurately occlusible teeth) -rapid growth -social bonds -weaned directly onto adult diet
amniota
-clade of tetrapod vertebrates comprising the reptiles, birds and mammals that lay their eggs on land or retain the fertilized egg within the mother -split into Synapsida (mammal ancestors) and Sauropsida (ancestor of turtles, lizards, snakes, dinosaurs, birds) 300 mya
Reproduction in monotremes
-combo of ancestral and derived traits -have cloaca -testis abdominal -mammae lack nipples -lay eggs; young have egg tooth
What types of mammals have reduced dentition? What do they have in common?
-Tubulidentata (aardvark), Monotremata (platypus & echidna), Pholidota (pangolins) and Pilosa (anteaters) -all eat ants/termites and have long, protrusible tongue
Moeritherium
-hyrax-like elephant ancestor
Order Hyracoidea
-hyraxes (Family Procaviidae) -4 sp. -Africa/Middle East -rabbit-sized -deep mandible -ever-growing incisors -diastema -four toes on front legs, 3 on back -mesaxonic (weight on 3rd digit) -digits have flattened nails -herbivorous -rocky outcrops
evolution of inner ear
-in nonmammals, jaw joint b/w quadrate bone of skull and articular bone of lower jaw -in mammals, squamosal and dentary bones form joint -2nd joint probably braced quadrate-articular joint from displacement during chewing; later helped w/ sound -articular-quadrate bones reduced in size and improved hearing -articular, quadrate, angular bones become detached from lower jaw and part of inner ear apparatus in mammals (articular>malleus, quadrate>incus, and angular>tympanic ring)
Thylacoleo
-lion-like metatherian known from fossil record -sectorial premolars
tribosphenic molar
-molar w/ 3 cusps (protocone, paracone, metacone) -allows for crushing and shearing -found in young platypuses and insectivores (e.g. tenrecs)
metatherian distribution
-origins in N. America -from N. America > S. America > Antarctica > Australia -then continents separated -metatherians in Australia before eutharians = major diversification -similar diversification in S. America; coexisted w/ eutherians -Panamanian land bridge interchange 2.5 Ma; eutherians moved south and some metatherians moved north; metatherian diversity starts to decline
metatherian characteristics
-palatal vacuities present -unusual tooth replacement (pm3 only) -50% have marsupium -hindfeet may be specialized (e.g. for arboreal or saltatorial locomotion) -epipubic bones present -vagina & uterus doubled -gestation short (3-45 days) -young poorly developed; long lactation period -reached Australia before eutherians
Subfamily Potamogalinae
-part of family Tenrecidae -"otter shrews" -relict group in W. and central Africa -highly specialized for semi-aquatic life: -Broad, flat rostrum with stiff vibrissae -Small eyes and reduced ear pinna -Body long and streamlined -Tail laterally compressed and used for swimming
pelycosaur
-primitive synapsids (mammal-like reptiles)
heterothermy
-refers to animals that can switch between ectothermic (or poikilothermic) and endothermic (or homeothermic) strategies
Diprotodon
-rhino-sized wombat known from fossil record
trigonid
-shearing portion of tribosphenic molar (lower)
dilambdodont
-specialized tribosphenic molar with "W" shape crescent
Family Myrmecophagidae
-suborder Pilosa -giant anteaters -Highly specialized termite or ant eaters -Tropical Central and South America -3 sp. -Skull long and conical -Teeth absent -Dentary bone long and delicate -Jaw muscles reduced -Tongue muscles greatly developed -Long, slender tongue is protrusible -no zygomatic arch
Family Bradypodidae
-suborder Pilosa -three-toed sloths -3 sp. -Arboreal locomotion (suspensorial); nearly helpless on ground but swims well -Folivorous with foregut fermentation -Central America to northern Argentina -Skull short and fairly high -Zygoma incomplete -teeth cylindrical and lack enamel -Incisors and canines absent -8-9 cervical vertebrae! -Xenarthrism in lumbar vertebrae -Three syndactylous digits with long claws -Tail short -Body covered with coarse hair (Fur provides habitat for algae, beetles, and/or moths)
Suborder Pilosa
1) Family Cyclopedidae (silky anteater) 2) Family Myrmecophagidae (giant anteaters and tamanduas) 3) Family Bradypodidae (three-toed sloths) 4) Family Megalonychidae (two-toed sloths)
Order Dasyuromorphia
1) Family Dasyuridae (small carnivores) 2) Family Myrmecobiidae (numbat) 3) Thylacinidae (Tasmanian "wolf"; extinct)
Mysteceti: Feeding Modes
1) Grazing near surface (Balaenids) - swim through swarms of plankton; long baleen 2) Lunge feeding (Balaenopterids) - Huge mouth + head - Furrows (pleats) on throat allow expansion during feeding - Throat pouch contracted—water and food pass through baleen plates (short baleen) - Mandible braced by frontomandibular stay apparatus - May also use bubble nets - Swim below school of prey - Circle prey while emitting constant stream of bubbles - Swim rapidly up through middle of bubble net - Engulf prey at surface 3) Sediment feeding (Eschrichtiids) - Plow head through mud at bottom - Scoop or suck up sediments - Filter out marine organisms from bottom - Robust dentary, short baleen plates
bat foraging strategies
1) Open-Habitat Bats - Forage for insects in open areas - Fast flight - Narrow wings w/ pointed tips (high aspect ratio) - Remain in flight for long periods - Use long, high-intensity, low-frequency, narrowband calls 2) Edge-Habitat Bats - Woodland edges, along streams - Slow, maneuverable flight - Wings long, with short, rounded tips - Low wing loading + moderate aspect ratio - Forage continuously for 1-3 hrs - Use short, intense calls - Combination of broadband + narrowband w/ FM components or harmonics 3) Closed-Habitat Bats - Forage in dense vegetation (clutter) - Insectivorous or frugivorous - Flight is slow + highly maneuverable - Wings broad w/ rounded tips - Low wing loading + low aspect ratios - Short, broadband, steep FM calls - Low intensity calls minimize echoes from clutter
American metatherians
1) Order Didelphimorphia (opossums) 2) Order Paucituberculata (shrew-opossums) 3) Order Microbiotheria ("monito del monte")
mammalian mating systems
1) Promiscuous (no pair bonds; female raises young) 2) Polygamy (weak pair bonds; polygyny = 90%; polyandry = <1%) 3) Monogamy (strong pair bonds; 5%)
What are some derived characters of monotremes?
1) Rostrum covered with mechanoreceptors and/or electroreceptors 2) Reduced dentition 3) Modified skull morphology
Order Xenarthra
1) Suborder Cingulata (armadillos) 2) Suborder Pilosa (sloths & anteaters) -both monophyletic; not closely related to pangolins (Order Pholidota) -extra articulations on lumbar vertebrae (xenarthrous) -Reduction and simplification of dentition -Limbs modified for digging or climbing -Increased rigidity of axial skeleton -Earliest fossils from Paleocene of South America
Lagomorpha (Order)
2 families: 1) Ochotonidae (pikas) 2) Leporidae (rabbits and hares) - Nearly worldwide distribution; introduced in Australia - Diverse terrestrial habitats (Arctic to deserts) - Herbivorous, hind gut fermentation, coprophagy - Populations undergo dramatic cycles in north (boom/bust cycles)
# of species of living mammals
5,420
Bovidae (Family)
Order Artiodactyla - Africa, Asia, parts of Europe + North America - May be derived from traguloid ancestor in Old World - Reached New World in Pleistocene; Across Bering land bridge - Primarily grazers - Cheek teeth high crowned; Canines reduced or absent - Lateral digits reduced or absent - Ulna reduced and fused with radius - Horns in males (females in some heavier spp.) - never branched - never shed - Keratinized sheath covers bony core -used for ritualized sparring + defense from predators - ecological specializations to reduce competition - annual migrations in some (e.g. circular wildebeast migration from Jan-March to follow food resources)
Cervidae (Family)
Order Artiodactyla - Muntjacs, deer, elk, caribou, moose - New World, Europe, Asia, Northwest Africa - All male members have antlers - Antlers grow + are shed annually - Female caribou also have antlers - Some cervids have short antlers + enlarged canines - Antlers grow from frontal pedicles - Antler growth under hormonal control; Triggered by changes in day-length - Antlers begin growth in April -May - Initially covered w/ "velvet" (fur-covered skin) - mostly browsers - some spp. gregarious, others solitary - annual migrations in some spp.
Moschidae (Family)
Order Artiodactyla - Musk deer - Oriental distribution - Coarse fur - musk glands on abdomen - Hind limbs longer than forelimbs - Lack antlers; have saber-like upper canines - Extremely agile
Tayassuidae (Family)
Order Artiodactyla - New World pigs = peccaries or javelinas - Neotropical + Nearctic - Chacoan peccary (Catagonus) rediscovered in 1975 - Robust zygomatic arches - Interlocking upper + lower canines - Tropical forests to deserts - Highly social - Omnivorous - Rapid, agile runners - Canines not curved
Suidae (Family)
Order Artiodactyla - Old World distribution - Thick bodied, short limbs, not cursorial - Long skull; orbits posterior - Large, curved tusk-like canines (in some) - Typically omnivorous - Bunodont molars
Camelidae (Family)
Order Artiodactyla - camels, alpacas/vicuñas, llamas/guanacos - Ethiopian, Palearctic, Oriental, Neotropical - Distinctive divergence of metapodials - digitigrade foot posture - Long limbs + neck - Complex 3 chambered stomach; chew cud but not Ruminants - Lower incisors retained - Broad diastema
Antilocapridae (Family)
Order Artiodactyla 1 sp.= pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) - Entirely N. American fossil record - Both sexes have horns - External sheath of horn shed annually - Fossil species had more complex horns - Cheek teeth high crowned - Orbits far posterior on skull - Among fastest cursorial mammals (up to 85 km/hr =53 mph) - good at long-distance running - Speeds of 65 kph for over 10 km Evolutionary advantages: - enlarged airways - greater lung surface area - greater capillary density - higher concentration of hemoglobin - tolerates high body temperatures
Giraffidae (Family)
Order Artiodacyla; Suborder Ruminantia - Giraffes + okapis - Ethiopian distribution - Short horns covered w/ fur on parietals; Ossified cartilage forms ossicones; never shed - Horns on both sexes - long neck + limbs
Mysteceti (Suborder)
Order Cetacea Baleen Whales 4 families: 1) Balaenopteridae 2) Eschrichtiidae 3) Balaenidae 4) Neobalaenidae - Live in all oceans - Populations decimated by whaling
Odontoceti (Suborder)
Order Cetacea Toothed whales, porpoises, + dolphins 1) Physeteridae (sperm whales + pygmy) 2) Platanistidae (Ganges/Indus River dolphins) 3) Ziphiidae (beaked whales) 4) Iniidae (S. American, Chinese River dolphins) 5) Monodontidae (narwhal, beluga) 6) Phocoenidae (porpoises) 7) Delphinidae (dolphins & allies) - All oceans and seas, and some river systems - Homodont teeth + piston-like tongue used to capture prey - Some may stun prey acoustically
Phyllostomidae (Family)
Order Chiroptera New World leaf-nosed bats Wide diversity in morphology + ecology - Vampyrum is large and carnivorous - Trachops specializes on frogs - Choeronycteris feeds on nectar - Artibeus feeds on tropical fruits Subfamily Desmodontinae - Vampire bats - Skull and dentition highly specialized - Remarkably quadrupedal - Long thumb aids in walking - Typically land on ground near prey & walk to prey - Detect local temperature differences on skin to locate blood vessel near surface - Upper incisors make incision - Anticoagulant in saliva retards clotting - Harbor rabies virus
Leporidae (Family)
Order Lagomorpha Rabbits + Hares - Nearly cosmopolitan distribution - Fenestrated skull - 2 pairs of upper incisors - Cheek teeth hypsodont - Cursorial adaptations
Rhinocerotidae (Family)
Order Perissodactyla - Rhino - Ethiopian + Oriental - Large, heavy-bodied, short-legged - Graviportal limbs (columnar) - Nasal bones thickened and enlarged; Support horn of dermal material - Solitary to social - Territorial; use scent marking (dung piles) - Sumatran rhino (Dicerorhinus) smallest - Coarse hairs - Solitary; occupies tropical forests - Vocal - Less than 300 living today - Use of horns in traditional "medicine" - All 5 spp. listed as endangered
Tapiridae (Family)
Order Perissodactyla - Tapirs - New World tropics + Malayan Peninsula - Stocky; Short, flexible proboscis - Limbs short + stout
Equuidae (Family)
Order Perissodactyla - horses - Highly cursorial - Africa, Middle East, parts of Asia - Skull large and thick - Cheek teeth hypsodont - Only digit 3 bears weight - Most spp. are highly social; Form herds and/or clans - Polygynous mating system - Social hierarchy; led by dominant stallion - Harems formed in some species - Bachelor herds - Complex behavior + vocal communication - Fission-fusion social system common - Equus evolved in North America; Crossed into Asia in late Pliocene - Horse domestication may date as far back as 4,500 years ago in Central Asia - Horses returned to North America with Spanish conquistadors in 1500s
Myomorpha (Suborder)
Order Rodentia "Mouse-like" rodents Know following families: 1) Dipodidae (jerboas, birch mice) 3) Cricetidae (hamsters, New World rats & mice, voles & lemmings) 4) Muridae (gerbils, spiny mice, Old World rats & mice)
Anomaluromorpha (Suborder)
Order Rodentia - 2 families: 1) Anomaluridae (scaly-tailed squirrels) - Tropical western + central Africa - Gliding membranes; highly arboreal 2) Pedetidae (Springhare) - East + southern Africa - Saltatorial
Family Orycteropodidae
Order Tubulidentata -single species (Orycteropus afer) -sub-Saharan Africa -Powerful digger -eats termites and ants -Skull elongate -Dentary bone long and slender -Adults lack incisors and canines -Cheekteeth are rootless, columnar, and lack enamel -Teeth made of hexagonal prisms of dentine -Tongue is long and protrusible -Olfaction well-developed -Fleshy tentacles on nasal septum keep prey out -Dismantle termite mounds with powerful forelimbs -Burrow rapidly for protection -Aardvark burrows used as retreats by many other mammals -Also eat fruits of cucurbit plant (Cucumis)
What 2 families comprise the Monotremata?
Ornythorhynchidae (platypus) and Tachyglossidae
Bathyergidae (Family)
Parvorder Phiomorpha; Infraorder Hystricognathi; Suborder Hystricomorpha; Order Rodentia - African mole-rats (sub-Saharan Africa) - Highly fossorial - Small eyes, poor vision - Pinnae highly reduced or absent - Procumbent incisors (lips closes behind teeth) - Herbivorous (geophytes) - include only eusocial mammals
Platyrrhini vs. Catarrhini
Platyrrhini: - flat noses w/ nasal openings facing outward Catarrhini: - downward-facing nasal openings
masseter specialization in rodents
Primitive = 3 masseter subdivision, all originating from zygomatic arch Superficial Masseter = little modification Lateral Masseter modified in Sciuromorpha + Hystricomorpha Medial Masseter modified in Myomorpha + Hystricomorpha Fully derived condition: masseter replaces temporalis as primary muscle for mastication
Hyaenidae (Family)
Suborder Feliformia; Order Carnivora - hyenas + aardwolf - Ethiopian, Palearctic, Oriental - Derived from Viverrid ancestors - Large-bodied, forelimbs longer than hind limbs - Skull robust, carnassials well developed, durophagy (bone) - Feet w/ 4 toes + blunt, non-retractile claws - scavengers + predators (mostly) - Spotted hyenas form large packs or clans - Highly social - Females larger, dominant - Mostly nocturnal - Striped hyenas more omnivorous - Aardwolf has reduced dentition; Feeds on termites
Cricetidae (Family)
Suborder Myomorpha; Order Rodentia - 2nd largest family of mammals - Includes hamsters, African maned rats, voles, lemmings, many other New World rats & mice - Occupy much of the globe - Tundra to deserts - Mostly solitary, some monogamous
Muridae (Family)
Suborder Myomorpha; Order Rodentia - mice, rats, gerbils - Largest family of mammals - worldwide (except Antarctica) - Typically rat- or mouse-like body form - Medial masseter passes through dorsal infraorbital foramen
Balaenopteridae (Family)
Suborder Mysteceti; Order Cetacea Rorquals Vary widely in size: Minke whale = 11 m + 4,000 Kg Blue whale =31 m + 160,000 Kg - Baleen plates short - Longitudinal furrows on throat aid feeding - May migrate long distances
Eschrichtiidae (Family)
Suborder Mysteceti; Order Cetacea 1 sp. = gray whale - Parts of North Pacific; extinct elsewhere - Up to 15 m + 31,500 kg - Small head; short baleen plates Migration: - up to 22,000 km - Summer months = benthic feeding in N.W. + E. Pacific; Arctic continental shelves - Ice forms in Fall > migration begins - Gives birth to single young in warm coastal lagoons in Baja California; formerly San Diego
Neobalaenidae (Family)
Suborder Mysteceti; Order Cetacea 1 sp. = pygmy right whale (Caperea marginata) - Southern Hemisphere - Only 5-6 m long - Slender body - Little known about ecology or behavior - Possibly living member of the Cethotheriidae
Ziphiidae (Family)
Suborder Odontoceti; Order Cetacea "beaked whales" - All oceans - 4-12 m long and up to 11,500 kg - Snout usually long + narrow - Bodies slender - 1 lower tooth on each side on some spp. - dimorphic - Stomach divided into 4-14 chambers - Suction feeders w/ piston-like tongue + expandable throat - Deep divers; stay submerged for long times - Most spp. social - Open ocean habitats make these cetaceans difficult to study
Monodontidae (Family)
Suborder Odontoceti; Order Cetacea - 2 genera + 2 species (narwhal + beluga) - Arctic Oceans, Bering Sea, St. Lawrence River - 5-6 m long and 2,000 kg - Gregarious Narwhal (Monodon monoceros) - 1 upper tooth; 2-m, spirally grooved tusk, male competition Beluga (Delpinapterus leucas) - White whale
Delphinidae (Family)
Suborder Odontoceti; Order Cetacea - Most diverse family - All oceans + some large rivers - Fatty-deposit ("melon") sits above + behind snout - Coloration variable - Rapid swimmers, regular leaps - Highly gregarious; Form schools, highly social - Highly vocal - Cooperative behaviors in some spp. - Remarkable intelligence
outgroup
group closely related to ingroup
polyphyletic
group contains taxa that don't all share most recent common ancestor
monophyletic
group descended form single ancestral stock
paraphyletic
group includes some but not all descendants of a single ancestor
stem group
group lack all traits of a higher grouping (primitive)
sister group
group shares most recent common ancestor of another group
ingroup
group under study
crown group
group w/ all same derived traits