MAN2021: Chapter 6 (complete)
Which one of the following best describes the decisions made by a person with an analytical style? Supportive of others and receptive to suggestions Carefully considers lots information and alternatives Autocratic, action oriented, and decisive Frequently rely on intuition and good at finding creative solutions
Carefully considers lots information and alternatives
Which of the following questions would you use to evaluate alternatives in the third stage of the rational model of decision making. Is it feasible? Is it ultimately effective? Is it ethical? Is it creative? Is it profitable?
Is it feasible? Is it ultimately effective? Is it ethical?
Knowledge of decision-making styles can assist managers in many ways except for which one of the following? It facilitates the potential for self-improvement in making decisions It increases the biases of the manager toward their favorite style. It helps to identify a manager's own strengths and weaknesses in making decisions. It increases their ability to influence others by catering to their style.
It increases the biases of the manager toward their favorite style.
True or false: CEOs are at a higher risk of being fired for ethical violations than ever before because the public has become less forgiving of unethical behavior.
True
True or false: The availability bias means that your manager may give more weight to your most recent work rather than everything you have done over the course of year.
True
An AI application that learns from human inputs in order to assist humans in making better decisions is known as intelligence.
augmented
The tendency of organizations to invest time and money in a solution despite strong evidence that is not appropriate is referred to as:
escalating commitment
The _______ bias reflects our tendency to generalize from a small sample or single event. representativeness sunk-cost availability confirmation
representativeness
_____ decisions are associated with conflicts over goals and decision alternatives, rapidly changing circumstances, fuzzy information, and unclear links among decision elements.
wicked
During the fallout of the global financial crisis of the late 2000s, finance companies had to make important decisions in a highly ambiguous environment. The decision to buyout failed banks could best be described as what type of decision?
wicked decision problem
"Having the bikinis made in New York has made sense so far, but now that our sales volume has grown, it may make sense to export fabric to another country and then import the finished bikinis to the United States. I know what the respective costs are, but I have no idea what quality control will be like if I offshore production. Which decision style is most appropriate for choosing a course of action?"
"Use the conceptual style so as to weigh a broad range of alternatives and include qualitative information from people in your creative problem solving."
Point-Counterpoint
A decision-making technique in which people are assigned to express competing points of view.
Which model of decision making is associated with satisficing, bounded rationality, and uncertainty?
Administrative
Descriptive
An approach that describes how managers actually make decisions rather than how they should make decisions according to a theoretical ideal.
When making decisions for her department, Ellie tends to take a long time because she takes into consideration a large amount of information. What type of decision-making style does Ellie demonstrate? Behavioral Analytical Directive Conceptual
Analytical
The founders of a medical device company need to take a different direction, after they did not receive FDA approval for their equipment. What would not be part of an after-action review of their original decision?
Assign responsibility for the failure
Turbine Manufacturing uses artificial intelligence in its factories to automate basic tasks, freeing human employees to perform more high-level finishing and quality assurance tasks. Which area of artificial intelligence does this illustrate? Assisted intelligence Augmented intelligence Applied intelligence Autonomous intelligence
Assisted intelligence
________ is the process of studying large amounts of data of a variety of types to uncover hidden patterns, unknown correlations, and other useful information. Mega research Super market data mining Cyber-age research New age computing Big Data analytics
Big Data analytics
When confronted with a decision on an action, managers should utilize ________, which includes these four questions: "Is the proposed action legal? If yes, does the proposed action maximize shareholder value? If yes, is the proposed action ethical? If no, would it be ethical to take the proposed action?" Frank Gilbreth's code of ethical conduct the stakeholder's value statement Bagley's ethical decision tree the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Bagley's ethical decision tree
A partnership of three former teachers started an online resource to help high school teachers teach science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) courses. However, their early success has been overshadowed by new education requirements from both federal and state education departments. Also, many competitors have emerged. The partners agree that they do not have solid non-political information that would help them predict the future of STEM support. Which approach is reasonable for them to take in making decisions?
Be prepared for conflicts over goals and decision alternatives
Which decision-making style is the most people-oriented of the four styles? Directive Behavioral Opinion Analytical
Behavioral
Which major decision style is characterized by having deep concern for others as individuals?
Behavioral
Stores of data that are so large or complex that it is difficult to process them using traditional data base management applications are known as ______. cloud computing data mining Big Data proscriptive analytics
Big Data
Melissa is a manager at InStylez Clothing. Her job is very complex and she feels that she does not have enough time to identify and/or process all the information she needs to make decisions. Melissa's situation is most consistent with which of the following concepts?
Bounded rationality
Which decision-making style is characterized by a high tolerance for ambiguity and the consideration of many options together with a willingness to take risks? Analytical Behavioral Directive Conceptual
Conceptual
Emmanuel likes to be involved in giving input into the decisions that affect his team. Which two kinds of managerial decision styles, directing his work, would give him that opportunity to be heard?
Conceptual and behavioral styles
Tyler has never gotten along with his employee Marcus. Although Marcus has been a top performer during his three years with the company, Tyler tends to fixate on the one quarter when Marcus performed poorly. Tyler uses that quarter as an example of Marcus being a "poor fit" with the company. What type of bias is this an example of? Availability Anchoring and adjustment Hindsight Confirmation
Confirmation
Which of the following are examples of what can function as the first stage in rational decision making by managers? Low staff turnover Customer complaints Sales shortfalls Poor product quality
Customer complaints Sales shortfalls Poor product quality
Personal _____ style refers to differences among people with respect to how they perceives problems and make decisions.
Decision
According to psychologist Daniel Kahneman, which of the following characteristics describe System 2 thinking? Deliberate Intuitive Conscious Unconscious Analytical
Deliberate Conscious Analytical
Alli needs to make a quick decision under conditions of high uncertainty. She identified the decision requirements and analyzed the causes of the situation. Which action does she need to take next?
Develop a custom solution that will satisfice for handling the problem
During meetings, Stacy likes to challenge new ideas, even those that she agrees with, in order to make sure that her team has considered every angle. What role is Stacy playing? Silent observer Tireless champion Diplomat Devil's advocate
Devil's advocate
Consulting firm Accenture predicts that by 2035 artificial intelligence will have which economic effect? Economic growth will increase by 2 or 3 percent. Economic growth will fall by half. Economic growth will stay roughly the same. Economic growth will double.
Economic growth will double.
What is the most valuable competitive resource for a manager who needs alternative solutions to a problem? Facilities with open space Employees with ideas Money from investors Customers of competitors
Employees with ideas
What is the third stage of the rational model of decision making? Evaluate alternatives and select a solution. Identify the problem or opportunity. Develop alternative solutions. Implement and evaluate the chosen solution
Evaluate alternatives and select a solution.
What is the third stage of the rational model of decision making? Evaluate alternatives and select a solution. Develop alternative solutions. Implement and evaluate the chosen solution. Identify the problem or opportunity.
Evaluate alternatives and select a solution.
Which is the last step used in managerial decision making?
Evaluation
Genna is collecting data on how well the organization has done since their new strategy was implemented. She is in what stage of the managerial decision making process?
Evaluation and feedback
What are common results of groupthink? Ideas that are too ambitious or unorthodox Infighting and conflict Failure to consider new information Loss of new ideas
Failure to consider new information Loss of new ideas
True or false: Value orientation reflects the extent to which a person is unethical.
False
In his performance evaluation, Deandre heard his supervisor criticize him for settling for satisficing solutions, rather than maximizing solutions. Which action can Deandre take in making future decisions in order to change his supervisor's opinion?
Get some solid criteria for what constitutes a maximizing solution
Which of these are reasons for the increase in ethical violations among business leaders in the 21st century? Globalization allows businesses to operate in regions where ethical risks are greater. The 24/7 news cycle places more scrutiny on unethical behavior. Digital communications are more susceptible to hackers and whistleblowers. It has become customary for business leaders to self-report unethical behavior.
Globalization allows businesses to operate in regions where ethical risks are greater. The 24/7 news cycle places more scrutiny on unethical behavior. Digital communications are more susceptible to hackers and whistleblowers.
In regard to decision making, which of the following statements reflects what research has found? Group decisions are seldom better than individual decisions. Groups make better decisions than most individuals acting alone. Individuals acting alone always make better decisions than groups. Groups tend to be less productive than the best individuals working on any specific project. There has not been any research showing that either individuals acting alone or groups make better-quality decisions.
Groups make better decisions than most individuals acting alone.
Jai is a member of a tight-knit team at work that avoids any kind of disagreement.Team members, therefore, avoid considering new ideas. What behavior is Jai's team exhibiting? Groupthink Goal displacement Overconfidence Burnout
Groupthink
______ are strategies such as "rules of thumb" that simplify decision making. Rationalizations Biases Data mining practices Heuristics
Heuristics
By 2035, artificial intelligence is expected to have what effect on labor productivity? It will slightly improve labor productivity by about 2% to 3%. It will increase labor productivity by as much as 40%. It will have little long-term effect on labor productivity. It will decrease labor productivity by as much as 40%.
It will increase labor productivity by as much as 40%.
What type of bias is Anastasia, a regional manager exhibiting when she continues to support a past decision she has made even if the current circumstances no longer apply to the situation that occurred when that decision was originally made?
Justifying past decisions
Sally-Jo, a long-standing director of marketing, believes that her company should acquire another company, a current competitor. Which outcome indicates that Sally-Jo has successfully built a coalition that supports that decision?
Managers commit to supporting the acquisition
which of these assumptions are made in the rational model of decision making? Managers will always select the course of action that they know will most benefit the organization. Managers will not be limited by time or money constraints when implementing the chosen solution. Managers have complete, error-free information about alternative courses of action and their consequences. Managers are able to make logical decisions without prejudice or emotional blind spots. Managers will be influenced by their own self-interest when choosing among alternative courses of action.
Managers will always select the course of action that they know will most benefit the organization. Managers have complete, error-free information about alternative courses of action and their consequences. Managers are able to make logical decisions without prejudice or emotional blind spots.
Which models are characteristic nonrational models of decision making? Models that describe how managers should make decisions Models that train managers how to make ethical decisions Models that try to predict future behaviors and consequences Models that describe how managers actually make decisions
Models that describe how managers actually make decisions
How does the text suggest prioritizing your decisions? Load up on new facts and information. Keep an open mind. Identify weak spots in your process. Become a good and patient listener. Organize your decisions into three categories.
Organize your decisions into three categories.
Which step is not part of the process of electronic brainstorming?
Participants identify themselves
When Google created its China-based search engine, Google.cn, it did not foresee eventually abandoning it because of censorship issues with the Chinese government. Which kind of bias could have been in effect when Google made its initial decision?
Perpetuating the status quo
Which of these are examples of business analytics? Portfolio analysis Marketing plans Advertising campaigns Groupthink Time-series forecast
Portfolio analysis Time-series forecast
A(n) _____ occurs when the organizational accomplishment is less than established goals.
Problem
_____ decisions are associated with decision rules
Programmed
Evidence-based management attempts to introduce which factor into the decision-making process? Idealism Self-interest Rationality Speed
Rationality
Shirley works in the human resource department at Turtle Shells, Inc. She believes she is seeing an increase in drinking problems among the workforce. She thinks she needs to investigate further. She is at what stage of the managerial decision making process?
Recognition of decision requirement
People with a conceptual decision-making style are likely to do which of the following? Rely on intuition Focus on the facts Take risks Find creative solutions Act autocratically
Rely on intuition Take risks Find creative solutions
Which of the following means that a decision has clear-cut goals and that good information is available, but the future outcomes associated with each alternative are subject to chance?
Risk
Which of the following refers to the willingness to undertake risk with the opportunity to increase one's return?
Risk propensity
What term is used to indicate that a decision maker chose the first solution alternative that satisfied minimal decision criteria?
Satisficing
Successful implementation of major decisions requires which of the following? Sensitivity to those affected by the decision Reliance on the easy way out of the problem Careful planning Ignoring ethical dilemmas
Sensitivity to those affected by the decision Careful planning
Answer Mode Multiple Select QuestionYour Answer incorrect Which of the following are examples of Big Data? Surveillance data Social network communications Web-browsing data trails Data in corporate databases Unrecorded customer interactions
Surveillance data Social network communications Web-browsing data trails Data in corporate databases
Which of these is another term for hindsight bias? The "Easy-come-easy-go" principle The "I-never-would-have-guessed-that" effect The "I-knew-it-all-along" effect The "Any-time-any-day" principle
The "I-knew-it-all-along" effect
Which of these are reasons for the increase in ethical violations among business leaders in the 21st century? The 24/7 news cycle places more scrutiny on unethical behavior. It has become customary for business leaders to self-report unethical behavior. Digital communications are more susceptible to hackers and whistleblowers. Globalization allows businesses to operate in regions where ethical risks are greater
The 24/7 news cycle places more scrutiny on unethical behavior. Digital communications are more susceptible to hackers and whistleblowers. Globalization allows businesses to operate in regions where ethical risks are greater
Riley is a manager at the Tinker Tools. She is expected to make decisions that are in the organization's best economic interests. Her decisions should be based on which of the following models?
The classical model of decision making
Which model of decision making acknowledges that uncertainty and risk make it difficult for managers to make optimal decisions? The nonrational model The rational model The brainstorming model The statistical model
The nonrational model
Which of the following is an accurate description of decision making? The act of implementing a plan that has already been conceived The process of analyzing the underlying causes of a situation The process of identifying and choosing alternative courses of action The procedure of explaining a choice that has been made
The process of identifying and choosing alternative courses of action
Which model of decision making explains how managers should use logic to determine the optimal means of furthering the organization's best interests? The optimal model The limited model The analytical model The rational model
The rational model
When Kendra's manager asked the team to come up with new ideas for attracting people to their trade show booth, Kendra suggested installing a video game in the booth. Which part of the rational decision making process does Kendra's idea exemplify? Implement the solution. Identify the problem. Evaluate alternatives. Think up alternative solutions.
Think up alternative solutions.
_____ means that managers know which goals they wish to achieve, but information about alternatives and future events is incomplete
Uncertainty
In the devil's advocacy technique, the group assigns one person to do which of the following? Make a decision for the entire group. Uncover all possible objections to a plan or idea. Brainstorm a list of new ideas. Forfeit his or her vote to ensure unanimity
Uncover all possible objections to a plan or idea.
Decision-making styles vary along which two dimensions? Risk multiplication Defensive avoidance Value orientation Tolerance for ambiguity
Value orientation Tolerance for ambiguity
Satisficing is the tendency of people to see events based on what has happened in the past. people to view events as being more predictable than they really are. decision makers to be influenced by the way a situation or problem is presented to them. a group to settle on a decision that is "good enough." group members to agree for the sake of unanimity and thus avoid accurately assessing the decision situation.
a group to settle on a decision that is "good enough."
Bierderlack has a policy that states that more than three absences in a six-month period shall result in a suspension. Colleen, the manager, has just decided to suspend one of her shift employees for violating this policy. This is an example of:
a programmed decision
The _____ model of decision making describes how managers actually make decisions in difficult situations, such as those characterized by nonprogrammed decision, uncertainty, and ambiguity.
administrative
In the _____, managers invest time in reviewing the results of decisions and learn from them.
after-action review
_____ means that the goals to be achieved or the problem to be solved is unclear, alternatives are difficult to define, and information about outcomes is unavailable
ambiguity
Managers are considered to have a(n) _____ style when they prefer to consider complex solutions based on as much data as they can gather.
analytical
An online retailer uses complex data-mining software to evaluate the preferences and buying habits of its customers and makes decisions based on these findings. This is an example of the use of ______ in the decision-making process. ethics satisficing analytics intuition
analytics
A consensus is reached when all members are able to express their opinions ______. and vote on a final decision but are unable to make a final decision and reach agreement to support the final decision and decide on a date to make a final decision
and reach agreement to support the final decision
In the ______ bias, managers use information readily available from memory to make judgments. alternative availability confirmation sunk-cost
availability
Readily available information may not present a complete picture of a situation due to the representativeness effect. anchoring and adjustment bias. information bias. availability bias. confirmation bias.
availability bias.
Managers with a(n) _____ style may make decisions that help others achieve their goals.
behavioral
People with a(n) _____ style usually are concerned with the personal development of others and may make decisions that help others achieve their goals.
behavioral
Rather than holding formal meetings in the board room, Kevin prefers meeting with his group over lunch at a restaurant. He feels that his group opens up more during these lunches and opinions are openly exchanged. Which style of decision making does Kevin use? analytical conceptual behavioral directive
behavioral
The _____ style is often the style adopted by managers having a deep concern for others as individuals.
behavioral
Finance managers at Big Bend Inc. made a financial blunder when they solely looked at the previous year's sales to estimate sales for the coming year. Of which management bias is this an example?
being influenced by initial impressions
Melissa is a manager at InStylez Clothing. Her job is very complex and she feels that she does not have enough time to identify and/or process all the information she needs to make decisions. Melissa's situation is most consistent with which of the following concepts?
bounded rationality
As a top manager, Joanna works with others within her team every day in making important corporate decisions. Her preferred decision-making approach is to generate as many alternatives to problems as possible in a short amount of time. This approach is referred to as:
brainstorming
Michelle met with her five employees around a table and asked each of them to take five minutes to write down what they personally thought their new facility should include. She then collected the information and wrote it on the white board for all of them to view and decide upon. Michelle is using the _____ technique. executive-decision brainstorming Delphi
brainstorming
Which of the following defines a technique that uses a face-to-face group to spontaneously suggest a broad range of alternatives for decision making?
brainstorming
Associated with the condition of _____ is the lowest possibility of failure.
certainty
_____ means that all the information the decision-maker needs is fully available
certainty
People with a(n) _____ style rely on information from both people and systems and like to solve problems creatively.
conceptual
Nora is a small-business owner who loves to take risks. She also enjoys going out and meeting customers and potential clients—the social aspect of her job. Nora relies on intuition and discussions with others to acquire information. As an interior decorator, Nora utilizes her imaginative strengths, taking a broad perspective to problem solving, and she likes to consider many options and future possibilities. Nora's decision-making style is best described as conceptual. directive. ambiguous. analytical. behavioral.
conceptual.
Don't tell me the truth; just tell me what I want to hear" is an example of the _______ bias. availability confirmation representative sunk-cost
confirmation
The _____ bias occurs when people seek data to support their point of view and disregard information that does not support it. sunk-cost confirmation anchoring representativeness
confirmation
When people seek information to support their point of view and discount data that do not, they are subject to ______ bias. For example, Rick uses the fact that his commute is now shorter to confirm his belief that there are fewer cars on the road. However, Rick is not accounting for the fact that he recently took over the graveyard shift, and that traffic is always lighter at night and in the wee hours of the morning. confirmation blind framing representativeness overconfidence
confirmation
A _____ is a choice made from available alternatives. decision feasibility rationale consensus
decision
A(n) _____ is a choice made from available alternatives.
decision
A graph of decisions and their possible consequences used to create a plan is known as a(n) ______. decision tree rational model business analytic incremental model
decision tree
A person's ________ reflects the combination of how he or she perceives and responds to information. Big Data perception time orientation ambiguity index location on the introvert/extrovert scale decision-making style
decision-making style
A person's ________ reflects the combination of how he or she perceives and responds to information. decision-making style Big Data perception ambiguity index time orientation location on the introvert/extrovert scale
decision-making style
Differences among people with respect to how they perceive problems and make decisions is called _____.
decision-style
Examples of nonprogrammed decisions would include the decision to
develop a new product or service
The step in the decision making process in which managers analyze the underlying causal factors associated with the situation is called _____.
diagnosis
Jackson likes to hear the facts of a situation and make a quick decision based on these facts. His employees say he likes to focus on the here and now and doesn't consider future repercussions of his decisions. What type of decision-making style does Jackson use? behavioral analytical directive conceptual
directive
Managers who use a(n) _____ style are efficient and rational and prefer to rely on existing rules or procedures for making decisions.
directive
People with the ______ style of decision making are action-oriented and like to focus on facts. They also tend to be autocratic-type managers. analytical behavioral conceptual directive
directive
Which style is used by people who prefer simple, clear-cut solutions to problems?
directive
Evan has a Bachelor's degree in ethics and human resources, and he has extensive experience working with employees and managers regarding ethics, especially in the area of ethical dilemmas. In his current position he has assisted extensively in determining if the company's decisions are both ethical and lawful. Which position in the company does Evan's background make him ideally suited for? decision tree manager values specialist ethical dilemma watchdog board of directors position ethics officer
ethics officer
_____ decision making involves a commitment to making more informed and intelligent decisions based on the best available facts and evidence.
evidence-based
True or false: Overconfidence bias is the tendency of decision makers to be influenced by the way a situation or problem is presented to them.
false
_____ is important because decision making is a continuous, never ending process
feedback
All the following are characteristics of group decision-making EXCEPT _____. they may be too confident their size affects their decision quality their knowledge counts groups make decisions quickly
groups make decisions quickly
Henry, Bekah, and Marcella are on the five-member Benefits Task Force that is researching options for the new benefits package. Over lunch, Henry suggests that going with the Members' Choice HMO is the best course of action, and Bekah and Marcella agree with Henry for the sake of unanimity, without ever researching and accurately assessing the decision. Henry, Bekah, and Marcella are engaged in groupthink. goal displacement. group marketing. heuristics. the Delphi technique
groupthink.
With regard to decision making, it is accurate to say that groups take less time to make decisions, and the larger the group, lower the quality of the decision. take less time to make decisions, and their decision-making accuracy is higher. that are larger make higher-quality decisions. take less time to make decisions, and are more confident about their choices than individuals are. have higher decision-making accuracy when group members know a good deal about the relevant issues.
have higher decision-making accuracy when group members know a good deal about the relevant issues.
ExplanationItem 7Item 7 1 of 1 points awarded Item Scored Micah was talking with Aaron, his assistant manager, saying, "When I make a decision on which employees will do a project, I use three simple factors. I consider their attitude, knowledge, and how hard they work." Micah uses ________ when making a decision. thought steps heuristics decision steps the domino effect planning model
heuristics
The tendency of people to view events as being more predictable than they really are is referred to as
hindsight bias
A person's decision-making style is a combination of how a person perceives something as well as _____. the time it takes to reach a perception how they respond to it when they verbalize it a reflection of how others feel
how they respond to it
The first stage in the rational decision-making process involves _____. coming up with possible solutions implementing the solution evaluating alternative solutions identifying the problem
identifying the problem
In the fourth stage of rational decision making, managers will _____. evaluate the alternatives and select a solution identify the problem or opportunity implement and evaluate the chosen solution develop alternative solutions to the problem or opportunity
implement and evaluate the chosen solution
Rosie, the sales manager for a software development firm, is working on the problem of increasing sales by using the rational model of decision making. In the first step she identified the problem of her employees needing more training. In the second step she thought of alternative solutions; and in the third step she evaluated alternatives and selected a solution. Rosie needs to _____ in the fourth and final step. select a contingency plan implement and evaluate the training program chosen do more research to look at types of training determine how costly the solution will be set up a diversity and synergy training plan to increase the chances of success
implement and evaluate the training program chosen
The _____ stage involves the use of managerial, administrative, and persuasive abilities to ensure that the chosen alternative is carried out.
implementation
The _____ step in the decision making process involves using managerial, administrative, and persuasive abilities to translate the chosen alternative into action.
implementation
The recognition of the decision requirement step in the managerial decision making process requires managers to:
integrate information in novel ways.
Which of the following is an advantage of group decision making? intellectual stimulation groupthink satisficing goal displacement
intellectual stimulation
Which of the following is not a hindrance to perfectly rational decision making? managers' different values complexity information overload conflicting goals intuition
intuition
According to psychologist Daniel Kahneman, System 1 thinking is _____. nonrational and conscious intuitive and largely unconscious analytical and conscious rational and subconscious
intuitive and largely unconscious
Bagley's decision tree is specifically designed for use when _____. forecasting sales figures developing production schedules coordinating employee schedules making ethical choices
making ethical choices
What type of management decision was involved when Toyota Motor Co. announced a recall of millions of units of its cars because of a faulty accelerator pedal problem?
nonprogrammed
_____ decisions are made in response to situations that are unique, are poorly defined and largely unstructured, and have important consequences for the organization.
nonprogrammed
Evidence-based decision relies on ______. personal beliefs about what should work a leader's authority to make a final choice observations about what actually works polls to determine the most popular approach
observations about what actually works
_____ exists when managers see potential of enhancing performance beyond current levels
opportunity
You fall prey to the overconfidence bias when you ______ your knowledge or expertise in a decision situation. ignore underestimate overestimate accurately estimate
overestimate
When managers base decisions on what has worked in the past and fail to explore new options, they are:
perpetuating the status quo
All of the following are assumptions of the classical model of decision making except:
pluralistic, conflicting goals are known.
The _____ model closely resembles the real environment in which most managers and decision-makers operate.
political
The rational model of decision-making is considered _____ in that it describes how managers should make decisions, rather than how they actually make them. predictive unethical unconventional prescriptive
prescriptive
What type of decision refers to a specific situation that occurs frequently within an organization and the organization has a set of specific decision rules to apply whenever it occurs?
programmed
DeAngelo did solid research before founding a food-tour company in a coastal community. He used information gained by his competitive analysis of another beachfront food-tour organization, in business for over 30 years. Which type of decisions is he basing his entrepreneurial activities upon?
programmed decisions
Scott and his partner, Greg, have decided to update their computer network, although they have no expertise in this area. During a meeting with Greg, Scott commented that "Our decision is limited by numerous constraints, such as our understanding of the complexity of technology, time and money, imperfect information, and our conflicting goals." These limitations are hindrances to rational decision making. MBO. satisficing. intuitive decision making. nonrational decisions.
rational decision making
Nicholas, a longtime hotel manager for Wyndham, was meeting with Sophie, a regional manager, and telling her about his recent decision not to fire a front desk employee about whom several guests had complained. Nicholas discussed the four stages of the decision process. He said, "I first identified the problem, and then I gathered alternative solutions. I evaluated each choice and selected a solution. I then implemented my decision to not fire the employee but instead to provide him with additional training. Finally, I followed up with an evaluation of the solution I'd chosen." Nicholas is using the ______ process. interpersonal-decision agenda solutions agenda employee relations model focused decision-making model rational decision-making model
rational decision-making model
Even though not everyone in the meeting agreed with the final decision, the group decided to proceed and replace all existing machine parts in the warehouse. In this situation, the group had _____. reached a consensus met a benchmark brainstormed successfully voted unanimously
reached a consensus
Programmed decisions are made in response to _____ organizational problems.
recurring
Wes, the store manager, recently had to fire Andrea, an employee who graduated from Southern College. He felt that Andrea was not well trained at her school. So, when Zeke, also a graduate from Southern College, applied for Andrea's old position, he did not want to consider hiring him, feeling Zeke also probably did not receive the proper training. Wes was affected by _____ bias. confirmation training representativeness blind adjustment
representativeness
A manager that hires all applicants that have graduated from a certain college because a particularly good employee came from that same college is an example of _____. escalation of commitment bias anchoring and adjustment bias confirmation bias representativeness bias
representativeness bias
Under conditions of _____, statistical analyses are useful.
risk
_____ is the willingness to undertake risk with the opportunity of gaining an increased payoff.
risk propensity
Gloria, the controller of Luna Pizza, is purchasing several new delivery vehicles. Gloria has numerous work responsibilities, so she has limited time to shop for cars. Because of the time constraints, she cannot make an extensive search for the best alternative, so she looks for cars until she finds a model that is satisfactory. Gloria is following the ________ model. satisficing limited scope dilemma limited focus
satisficing
______ means that decision-makers choose the first solution alternative that satisfies minimal decision criteria.
satisficing
All of the following are cognitive biases that can affect manager's judgment, except:
seeing what you don't want to see
All of the following are cognitive biases that can affect manager's judgment except:
seeing what you don't want to see.
Once the desired alternative is developed, it should be _____.
selected
Heuristics are strategies that ______ the process of making decisions. complicate categorize initiate simplify
simplify
Pablo and his managers spent a large sum of money on the new training program, and they feel that there has been little improvement as a result of the investment. The training is scheduled to continue for two more months, and Pablo feels that the company has already spent too much money on the training to simply abandon it. Pablo is experiencing a training trap. a catch-22 effect. sunk-cost bias. blind bias. confirmation bias.
sunk-cost bias.
All of the following are advantages to group decision making EXCEPT _____. different perspectives greater pool of knowledge deeper commitment to the decision superiors can dominate or intimidate the group
superiors can dominate or intimidate the group
What are three characteristics that affect decision making by a group? the size of the group the knowledge of group members the gender differences present in the group the efficiency of the group the fact that groups tend to make bad decisions
the size of the group the knowledge of group members the efficiency of the group
Bobby, a product manager, wants to increase the market share of his product. He is unsure about how to go about it, not knowing for sure how costs, price, the competition, and the quality of his product will interact to influence market share. Bobby is operating under a condition of:
uncertainty
Kendall is frustrated with her co-worker Jill. She feels that Jill doesn't care that their manager seems to be showing favoritism toward the two other members of their team. Jill just focuses on the work she is supposed to do, which demonstrates her _____. value orientation benchmarking SWOT analysis people concerns
value orientation