MANA 4330 EXAM 4

Matrix Model (Hackman)

1. execution of the task 2. managing work process 3. designing the team within organizational context 4. determining team's overall mission and objectives

Who is Norman Triplett?

1898; studied people's reactions to other people. inspiration: bicycle races drafting: riders are faster when biking with others bc the lead cyclist creates a partial vacuum that pulls followers along while also breaking down wind resistance. "dynamogenic factors"

Nominal Groups

A collection of individuals that meets only the most minimal of requirements to be considered a group and so is a group in name only; in studies of performance, a control or baseline group created by having individuals work alone and then pooling their products

Delphi Technique

A group performance method that involves repeated assessment of members' opinions via surveys and questionnaires as opposed to face-to-face meetings

Nominal Group Technique (NGT)

A group performance method wherein a face-to-face group session is prefaced by a nominal-group phase during which individuals work alone to generate ideas

Boundary Spanners

A group role that involves establishing relationships with individuals, groups, or organizations beyond one's group

Production Blocking

A loss of productivity that occurs when group and procedural factors obstruct the group's progress toward its goals, particularly when individuals in a brainstorming session are delayed in stating their ideas until they can gain the floor and when group members are distracted by others' ideas and so generate fewer of their own

Brainstorming

A method for enhancing creativity in groups that calls for heightened expressiveness, postponed evaluation, quantity rather than quality, and deliberate attempts to build on earlier ideas

Task Demands

A problem or task's features, including its divisibility and difficulty, that influence the procedures the group can use to complete the task

Intellective Task

A project, problem, or other type of task with results that can be evaluated objectively using some normative criterion, such as a mathematics problem with a known solution or the spelling of a word

Judgmental Task

A project, problem, or other type of task with results that cannot be evaluated objectively because there are no clear criteria to judge them against

Process Loss

A reduction in performance effectiveness or efficiency caused by actions, operations, or dynamics that prevent the group from reaching its full potential, including reduced effort, faulty group processes, coordination problems, and ineffective leadership

Discretionary Task

A relatively unstructured task that can be completed by using a variety of social-combination procedures, thus leaving the methods used in its completion to the discretion of the group or group leader

Psychological Safety

A shared belief that the group or team will support and affirm members who take risks, make mistakes, express concerns, and raise issues

Additive Task

A task or project that a group can complete by cumulatively combining individual members' inputs

Compensatory Task

A task or project that a group can complete by literally averaging together (mathematically combining) individual members' solutions or recommendations

Maximizing Task

A task or project that calls for a high rate of production (quantity)

Optimizing Task

A task or project that has a best solution and outcome, thus the quality of the group's performance can be judged by comparing the product to a quality-defining standard (quality)

Disjunctive Task

A task or project that is completed when a single solution, decision, or recommendation is adopted by the group

Divisible Task

A task that can be broken down into subcomponents that can then be assigned to individuals or to subgroups within the group

Conjunctive Task

A task that can be completed successfully only if all group members contribute

Unitary Task

A task that cannot be divided because it does not break down into any subcomponents

Real Teams Model

A theoretical analysis of teams that identifies the key factors that distinguish effective ("real") teams from other collective enterprises, including a compelling direction, an enabling structure, a supportive context, and effective leadership (developed by J. Richard Hackman)

Collective Effort Model (CEM)

A theoretical explanation of group productivity that traces losses of productivity in groups to diminished expectations about successful goal attainment and the diminished value of group goals (developed by Steven Karau and Kipling Williams)

Organizational Trust Model

A theory of trust in groups and organizational settings that assumes people's trust in others is based on perceptions of ability, benevolence, and integrity

KSA

Acronym for knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics that are needed to complete a job or task successfully

Self-presentation Theory

An analysis of performance gains in groups assuming that social facilitation is caused by individuals striving to make a good impression when they work in the presence of others

Distraction-conflict Theory

An analysis of performance gains in groups assuming that when others are present, attention is divided between the other people and the task; this attentional conflict increases motivation, and it facilitates performance on simple, well-learned tasks

Social Facilitation

An improvement in task performance that occurs when people work in the presence of other people

Kohler Effect

An increase in performance by groups working on conjunctive tasks that require persistence but little coordination of effort and is likely due to the increased effort expended by the less capable members (stronger in women than men)

Brainwriting

Brainstorming sessions that involve generating new ideas in writing rather than orally, usually by asking members to add their own ideas to a circulating list

Free Riding

Contributing less to a collective task when one believes that other group members will compensate for this lack of effort

Team Training

Empirically supported instructional methods used to teach individuals and teams the cognitive, behavioral, and affective skills required for effective team performance

Electronic Brainstorming (EBS)

Generating ideas and solving problems using computer-based communication methods such as online discussions rather than face-to-face sessions

Faultlines

Hypothetical divisions that separate the members of a heterogeneous group into smaller, more homogeneous subgroups

Transactive Memory Systems

Information to be remembered is distributed to various members of the group who can then be relied upon to provide that information when it is needed

Shared Mental Mode

Knowledge, expectations, conceptualizations, and other cognitive representations that members of a group have in common pertaining to the group and its members, tasks, procedures, and resources

According to social orientation theory, which of the following people will experience social interference effects when asked to perform a difficult task in front of a group?

Monique, who is anxious

Multiteam Systems

Networks of interrelated teams united by common purposes

Crowdsourcing

Obtaining information, estimates, ideas, and services from a large number of individuals, often using Internet-based technologies

What is Steiner's law of group productivity?

Potential Productivity - Process Loss = Actual Productivity (PP - PL = AP)

Synergy

Producing an outcome as a group that is superior to the results that could have been achieved by a simple aggregation or accumulation of group members' individual efforts; a gain in performance caused by performance-enhancing group processes (assembly bonus effect)

Cross-Functional team

Project groups composed of people with differing types of functional expertise, often drawn from various levels, divisions, or segments of an organization

Which of the following people is most likely to experience social facilitation while performing a task in front of an audience?

Sam, an optimistic person performing a task needing dominant responses

Interpersonal Trust

The confidence or certainty that other individuals will do what they are supposed to do even in the absence of social surveillance or pressure

Romance of Teams

The intuitive appeal of teams as effective means of improving performance in business and organizational settings, despite the lack of definitive evidence supporting their utility

Teamwork

The process by which members of the team combine their knowledge, skills, abilities, and other resources, through a coordinated series of actions, to produce an outcome

Social Loafing

The reduction of individual effort exerted when people work in groups compared to when they work alone

Social Compensation

The tendency for group members to expend greater effort on important collective tasks to offset the anticipated insufficiencies in the efforts and abilities of their comembers

Social Matching Effect

The tendency for individuals in brainstorming groups to match the level of productivity displayed by others in the group

Illusion of group productivity

The tendency for members to believe that their group is performing effectively

Sucker Effect

The tendency for members to contribute less to a group endeavor when they expect that others will think negatively of anyone who works too hard or contributes too much

Electronic Performance Monitoring (EPM)

The use of information technologies, such as computer networks, to track, analyze, and report information about workers' performance

When is a project team formed?

When groups and organizations encounter problems, issues, or challenges that are out of the ordinary in some way

An all-female team likely perform better than an all-male team on which of the following tasks?

a fundraising committee

Max Ringelmann (1913)

agricultural engineer, one of the first researchers to study group productivity

Drive Theory

an analysis of human motivation that stresses the impact of psychological or physiological needs or desires on individuals' thoughts, feelings, and actions; also an explanation of social facilitation that maintains that the presence of others evokes a generalized drive state characterized by increased readiness and arousal (Zajonc)

Evaluative Apprehension Theory

an analysis of performance gains in groups arguing that individuals working in the presence of others experience a general concern for how these others are evaluating them and that this apprehension facilitates their performance on simple, well-learned tasks

After Estelle finished entering her data into the spreadsheet, she checked to see how her other teammates were progressing in hopes they could leave the office together. Ahmad was still tallying donations, so Estelle offered to read the numbers from the receipts aloud so that he could enter the data more quickly. What did Estelle engage in?

back up behavior

Nondominant Behavior

behaviors less likely to be performed (Zajonc)

Dominant Behavior

behaviors more likely to be performed (Zajonc)

A person in an organization who builds relationships with individuals, groups, or divisions beyond their own group is known as a(n) ________

boundary spanner

Which technique for combining individual and group processes to come up with ideas involves each person writing suggestions on a piece of paper and passing it to the next person to add their ideas?

brainwriting

Monitoring Progress

check their own actions as well as those performed by others

Parallel Teams

composed of members from various jobs who provide recommendations to managers about important issues that run "parallel" to the organization's production process

Caleb is putting together a self-managing team of employees to plan and produce a year-end holiday party for the company. What personality trait should Caleb emphasize when choosing employees for the team?

conscientiousness

Self-Governing Teams

decide what is to be done, structure the team and its context, manage their own performance, and actually carry out the work

As a team interacts and becomes cohesive, the members will ______

develop a trust in each other

Zajonc's research indicated that the process of social facilitation depends on the _________ of the task being performed.

difficulty

During class, an instructor asked students to work in groups to solve a difficult math problem. Each group could huddle together to work on the problem before offering their solution to the instructor. What type of task was presented to the student groups?

disjunctive

The practice of separate teams of programmers developing blocks of code for specific functions of a complex software product is an example of a(n) ________.

divisible task

Self-designing Teams

enjoy more discretion in terms of control over their team's structure, for they have the authority to change the team itself

Self-managing Teams

executing the task and managing the team's work

Which of the following is a possible risk in a very diverse team?

faultlines

Margaret is going to demonstrate how to cook her famous spinach lasagna to a community group for the first time. According to Cottrell's theory, which of the following factors will cause Margaret to focus and create a beautiful and tasty dish?

fear of evaluation

Team

group that pursues performance goals through interdependent interaction

Input-Mediator-Output-Input Model

indicate the diversity of elements in the process stage and the fact that the outputs feedback to become inputs

Systems Monitoring

keeping track of the resources the team needs

Social Brain

mechanisms that sustain and promote our capacity to perceive and understand other people, and respond to them appropriately

Manager-led Team

members provide a service or generate a product, but that is their sole responsibility

When a team begins work on a project, each member brings a ________, or their own knowledge and ideas about the task.

mental model

External Leader (manager)

monitors the work, designs the team, and sets the team's direction

Which technique involves members discussing ideas, ranking the ideas, and averaging members' rankings of each idea?

nominal group technique

As the employees worked to meet the factory's weekly production quotas, a group of consultants observed and documented all their activities and processes. Later, the consultants presented recommendations to redesign the shop floor, modify workstations, and write new procedures to enhance productivity and safety. Which term best reflects the consultant group?

parallel team

Coaction

people working in the presence of other people, but not necessarily interacting with one another (test in classroom, riding bicycles)

According to Steiner's model, which of the following items measures the impact of interpersonal conflicts on a group's productivity

process loss

The Ringelmann effect addresses the ___________ of the group

product efficiency

During a brainstorming session for the new company slogan, Lionel had a brilliant idea. But while Sachi explained the details of her idea, Lionel's flash of brilliance disappeared. He couldn't remember what his idea was. What did Lionel experience in this group session?

production blocking

Which guideline should NOT be provided to a group that is tasked with brainstorming?

rate ideas as they come up

Felicia thought that forming a team would be the quickest way to take an inventory of the company's assets, but the members spent so much time debating and developing unnecessary processes that the project took three times longer than if Felicia had just done it herself. Felicia had succumbed to the ________ of teams

romance

In which of the following team activities is social loafing most likely to occur

rope tug-of-war

It was clear that Dana and Raheem were barely contributing to the proposal development project, but due to the tight deadline, the other members of the team decided to put in a couple late nights to produce what they hoped would be a winning proposal. Which term describes the team member's late-night efforts?

social compensation

George noticed that some of the top salespeople on his team were spending more time checking their phones than contributing to the group's development of a new strategic plan. He decided that if his peers weren't going to make a concerted effort on the project, then he wasn't either. George put down his notepad and started tapping on his phone. Which concept best describes George's action?

sucker effect

Social Orientation Theory

suggests that people differ in their overall orientation toward social situations, and these individual differences in social orientation predict who will show facilitation in the presence of others and who will show impairment

Hackman's 3 key factors when evaluating the success of a team

task performance, adaptive growth of team, individual development of the members

Multilevel input-process-output Model

team performance that assumes interpersonal team processes mediate the relationship between input factors and outputs

Ringelmann Effect

tendency for groups to become less productive as group size increases; this loss of efficiency increases as group size increases, but at a gradually decreasing rate

Nina didn't want her team members to think she was a slacker, so she put in extra effort to elevate her work to the standards of her high-performing colleagues. She even worked on weekends, although she had been known for being a strict 9 to 5 employee. What is Nina demonstrating?

the kohler effect

Compresence

the state of responding in the presence others (Zajonc)

Team Monitoring and Backup Behavior

when one member of the team delivers assistance to another member simply because that team member needs help