Management 301 Chapter 12

The culture of a nation is the sole factor that influences the degree and type of work centrality within a country. True False

False

The desire for absence of pain is a physiological need according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs. True False

False

The expectancy theory focuses on how motivation is affected by people's perception of how fairly they are being treated. True False

False

The value of goal-setting theory remains intact across cultures. True False

False

The drive to satisfy safety needs is greater than the drive to satisfy any other type of need. True False

Fasle

Work centrality is the ratio of time a person spends carrying out the core duties of his job to the amount of time he spends on executing non-essential duties related to the job. True False

True

Which of the following statements is true regarding the goal-setting theory? Most of the research on it has been conducted outside the United States. It postulates that motivation is largely influenced by a multiplicative combination of a person's belief. It focuses on how an individual's perception of how fairly he is being treated affects his job performance. Unlike many theories of motivation, it has been continually refined and developed.

Unlike many theories of motivation, it has been continually refined and developed

Nevis suggested that a Chinese hierarchy of needs would have four levels, which from lowest to highest would be: safety, physiological, esteem, and belonging. social, esteem, physiological, and safety. self-actualization in the service of society, safety, social, and esteem. belonging, physiological, safety, and self-actualization in the service of society

belonging, physiological, safety, and self-actualization in the service of society

Work-motivation theories can be broken down into two general categories, which are: implicit and explicit. method and outcome. internal and external. content and process.

content and process

Work motivation in terms of what arouses, energizes, or initiates employee behavior are explained by: extrinsic theories. content theories. process theories. intrinsic theories.

content theories

Most research in international human resource management has been ________. context-oriented process-oriented content-oriented procedure-oriented

content-oriented

Use of ________ to motivate employees is very common in countries with high individualism. participative techniques financial incentives job security fringe benefits

financial incentives

"Balance in synergy" would require a moving away from all of the following except: holistic and idealistic thinking. avoidance of risk taking. emphasis on control. individualistic thinking.

holistic and idealistic thinking

In work motivation, factors controlled by the organization, such as conditions, hours, earnings, security, benefits, and promotions are referred to as ________. job-inducement factors job-context factors job-content factors job-process factors

job-context factors

The three basic elements in the process of motivation are: needs, abilities, and desires. needs, drives, and goal attainment. desires, drives, and accomplishments. perceptions, attitudes, and goal attainment.

needs, drives, and goal attainment

A number of research efforts have been undertaken to replicate the two-factor theory, and in the main, they ________. cast doubt on Herzberg's findings prove Herzberg's findings to be utterly worthless support Herzberg's findings are unable to either refute or support Herzberg's findings

support Herzberg's findings

The factors Welsh, Luthans, and Sommer observed among the Russian workforce that seemed to increase worker performance are: value of extrinsic reward and participative techniques. participative techniques and behavioral management. value of extrinsic reward and behavioral management. value of intrinsic reward and participative techniques.

value of extrinsic reward and participative techniques

________ theory holds that individuals can have a need to get ahead, to attain success, and to reach objectives. Achievement motivation Quality of life Hierarchy of needs Two-factor

Achievement motivation

________ designs are job designs that blend personnel and technology. Socioholistic Sociotechnical Socioengineering Sociocultural

Sociotechnical

In the Haire group's study on Maslow's need hierarchy, esteem needs were divided into two groups: esteem and ________. power autonomy stability safety

autonomy

Researchers have suggested that Maslow's theory needs a(n) ________. social individualist perspective capitalist perspective collectivist perspective individualist perspective

collectivist perspective

The needs for power and status are included in: social needs. safety needs. physiological needs. esteem needs.

esteem needs

Researchers like Hofstede recommend that multinational companies (MNCs) should focus on giving ________ to their lower-level personnel in different countries. honest feedback challenging tasks autonomous roles physical rewards

physical rewards

Based on survey results, the top-ranking goal for professional technical personnel from various countries is ________. autonomy personal time friendly department training

training

According to survey results, which of the following is the least important goal for professional technical personnel from various countries? An efficient department Security A successful company Benefits

A successful company

A criticism of Herzberg's theory is that it: is not simple enough for laymen to understand. does not hold true for managerial jobs. lacks validity across occupational levels. classifies money as a hygiene factor.

Classifies money as a hygiene factor

Abraham Maslow postulated that everyone has six basic needs. True False

False

Content-oriented theories tend to focus on individual behavior in specific settings and are more sophisticated than process theories. True False

False

Which of the following is a true statement of the quality of work life (QWL) in Japan? The Japanese do not rate money as an important motivator. Japanese workers are always given a say in what goes on in the organization. In Japan, there is strong uncertainty avoidance. The feminity index for Japan is high.

In Japan, there is strong uncertainty avoidance

________ consists of a job's content, the methods that are used on the job, and the way in which the job relates to others in the organization. Job structure Job design Task portfolio Job composition

Job design

As discovered by researchers, high-achievement needs can be developed in people by teaching them how to: patiently wait for feedback. daydream in positive terms. become team players. become high risk takers.

daydream in positive terms

In China, ________ is an important need and ________ is a goal. group affiliation; harmony group affiliation; professional achievement professional achievement; individual success individual success; harmony

group affiliation; harmony

Which of the following hygiene factors was regarded as a source of satisfaction rather than dissatisfaction in a study that tested the Herzberg theory in an Israeli kibbutz? salary technical supervision working conditions interpersonal relations

interpersonal relations

In work motivation, factors internally controlled, such as responsibility, achievement, and the work itself, are referred to as ________. job-inducement factors job-content factors job-context factors job-process factors

job-content factors

A basic assumption of Maslow's theory is that: lower-level needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs become motivators. there are more ways to satisfy lower-level needs than there are ways to satisfy higher-level needs. a need that has been satisfied can continue to serve as a motivator. higher-level needs must be satisfied before lower-level needs become motivators.

lower-level needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs become motivators

The needs to interact and affiliate with others are included in: social needs. esteem needs. physiological needs. safety needs.

social needs

Which of the following is a content theory of work motivation? The expectancy theory The goal-setting theory The hierarchy-of-needs theory The equity theory

the hierarchy-of-needs theory

According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, which of the following conditions is necessary for employee satisfaction? The presence of motivators The presence of hygiene factors The absence of motivators The absence of hygiene factors

the presence of motivators

One of the generally agreed-on starting assumptions about work motivation in the international arena is that the motivation process is: indefinable. reversible. universal. cyclical.

universal

The importance of work in an individual's life relative to other areas of interest is referred to as: work salience. work centrality. work prominence. work objectivity.

work centrality

According to a study on work motivation conducted in Zambia, which of the following is a factor that adds to work motivation? Work nature Effort recognition Appropriate rewards Supplemental training

work nature

Content-oriented theories examine motivation in more general terms and are more useful in creating a composite picture of employee motivation in ________. a particular country or region Western-leaning nations universal terms Eastern-leaning nations

a particular country or region

The achievement motivation theory holds that the need for achievement is innate. True False

False

Which of the following factors would be classified as a motivator as per Herzberg's two-factor theory of motivation? Interpersonal relations Career advancement Working conditions Company policies

Career advancement

Which of the following theories states that the belief held by people that they are not being treated fairly has a negative effect on their job performance? Expectancy theory Equity theory Motivation theory Goal-setting theory

Equity theory

In general, although the process for motivation varies across cultures, the content remains the same from one culture to another. True False

False

In the two-factor theory of motivation, the factors known as motivators relate mainly to Maslow's lower-level needs. True False

False

One of the characteristics of high achievers identified by researchers is their tendency to be team players. True False

False

Which researcher concluded that "the Herzberg model appears to have validity across occupational levels"? George Hines Hofstede Maslow David McClelland

George Hines

Which of the following is a quality of high achievers identified by researchers? High achievers always understate their victories and achievements. High achievers want concrete feedback on their performance. High achievers tend to be high risk takers. High achievers tend to form warm, close relationships with their co-workers.

High achievers want concrete feedback on their performance

Which of the following is a reason why workers in America and Japan work long hours? Economic stagnation Low employee turnover High cost of living Globalized national cultures

High cost of living

________ is a psychological process through which unsatisfied wants or needs lead to drives that are aimed at goals or incentives. Assurance Ability Inducement Motivation

Motivatoin

Which of the following needs is correctly matched with its descriptions? Physiological needs consist of the needs for food, clothing, shelter, and other basic, physical needs. Safety needs consist of the needs for power and status. Social needs are the desires to reach one's full potential by becoming everything one is capable of becoming. Self-actualization needs are the desires for security, stability, and the absence of pain.

Physiological needs consist of the needs for food, clothing, shelter, and other basic, physical needs

Which of the following needs is correctly matched with its description? Self-actualization needs-the needs for power and status Esteem needs-the needs for food, clothing, shelter, and other basic physical needs Physiological needs-the needs to interact and affiliate with others and the need to feel wanted by others Safety needs-the desires for security, stability, and the absence of pain

Safety needs-the desires for security, stability, and the absence of pain

Firms in countries where individualism is low often feel that merit-based reward systems are too disruptive of their corporate culture and traditional values. True False

True

Geert Hofstede found that job categories are a more effective way of examining motivation than need-satisfaction profiles. True False

True

In the context of work motivation, the factors that are controlled by an organization relate more to Maslow's lower-level needs. True False

True

In the two-factor motivation theory, job-context variables such as salary, interpersonal relations, technical supervision, work conditions, and company policies and administration are referred to as hygiene factors. True False

True

MNCs would be wise to apply motivation-hygiene theory on a(n) ________ basis. continent-by-continent or a geographical country-by-country or a regional unconditional and universal universal and global

True

Process theories of work motivation explain how employee behavior is initiated, redirected, and halted. True False

True

Recent research reports that European Union (EU) workers see a strong relationship between how well they do their jobs and the ability to get what they want out of life. True False

True

Research generally shows that people throughout the world have needs that are similar to those described in Maslow's need hierarchy. True False

True

MNCs would be wise to apply motivation-hygiene theory on a(n) ________ basis. country-by-country or a regional universal and global unconditional and universal continent-by-continent or a geographical

country-by-country or a regional

A worker's quality of work life (QWL) is directly related to his or her country's: culture. geographic location. governmental structure. predominant religious beliefs.

culture

Expectancy theory postulates all of the following except that: performance will lead to specific outcomes. employees are controlled by their external environment. outcomes will be of value to the individual. effort will lead to performance.

employees are controlled by their external environment

Hofstede's research shows that ________ needs rank highest for professionals and managers. esteem and self-actualization social and physiological social and esteem safety and social

esteem and self-actualization

The two-factor theory of motivation holds that two sets of factors influence job satisfaction. These are ________. recognition and rewards inducement and subsistence hygiene factors and motivators advancement and responsibility

hygiene factors and motivators

According to the two-factor theory of motivation, taking care of hygiene factors could lead to: an increase in satisfaction. a decrease in dissatisfaction. a decrease in satisfaction. an increase in dissatisfaction.

increase in satisfaction

According to the two-factor theory, efforts to motivate human resources must provide recognition, a chance to achieve and grow, advancement, and ________. interesting work power good working conditions responsibility

interesting work

Maslow postulated that everyone has five basic needs, which constitute a need hierarchy. In ascending order, beginning with the most basic need, they are: esteem, social, physiological, safety, and self-actualization needs. physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization needs. safety, physiological, esteem, self-actualization, and social needs. social, safety, physiological, self-actualization, and esteem needs.

physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization needs