management

_________ happens when our minds are racing or wandering, resulting in compulsive daydreaming or fantasizing.

Attentional hyperactivity

Of the following, which is the least frequently experienced?

Awe

Which of the following is not included in the monitoring step of performance management?

Deciding how to measure performance

Professor Jones learns that faculty members in another college with the same degree, years of teaching experience, and publication record are making significantly more money than he is. He considers this unfair. Which aspect of justice is he reacting to?

Distributive

Which of the following is not a component of virtuous leadership? Focus on the greater good Integrity Engagement Trust Forgiveness

Engagement

Which forms of consequences weaken an undesirable behavior?

Extinction and punishment

______ groups are assigned by organizations or managers, while _______ groups form when members' purpose of getting together is friendship or a common interest.

Formal; informal

Psychological Capital

Hope - Efficacy - Resilience - Optimism

Which of the following is true about balancing positive and negative emotions? We should have one negative emotion for each positive emotion we experience. Ideally, we should try to have more positive experiences than negative. We should try to eliminate all our negative emotions. Our brains actually look more for positive information over negative during daily activity. Positive experiences activate a survival orientation

Ideally, we should try to have more positive experiences than negative.

Which of the following is not a behavior that would build trust? Be consistent Keep information to yourself Give credit and recognition Be available and approachable Demonstrate professionalism

Keep information to yourself

Which of the following statements about mindfulness is false?

Mindfulness requires less effort than letting our minds wander.

Which of the following is not an outcome likely to result from positive emotions? Lower stress Fewer colds Psychological well-being Stronger social relationships More conformity to others' opinions

More conformity to others' opinions

Melissa's manager set a goal that she should be able to produce 16 widgets per hour. This is a(n) ________ goal.

Objective

In which stage of the group development process is the group focused on solving task problems?

Performing

A person will experience _______ when his or her outcome to input ratio is greater than that of a relevant comparison person.

Positive inequity

Well-being is the combined impact of all but one of the following. Which one?

Productivity

In which stage of the group development process do group members try to determine how they fit into the power structure?

Storming

The Sunk-Cost Trap

The tendency of people to irrationally follow through on an activity that is not meeting their expectations because of the time and/or money they have already spent on it.

________ is a positive set of assumptions about people at work.

Theory Y

The Confirming-Evidence Trap

This trap is the bias that leads us to seek out information to support our existing point of view while avoiding information that contradicts it.

The Status-Quo Trap

a preference for the current state of affairs

The type of goal most relevant for knowledge work is:

behavioral.

Janelle filled out a peer evaluation rating form for her teammates in her OB class. She rated everyone as a "3" or "4" on the 6-point scale. This is an example of ___________ perceptual error.

central tendency

In the leniency perceptual error, a person:

consistently evaluates people in an extremely positive fashion.

The model of motivation that explains how people strive for fairness and justice is:

equity theory.

Organizations typically rely on __________ schedules.

fixed interval and fixed ratio

Susan, a management major, is taking an overload of classes this term. On a team project in one of her classes, one of her teammates sees how busy she is and does the final proofreading of the team project for her. Susan is likely to be feeling:

gratitude.

Dr. Riley, a professor in the finance department, keeps his office door open only a crack during his office hours, asking visitors to knock before entering. When his door is open, people tend to stop to say hello, and that interrupts what he is doing. He finds that this increases his ability to grade exams quickly but accurately. This is an example of his increasing his:

mindfulness.

In which stage of the group development process do group members resolve their power struggles so that something can be accomplished?

norming

The sales department of a mutual fund firm set goals for the next fiscal year to sell a certain number of mutual funds each month. The firm only set targets and not anything about how they will meet this target. These goals are ________ goals.

objective

Teams with high levels of ______ and ______ deal with task conflict better than those without these characteristics.

openness; emotional stability

The five needs identified in Maslow's needs hierarchy model, in order from lowest to highest, are:

physiological, safety, love, esteem, self-actualization.

To minimize halo perceptual error, a manager should:

record examples of positive and negative performance throughout the year.

Anna blinks her eyes whenever she looks up at the sun. This is an example of __________.

respondent behavior

Sarah and Bill were recently hired at the local manufacturing plant. Before being hired, they were interviewed by the team members with whom they were going to work. The team contained members from various areas of the manufacturing process. As part of the training process, Sarah and Bill met the other team members a number of times, and learned how to perform several administrative tasks, including scheduling work assignments for the team. Sarah and Bill's new team is an example of a _____.

self-managed team

An emotion that is similar to, but more low key than joy, is:

serenity.

The steps of implementing a goal-setting program are, in order:

set the goal, promote goal commitment, provide support and feedback, and create action plan.

According to research, the most effective teams are those with:

similar levels of conscientiousness and mixed extraversion.

Jackson and Samuel both work for XYZ Company, in different departments. They discover a common interest in classic cars, and on weekends often meet up at car shows. They are probably providing _______ to each other.

social companionship

In the context of goal setting, SMART stands for:

specific, measurable, attainable, results-oriented, time-bound.

The type of goals that is best for jobs that are dynamic but in which nearer-term activities and milestones can be defined is:

task.

A small number of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable are a(n):

team.

In a study of executives from 300 companies, the most desirable soft skill named was:

teamwork.

Perceptions of equity are based on comparing:

the ratio of my output to my input, compared to another's total output to input.

The theory of motivation that focuses on two sharply contrasting sets of assumptions about human nature is:

theory X and Theory Y.

Recent research shows that in early stages of team development, teams perform better when members have a high:

tolerance for uncertainty.

Competence trust is:

trust of capability.

Contractual trust is:

trust of character.

Communication trust is:

trust of disclosure.

Philip got a mail from his supervisor with compliments and praises for his work over the past few months. This instance is an example of a __________ schedule of reinforcement.

variable interval

The most effective schedules of reinforcement are:

variable ratio and variable interval.

"Do our nonverbals govern how we think and feel about ourselves?"

yes

"We know that our minds change our bodies, but is it also true that our bodies change our minds?"

yes

Barry set himself a goal of bowling at least one game above 250 (out of 300 possible) before the end of the season. This is a ________ goal.

performance

I will perceive negative inequity when:

another's ratio of outputs to inputs exceeds my ratio of my outputs to my inputs.

The "law of effect" states that:

behavior with favorable consequences tends to be repeated.

In Maslow's needs hierarchy theory, _______ is the lowest level and __________ is the highest level.

physiological; self-actualization

Teams are task groups that have matured to the _____ stage.

performing

According to expectancy theory, a person's motivation will be highest when:

expectancy, instrumentality, valence are all high.

Expectancy theory contains three elements; they are:

expectancy, instrumentality, valence.

Allen used to make suggestions to his boss about how the department's performance could be improved. Although his boss always said they were great ideas, they were never acted upon. Allen then stopped making suggestions. This is an example of:

extinction.

What kind of motivation does not lead to creativity and innovation in the workplace, but may get simple, non-creative tasks done faster?

extrinsic motivation

The capacity to foster collective abandonment of justified resentment, bitterness, and blame is known as:

forgiveness.

The stages of the group development process, in order, are:

forming, storming, norming, performing, adjourning.

To develop hope, a person should:

generate an important goal that is attainable yet challenging.

To enhance a worker's expectancy, a manager could:

give feedback and coach the employee.

A ______ is a set of expected behaviors for member of the group as a whole.

group role

Carolyn is a very likable employee. Recently, her boss rated her at the highest level of all areas of performance, even though in some areas her performance did not warrant this judgment. This is an example of a ___________ perceptual error.

halo

Forming an overall impression about a person or object and then having that impression bias ratings about that person or object is known as the ________ perceptual error.

halo

Ted was dissatisfied with his job. He said that the company policy, supervision, and working conditions were responsible for his dissatisfaction. According to Frederick Herzberg's theory, these extrinsic factors that create job dissatisfaction are called:

hygiene factors.

intrinsic reward

in this case means the reward is to the person doing the activity or behavior

Barbara was watching the evening news and saw a story about people saving a horse that had fallen into an icy lake. She is likely to be experiencing:

inspiration.

Lee and Victor are good friends. Lee's laptop computer has become very slow and is not working correctly, and he goes to Victor and asks for help. Victor downloads some anti-malware software onto Lee's computer, and its performance improves. Victor has provided:

instrumental support.

The theory of motivation that states that motivation is a function of five basic needs that are met sequentially is:

maslow's need hierarchy.

Chris just finished a calculus test. Afterward, he walked all the way across campus without being aware of anything or anyone he passed. This is an example of:

mindlessness.

Dr. Beswick was writing questions for a test, but found herself listening to reggae music coming from an adjoining office, and thinking about her upcoming trip to the Caribbean. She is experiencing:

mindlessness.

London School of Economics, researchers looked at 51 studies of pay-for-performance plans, inside of companies. Here's what the economists there said: "We find that financial incentives can result in __________ overall performance.

negative impact

One characteristic that would describe an organization with positive OB is:

positive deviance.

Juan finishes the special report he is producing for the Vice President of Marketing. Juan has spent many extra hours compiling this report, and he knows it is of excellent quality. Juan is likely to be experiencing:

pride.

The perceived fairness of the processes used to make allocation decisions is called:

procedural justice.

Alfredo set a goal of completing the literature review portion of his research paper by Sunday night. This is a ________ goal.

project

Barney was late to work one morning, so he drove over the speed limit through a school zone. As a result, he got pulled over by a police officer and received a ticket. This scenario is an instance of __________.

punishment

Imelda's life is difficult right now. Her husband and she recently decided to divorce and she is now a single parent of two pre-teenagers. They are good kids, but it is difficult taking care of them and managing her full-time job as a middle manager. Imelda has started taking work home at night and finishing projects at night after her children are in bed. Imelda is likely exhibiting:

resilience.

Unlearned reflexes are:

respondent behavior.

The three global values that are essential for promoting positive OB are:

restorative justice, compassion, and temperance.

The general criteria used for distributing rewards are:

results, behaviors and actions, and nonperformance considerations.

A _____ is a set of expected behaviors for a particular position.

role

The Anchoring Trap

tendency for us to rely too heavily on the first information we receives

What does this experiment (and others discussed by Dr. Cuddy) show? Answer will depend on understanding the relationships between high & low-power poses to cortisol & testosterone, risk-taking, assertiveness, confidence, comfort levels, and stress-reactivity.

that the way we are sitting and are non verbals effect how we feel about ourselves and how others feel about us

another's ratio of outputs to inputs exceeds my ratio of my outputs to my inputs.

the person does not believe putting forth effort will result in gaining a reward.

Which of the following statements about goals and goal setting is not true? Goals increase persistence Goal achievement leads to job satisfaction Goals direct attention Goals should be set at a level just beyond reachable ("stretch" goals) Specific goals lead to higher performance

Goals should be set at a level just beyond reachable ("stretch" goals)

Which of the following is not a characteristic of high-performing teams? Shared responsibility Focused on group dynamics Rapid response Open, honest communication Having a common purpose

Focused on group dynamics

In which stage of the group development process are group members uncertain about their roles, who's in charge, and the group's goals?

Forming

______ refers to amount of effort that we invest in an activity.

Intensity

Of the following, which is the most frequently experienced?

Love

Which of the following is not an example of a hygiene factor? Salary Supervision Recognition Company policies Working conditions

Recognition

Maslow's Need Hierarchy Theory

Self-Actualization Esteem Love Safety Physiological

Which of the following is not a key principle of conscious capitalism? Pursuit of a higher purpose A culture focused on a higher purpose Leadership that does not use "carrots and sticks" Shareholder centrism Stakeholder interdependence

Shareholder centrism

______ is a reciprocal belief that another person will consider how their intentions and behaviors will affect you.

Trust

Estimating and Forecasting Traps

We are all fairly good at estimating time, volume, distance, and weight because we make such decisions frequently and get quick feedback about our accuracy

The Overconfidence Trap

We believe we are better at making forecasts or estimates than we actually are. In one series of tests, people were asked to forecast the next week's closing value for the Dow Jones Industrial Average.

Two Components of Hope

Willpower • Having a goal and the determination to achieve it Waypower • Need to see alternative paths to achieve the goal

A group becomes a team when:

accountability shifts from strictly individual to both individual and collective.

The manager of the Conquest Casino notices that the security employees at the casino are treating customers impersonally. He sets a goal that they should make better eye contact and treat customers in a friendlier manner. This is a _______ goal.

behavioral

The two basic types of goals are:

behavioral and performance.

When positive practices reduce the impact of negative events or stressors, a(n) _________ effect has occurred.

buffering

Avoiding extreme judgments and rating people and objects as average or neutral is known as the _______ perceptual error.

central tendency

A document that describes how a team will operate is called a:

charter.

If every instance of a target behavior is reinforced, a _________ schedule is in effect.

continuous

Dr. Hogan carefully selected the final examinations written by her best students to read first. They all received excellent grades. After these, she read the rest of the exams and graded most of them average or worse. This is an example of _________ perceptual error.

contrast effects

Evaluating people or objects by comparing them with characteristics of other recently observed people or objects is known as the ________ perceptual error.

contrast effects

Self-efficacy is a component of:

core self-evaluation.

XYZ Inc. brings together specialists from production, marketing, and finance from around the world, and gives each such team the power to make its own decisions. This implies that the firm is creating a(n) _____ team.

cross-functional

Pat and Chris are both computer programmers, but Pat earns more money than Chris. However, Chris perceives an equitable relationship because Pat:

has more education and experience.

According to Professor Fred Luthans, people with high levels of positive psychological capital have high levels of:

hope, efficacy, resilience, and optimism.

Armando has a goal of earning a B in his statistics course, but currently his grade is a C-. Therefore, he decides to study more hours for the next test and even get involved in a study group. Armando is experiencing:

hope.

Groups of workers who are given administrative oversight for their task domains are called:

self-managed teams.

A group member who says _____ is performing a maintenance role.

"Let's accept and praise the various points of view."

A group member who says ___________ is performing a task role.

"Let's focus on the main goal here. What are we trying to accomplish?"

Theory Y

- Employees are self-engaged, committed, responsible, and creative

Theory X

- Employees dislike work - Can only be motivated with rewards and punishments

Which of the following is not one of the competencies (Cs) of effective teams?

Competitiveness

Which of the following is not one of the Cs of team players? Conscientious Committed Collaborative Competent All of these are Cs of team players

Conscientious

Which of the following is not a benefit of virtual teams? Ability to share knowledge of diverse markets Improved brainstorming Easier to establish team cohesion Reduced work-life conflicts for employees Reduced real estate costs

Easier to establish team cohesion

As a manager Laurel has established a new work group to tackle a particular project. She has introduced all the members to each other and the group has elected a leader. However, lately Laurel has noticed that some group members are procrastinating on their duties. Two cliques have formed within the group and they are frequently arguing with and challenging the group leader's opinions. Which of the following stages of group development process is Laurel observing?

Storming

An extrinsic reward

is an award that is tangible or physically

Our self-efficacy is an example of a factor that influences:

our expectancies.

"Can power posing (either high-power poses or low-power poses) for a few minutes really change your life in meaningful ways?"

yes

Expectancy Theory

• Holds that people are motivated to behave in ways that produce desired combinations of expected outcomes

Elements of Equity Theory

• Outputs (O): - What a person perceives they are getting out of their job • Inputs (I): - What a person perceives they are putting into their job • Comparison: - How does a person's O/I ratio compare with relevant others' O/I ratios

The idea that a manager should do what the situation requires is captured by the term:

contingency approach.

One of the inputs of positive OB is:

mindfulness.

Which of the following statements is true? PERMA elements are positively related to good health, but are not related to work-related outcomes such as organizational commitment and career satisfaction. PERMA should be pursued as a means to obtain a better career. Positive emotions "happen to people"; they cannot be pursued proactively. Well-being is a single, unique concept that is related to happiness. Employees' level of flourishing is related to organizational outcomes such as productivity and financial performance.

Employees' level of flourishing is related to organizational outcomes such as productivity and financial performance.

The Recallability Trap

Even if we are neither too confident nor unduly prudent, we can fall into a trap when making estimates or forecasts.

Ken recently completed his MBA degree. He has received two job offers. Which of the following theories is most useful in predicting the choice that Ken will make?

Expectancy theory

__________ holds that people are motivated to behave in ways that produce desired combinations of expected outcomes.

Expectancy theory

___________ results from the potential or actual receipt of external rewards.

Extrinsic motivation

Josh used to run into heavy traffic every day while driving to work. One morning, he left his home earlier than usual and did not run into heavy traffic. Again the next morning, he left earlier and avoided heavy traffic. His behavior of leaving earlier enabled him to avoid heavy traffic and reach the office on time. Which of the following processes did Josh engage in?

Negative reinforcement

Group cohesiveness, when it occurs, tends to develop during which stage of the group development process?

Norming

What kind of goals is best for jobs with clear and readily measured outcomes?

Objective

Kelly is a successful attorney specializing in corporate law. While it has nothing to do with her field of employment, Kelly has always been interested in the history of religion. Using what little free time she has, she decided to take a course in comparative religion at the local university. She thinks that the course would be interesting and enjoyable. Kelly is not pursuing a degree in the subject, nor is she taking the class for a grade. What can you say about Kelly's motivation for taking the class?

She is intrinsically motivated.

Which of the following is not a form of social support?

Spending time discussing your own vision for yourself

Papa Bill's, a local pizza chain, instituted a new compensation policy to increase the on-time delivery of its pizzas. Drivers were paid an extra $1.00 for each on-time delivery, payable on the next pay period. However, a review of the policy showed that traffic tickets for reckless driving among delivery drivers had increased by 50 percent since the new policy was introduced. Which of the following best explains why this reward system did not perform as expected?

The organization was unintentionally rewarding counterproductive behavior.

Dr. Davis, an accounting professor, was concerned that his classes were not engaging his students as much as he would like. He asked his boss, the department chair, and two of his colleagues to sit in on one of his classes this term, to give him comments and suggestions for improvement. He also passed out forms to his students at the end of the term, asking the same. He was __________.

conducting a 360 degree feedback process

Barbara is training her new puppy to sit on command. Every time the puppy responds correctly, he receives a treat. Barbara is using a __________ reinforcement schedule.

continuous

Which of the following is not something a manager should do when giving feedback? Provide feedback about an aspect of a job that is beyond the individual's control Provide specific, descriptive feedback Keep feedback relevant by relating it to existing goals Be honest Provide feedback as soon as possible

Provide feedback about an aspect of a job that is beyond the individual's control

Peter is part of a newly formed work group. He has been introduced to all the group members, but he still feels like he cannot trust them. The group has not yet chosen a leader, and Peter feels unsure about his exact role within the group. According to Tuckman's five-stage model of group development, which of the following stages is Peter's group currently in?

Forming

In order to foster employee positivity, employers should do all but one of the following. Which one? Make the well-being of employees a priority. Discourage uncivil behavior. Give employees only positive feedback. Share information with employees. Allow employees to make decisions.

Give employees only positive feedback.

Which of the following is not a way to reduce social loafing? Assure equity of effort among group members Use hybrid rewards Increase group size Hold individuals accountable Hold both individuals and the group accountable

Increase group size

Which of the following is not a benefit of mindfulness? Increased intelligence More effective communication More balanced emotions Personal effectiveness Increased physical effectiveness

Increased intelligence

_____________ results when an individual gains positive internal feelings that are generated by doing well.

Intrinsic motivation

Jill is a sales representative for a large pharmaceutical corporation. According to the current compensation system, if Jill meets her target for the quarterly sales projections, she will receive a bonus equivalent to 7% of her annual salary. Jill is working hard to meet the sales goal so that she can use the bonus money as a down payment on a new car for herself. Which of the following is true regarding Jill's motivation?

It is extrinsically motivated.

Which of the following is not a tip for increasing goal commitment and success?

Keep your goals to yourself

What has been shown by research to reduce social loafing?

Providing hybrid rewards

Tracy has been part of a work group for some weeks now. She has slowly become well-acquainted with the other members and even made some new friends. Although in the beginning there were a few arguments and fights, they were resolved with time and Tracy feels a definite sense of team spirit that gets her excited about work. According to Tuckman's five-stage model of group development, which of the following stages is Tracy's group experiencing?

Norming

Which of the following statements about norms is not true? Norms are shared phenomena and may apply to the group, team, or organizational level. Norms help group members avoid being embarrassed. Norms clarify behavioral expectations. Norms clarify central values and unique identity of a group. Norms are typically written down and discussed openly by groups.

Norms are typically written down and discussed openly by groups.

Flourishing represents the extent to which our lives contain:

PERMA

The Prudence Trap

People are often overly cautious or prudent in forecasting. When faced with high-takes decisions, we tend to adjust our estimates or forecasts "just to be on the safe side."

As the mother of two small children, Jen struggles to make ends meet on her minimum-wage job. After paying rent and child care expenses, there is sometimes not enough money left at the end of the month to pay the heating bill. More than once the family has gone without warmth on cold nights, and she and kids have gone to bed hungry. Which of the five basic needs is Jen struggling to meet?

Physiological

Which of the following statements is false? Positive emotions tend to broaden your mindset. Positive and negative emotions are polar opposites. Negative emotions spur you to act in narrow ways. Negative emotions are limiting. Positive emotions help combat negative emotions.

Positive and negative emotions are polar opposites.

Matt completed his assignments on time as his teacher had said that she would allow extra play time to children who submit their assignments on or before time. Which of the following made Matt complete his assignments on time?

Positive reinforcement

Which forms of consequence strengthen a desired behavior?

Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement

Motivator-Hygiene Theory

Proposes that job satisfaction and dissatisfaction arise from two different sets of factors: - Satisfaction comes from motivating factors - Dissatisfaction comes from hygiene factors

What is true about research on the relationship of virtuous leadership to organizational and individual employee performance?

Recent research in this area has shown a positive relationship between these variables.

Which of the following is not a motivating factor? Recognition Responsibility Salary Stimulating work Advancement

Salary

In Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory,

Satisfaction comes from motivating factors, and dissatisfaction comes from hygiene factors.

Chuck is concerned with what he considers to be an unfair situation at work. Although he put in 10 hours of overtime last week, he received the same pay as a co-worker who didn't put in any overtime. This week he decided to take an extra hour for lunch every day. Using the terminology of equity theory, Chuck has decided to ____.

decrease his inputs

To minimize central tendency bias, a manager should:

define an accurate profile with both high and low points.

In a practical sense, the best size for a team is:

determined by the task to be performed.

Motivation refers to the psychological processes that underlie:

direction, intensity, and persistence of behavior or thought.

George's boss gave him a new project to do that entails developing a complex Excel spreadsheet. George has extensive previous experience and training in Excel. George is probably experiencing:

efficacy.

Therese and Kathy both work in the accounting department at ABC Company. They go out to lunch, and Therese spends time telling Kathy how much she is valued by her co-workers and their boss. Therese is performing:

esteem support

The need for prestige and reputation is part of the need for:

esteem.

The need for self-confidence and strength is part of the need for:

esteem.

To minimize contrast effects bias, a manager should:

evaluate employees against a predetermined standard.

An individual's belief that a particular degree of effort will be followed by a particular level of performance is called a(an):

expectancy.

Polly worked as a bartender. A few people used to wave money at her so that she would serve them first. She found this to be rude and, hence, either ignored them or always served them last. People came to realize that she served only the people who waited politely, and much of the rude behavior stopped. Polly used the model of __________.

extinction

John received a poor performance evaluation from his boss. On the weekend, he talks with his neighbor Faisal about his situation. Faisal asks him questions about his work and the evaluation, and as a result John develops a plan of action for improving his productivity. Faisal has provided:

informational support.

How an individual perceives the movement from performance to outcome is called:

instrumentality.

Eileen signed up for a photography class after having seen some spectacular wildlife art pictures done by a local artist. She is likely to be experiencing:

interest.

What kind of motivation leads to creativity and innovation in the workplace?

intrinsic motivation

In a self-managed team:

leadership responsibilities often shift as members step up.

A head chef of a restaurant always encouraged his subordinates to be creative in the culinary art. He did not believe in using prescribed recipes while cooking. He allowed them to create unique recipes and use different ingredients to prepare dishes. This implied that the head chef established _________ goals.

learning

CRF schedules are particularly useful when an employee is:

learning a new skill.

Dr. Slotsky is a well-liked professor. Last term, no one received less than a B in any of his courses. Dr. Slotsky may be suffering from _________ perceptual error.

leniency

Behavior that is learned when one acts on the environment to produce desired consequences is known as:

operant behavior.

When Eileen sees that the sun is shining brightly, she puts on sunglasses. This is:

operant behavior.

One characteristic that would describe an organization without positive OB is:

single-minded focus on winning.

Negative reinforcement is:

strengthening a behavior by contingently withdrawing something displeasing.

An expectancy of zero means that:

the person does not feel confident in his/her ability to do the job.

A low valence means that:

the person does not value the outcomes.

When monitoring performance, a manager should pay attention:

to both progress toward goal achievement and the ultimate level of goal achievement.

Dr. Beswick enjoys teaching college courses. He likes the salary he receives as well as the ability to travel in summers. However, he also finds the job challenging and enjoyable. This would imply that he is working for:

total rewards.

Teams that work together over time and distance via electronic media to combine efforts and achieve common goals are called:

virtual teams.