Management Ch. 11 and 12
What term describes power or influence derived from a person's special knowledge or expertise in a particular area?
Expert power
Herzberg's two-factor theory proposes that
the absence of maintenance factors may dissatisfy workers
What is meant by expectancy?
A person's expectation that effort will lead to high performance
What name is given to the order in which people strive to satisfy the five basic needs as theorized by Maslow—physiological, security, social, esteem, and self-actualization?
Hierarchy of needs
The examination of input-output ratios, employee contributions, and the perception of fairness is most associated with
equity theory.
In applying reinforcement theory, one of the problems in punishing unacceptable behavior is that punishment may produce
undesirable long-term side effects.
Which of the following characteristics relates to a compressed work week?
A four-day (or shorter) period in which an employee works 40 hours
Which of the following characteristics relates to situational leadership theory?
A leadership model whose premise is that a leader's style should be contingent on subordinates' competence and commitment
Poor morale is most likely to cause
absenteeism.
Professors, computer geniuses, mechanics, airline pilots, and ship captains supposedly have a lot of
expert power
Which of the following refers to power that is derived by virtue of a person's association with someone else who has some source of power?
Affiliative power
What is meant by behavior modification?
An application of reinforcement theory, which involves change in behavior and encouraging appropriate actions by relating the consequences of behavior to the behavior itself
Which of the following refers to an organizationally based source of power derived from a leader's control over punishments or the capacity to deny rewards?
Coercive power
What term describes a group of theories that assume that workers are motivated by the desire to satisfy needs and that seek to identify what their needs are?
Content theories
What term describes the suggestion that successful leadership requires matching leaders with primarily stable leadership styles to the demands of the situation?
Contingency theory
The person primarily associated with the Hawthorne studies was
Elton Mayo.
What name is given to the capacity to be aware of, control, and express one's emotions, and to handle interpersonal relationships judiciously and empathetically?
Emotional intelligence
What name is given to the most effective managers, who engage in both dimensions of leadership behaviors by getting employees involved in the operation of their departments or divisions in a positive and constructive manner, setting general goals, providing fairly loose supervision, and recognizing employees' contributions?
Employee-centered leaders
What term describes the process of providing employees with the ability to contribute input and take on responsibilities for organizational decisions?
Empowerment
What name is given to the theory that states that motivation depends not only on how much a person wants something but also on the person's perception of how likely he or she is to get it?
Expectancy theory
What term describes a theory that recognizes the importance of goals in improving employee performance?
Goal-setting theory
What name is given to a description of how leaders develop "unique" working relationships with each of their employees, based on the nature of their social exchanges?
Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Theory
Which of the following refers to the sum total of employees' attitudes toward their jobs, employer, and colleagues?
Morale
Your company's work teams have won national awards for making the finest widgets ever seen. Your loyal and productive workers have never been more proud of their work. What important characteristic of motivation is probably at an all-time high at your company?
Morale
What term describes a person's ability to satisfy or deny satisfaction of another's need, based on a formal contractual relationship between an organization and the individual?
Organizational power
Which of the following characteristics relates to reward power?
Organizational power that stems from a person's ability to bestow rewards
Which of the following refers to a person's capacity to influence the behavior and attitudes of others?
Power
Which of the following characteristics relates to information power?
Power that is a result of having access to important information that is not common knowledge, or of having the ability to control the flow of information to and from others
What name is given to a process theory that assumes that behavior may be reinforced by relating it to its consequences?
Reinforcement theory
What is the theory that states that employees learn not only through direct experience but also through observation and personal qualities?
Social learning theory
What is meant by charisma?
The ability to inspire admiration, respect, loyalty, and a desire to emulate, based on some intangible set of personality traits; a personal source of power
What is meant by legitimate power?
The influence that comes from a person's formal position in an organization and the authority that accompanies that position
Which of the following characteristics relates to leadership?
The process of influencing the activities of an individual or a group toward the achievement of a goal
Which of the following characteristics relates to motivational factors?
Those aspects of a job that relate to the content of the work, including achievement, recognition, the work itself, involvement, responsibility, and advancement
Which of the following refers to a more traditional approach in which managers engage in both task- and consideration-oriented behaviors in an exchange manner?
Transactional leadership
It is interesting that in certain industries, such as the hotel industry, service personnel
actually dislike increased empowerment.
The First Lady's primary source of power is
affiliative.
When Martin Luther King, Jr., and Malcolm X made their followers feel strong enough to resist racism and segregation, they were using
charismatic power
Motivational theories that assume that workers are motivated by the desire to satisfy needs, and then seek to identify what those needs are, are called
content theories.
There is increasing evidence that transformational leaders
exist at all levels in organizational hierarchies and in a broad range of organizations.
In expectancy theory, if a person believes that extra effort will lead to high performance, such as a bonus or commission, we are talking about the person's
expectancy.
One of the reasons that a university president's secretary often may have a great deal of influence and power within the university community is that he or she typically possesses
information power.
You are a computer whiz, and you have installed some software that monitors all incoming and outgoing company emails. You have no formal understanding of leadership theory, but you clearly understand
information power.
Although regulations and laws sharply limit a leader's ability to use coercive power, it is a fair assessment that
it is still too commonly used in business settings.
When financial institutions such as J.P. Morgan reward employees with bonuses and other financial incentives for making risky decisions, they may find that their attempts to motivate employees
may sometimes have negative effects on the organization.
To achieve organizational objectives, employees must have the ability, tools, and _____ to perform their jobs.
motivation
Reward power, which stems from a person's ability to bestow rewards, is
organizationally based.
The motivational theories that try to determine "how" and "why" employees are motivated to perform are called
process theories.
An employee's confidence that he or she can perform a task or behavior successfully is called
self-efficacy.
The birth of the human relations approach to motivation can be traced to
the Hawthorne studies.
