Management chapter 12

Which of the following characteristics relates to a compressed work week?

A four-day (or shorter) period in which an employee works 40 hours

What is meant by behavior modification?

An application of reinforcement theory, which involves change in behavior and encouraging appropriate actions by relating the consequences of behavior to the behavior itself

The person primarily associated with the Hawthorne studies was

Elton Mayo.

What term describes a theory stating that the extent to which people are willing to contribute to an organization depends on their assessment of the fairness of the rewards they will receive in exchange?

Equity theory

What term describes a theory that recognizes the importance of goals in improving employee performance?

Goal-setting theory

Which of the following refers to the sum total of employees' attitudes toward their jobs, employer, and colleagues?

Morale

Your company's work teams have won national awards for making the finest widgets ever seen. Your loyal and productive workers have never been more proud of their work. What important characteristic of motivation is probably at an all-time high at your company?

Morale

Which of the following refers to a set of theories that try to determine "how" and "why" employees are motivated to perform?

Process theories

What name is given to a process theory that assumes that behavior may be reinforced by relating it to its consequences?

Reinforcement theory

Which of the following characteristics relates to positive reinforcement?

The act of strengthening a desired behavior by rewarding it or providing other positive outcomes

Which of the following characteristics relates to motivation?

The value of each potential outcome which describes its importance

Which of the following characteristics relates to motivational factors?

Those aspects of a job that relate to the content of the work, including achievement, recognition, the work itself, involvement, responsibility, and advancement

What are maintenance factors?

Those aspects of a job that relate to the work setting, including adequate wages, comfortable working conditions, fair company policies, and job security

Poor morale is most likely to cause

absenteeism.

Frederick Taylor

analyzed jobs to improve efficiency.

The examination of input-output ratios, employee contributions, and the perception of fairness is most associated with

equity theory.

In expectancy theory, if a person believes that extra effort will lead to high performance, such as a bonus or commission, we are talking about the person's

expectancy.

When financial institutions such as J.P. Morgan reward employees with bonuses and other financial incentives for making risky decisions, they may find that their attempts to motivate employees

may sometimes have negative effects on the organization.

To achieve organizational objectives, employees must have the ability, tools, and _____ to perform their jobs.

motivation

Sue wants to be warm, but she is not; she has a

need

The motivational theories that try to determine "how" and "why" employees are motivated to perform are called

process theories.

An employee's confidence that he or she can perform a task or behavior successfully is called

self-efficacy

The birth of the human relations approach to motivation can be traced to

the Hawthorne studies.

Herzberg's two-factor theory proposes that

the absence of maintenance factors may dissatisfy workers

In applying reinforcement theory, one of the problems in punishing unacceptable behavior is that punishment may produce

undesirable long-term side effects.