Management Chapter 12, Management chapter 11, Management Chapter 15, Management Chapter 14, MGMT 320 Connect Quizzes Chapter 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, and 14, MGT 340 Final (cumulative, exams 1 - 4 in order), Management 340 (Funk) Final, MGT 340 Final
Relevant Skills
team members have the necessary technical and interpersonal skills
Affective component
that part of an attitude that's the emotional or feeling part.
Organizational Structure
the formal arrangement of jobs within an organization
Organizational behavior
the study of the actions of people at work.
Because internals seem to have a greater belief that their actions have a direct effect on the consequences of that action, they likely would prefer and respond more productively to incentives such as merit pay or sales commissions.
true
Benefits account for about one-third of compensation costs.
true
CSEs are related to reduced conflict and lower stress. True or false?
true
Every management function and activity involves some form of direct or indirect communication. True or false?
true
In a true team, leadership must be shared. True or false?
true
In sexual harassment, the harasser may be a(n) outsider, coworker, supervisor, or someone of the same sex.
true
Today, teamwork is considered the cornerstone of progressive management.
true
Five Dimensions of Emotional Intelligence (EI)
1. Self-awareness 2. Self-management 3. Self-motivation 4. Empathy 5. Social skills
3 Performance Appraisal Methods
BARS MBO Graphic Rating Scale
Self Actualization
Become what you are capable of becoming
4 Views of Social Responsibility/Ethics
Classical Moral Rights Utilitarian/Consequential Theory of Justice/Legal
The view that says that every organization is unique and each requires different ways of managing is the:
Contingency view
Sustainable competitive advantage can be achieved through:
Cost advantages Quality of products and/or services Financial resources Human resources
Reinforcement theorists believe that behavior results from which of the following?
External consequences
Goal setting
Goals will increase performance
Bounded rationality
Limited by an individual's ability to process information
Effective leaders:
Rely heavily on referent power.
Storming Stage
The second stage of group development, characterized by intragroup conflict
Goal-Setting Theory is based on the notion that people perform best under which of the following conditions?
When goals are moderately challenging but realistic When goals are accepted
When a decision maker chooses an alternative under perfect rationality, she chooses a ___ decision, whereas under bounded rationality she chooses a ______________ decision.
maximizing; satisficing
Unified Commitment
members are dedicated to team goals
Ana is a teacher who became interested in helping adults in some of the poorer neighborhoods learn how to read. She plans to start a reading center in a low-income area to help residents with reading skills at no cost. Ana's center is an example of a(n)
nonprofit organization
Conflict
perceived incompatible differences that result in interference or opposition.
Organizational Structure
the formal arrangement of jobs within an organization.
Turnover
the voluntary and involuntary permanent withdrawal from an organization
Personality Determinants
-Biology -Culture -Family -Socialization Experience and Significant Emotional Events
In McClelland=s Learned Needs Theory, the best managers have a high need for:
Affiliation
Geocentric Attitude
Combination of practices from around the world
Norms
Expectations shared by the group
Persist
Keep putting forth effort
The conflict handling styles (conflict managing techniques) are defined by:
Our concern for relationships Our concern for goals
A self-fulfilling prophecy is a social perception issue that suggests that:
Our expectations about others influence their performance
Benchmarking
Search of best practices among competitors
Relationship conflict
conflict based on interpersonal relationships.
________ is not included in the four major perspectives on motivation.
job satisfaction
Which of the following phrases is most associated with scientific management?
one best way
A(n) ______ is a system of consciously coordinated activities or forces of two or more people.
organization
Deciding which individuals and groups do what tasks is which function?
organizing
_______ is not a relationship-oriented behavior.
political maneuvering
Locus of control
the degree to which people believe they are masters of their own fate.
Reward Power
Ability to give rewards
Expert Power
Influence as a result of knowledge, skills, and expertise
In selection the focus is on selection validity which is best described as:
Making certain that selection test scores can be used to predict job performance.
Self-Monitoring
Measures the ability to adjust behavior to external situational factors
Social obligation implies that a firm:
Meets only its economic and legal obligations.
Uncertainty
No certainty available
Quantitative Approach to Management
Statistics, simulations, information models used to improve decision making
3 Types of Organizational Change
Structure, Technology, People
Norming Stage
The third stage of group development, characterized by close relationships and cohesiveness
Interactionist view of conflict
The view that some conflict is necessary for a group to perform effectively.
Which of the following would meet the criteria for an MBO objective?
To increase sales by 4% within six months
Job Satisfaction
an employee's general attitude toward his or her job
Marcy grudgingly agrees to Herb's proposal and needs a lot of prodding to satisfy the minimum requirements. Marcy is exhibiting hindrance. defiance. commitment. resistance. compliance.
compliance.
Task Conflict
conflicts over content and goals of the work
Fiedler assumed a person's leadership style was
contingent.
Which of the following distinguishes a managerial position from a nonmanagerial one.
coordinating and integrating others= work
The team is generating a lot of ideas on how to approach the management case study problem. Everyone seems to have a plan. Joe stands up and says, "I will make a list on the board of all of our ideas." Joe is acting as orienter. energizer. elaborator. coordinator. recorder.
coordinator
In an out-group exchange, a leader is attempting to inspire followers. create trust and mutual obligation. initiate structure. perform service to others. create more formality in expectations and rewards.
create more formality in expectations and rewards.
If a speedy decision is needed, the _______ conflict handling style is appropriate. integrating obliging avoiding dominating compromising
dominating
Medical knowledge possessed by doctors results in their ______ power.
expert
In adjourning, conflicts are resolved, close relationships develop, and unity and harmony emerge.
false
The best thing a manager can do to create functional conflict is to urge coworkers to hunker down and slog through, to simply persist.
false
Undocumented immigrants make up about 20 percent of the U.S. workforce.
false
A manager=s success is typically dependent on:
how well he or she can get things done through others
People often do volunteer work for the ______ rewards.
intrinsic
Computer-assisted instruction is usually a form of
off-the-job training
What view suggests that managers are directly responsible for an organization=s success or failure?
omnipotent view of management
Staff authority
positions with some authority that have been created to support, assist, and advise those holding line authority
Trust in the workplace is based on authority and control.
false
Two advantages of decentralization are that (1) managers are encouraged to not solve their own problems, but rather to ask for assistance as soon as possible, and (2) decisions are made more slowly, because they are discussed at a higher level of management.
false
Despite the information available, Becky consistently uses her cell phone to text when driving down the highway. This is an example of ______ decision making. rational nonrational optimizing normative alternative
nonrational
______________ strategy is a corporate strategy that expands the number of products offered or markets served.
Growth
The first step in the decision-making process is:
Identifying a problem
Legitimate Power
Result of the position
5 Steps to Setting Goals
Review mission/purpose Evaluate Resources Determine Goals Write and Communicate Goals Review Results
Maslow's 5 Hierarchy of Needs
Physiological Safety Social Esteem Self Actualization
4 Functions of Management
Planning, Organizing, Leading, Controlling
6 Elements of Organizational Environment
Political Sociocultural Demographics Technological Economic Global
______ power is the type of influence a person exercises because of the job he or she holds. Reward Personal Political Referent Position
Position
When managers and employees within the same department are brought together in cross-functional teams to solve particular problems, their company is using a team-based design.
true
Which of the following is most important for the team leader to encourage during the storming stage of group and team development?
voicing of disagreements
Charismatic Leadership
Self confident, personality, actions influence others by vision, they can articulate the vision, takes risks, sensitive to needs of outside and inside followers, uncharacteristic behavior
Esteem Needs
Self respect, achievement, status, recognition, attention
______________ is knowing who you are and what you want. Self-awareness Self-esteem Self-efficacy Self-disclosure self-assessment
Self-awareness
Procedural Decision
Series of steps to respond to a problem
Advantages of Learning Structure
Sharing of knowledge throughout organization -Sustainable source of competitive advantage
Normative intuition represents the notion that decision makers are restricted by a variety of constraints when making decisions. True or false?
false
Organizational culture appears as five layers: observable artifacts, espoused values, basic assumptions, informal groups, and management groups.
false
Practical intelligence is very similar to logical-mathematical intelligence. True or false?
false
MBTI
*MBTI® - a popular personality-assessment instrument *Classifies individuals as exhibiting a preference in four categories: 1. Extroversion or introversion (E r I) 2. Sensing or intuition (S or N) 3. Thinking or feeling (T or F) 4. Judging or perceiving (J or P).
Human relations view of conflict
- the view that conflict is a natural and inevitable outcome in any group
Within an organization, forecasting employment demand is based on:
Decruitment patterns
Concerning the interaction between national culture and organizational culture, which of the following is true?
National culture is easier to change.
In reinforcement theory an employee shows up for work on time to avoid a reprimand. This is an example of:
Negative reinforcement
You own your own management consulting firm. At a recent seminar, the owner of a local supermarket chain asks you to help him differentiate between a coalition and a network. Which of the following would be a correct response? Networks are people-oriented. Coalitions have longer-term agendas. Coalitions involve the pursuit of general self-interests. Coalitions always coincide with formal group membership. Networks revolve around specific issues.
Networks are people-oriented.
Culture determinants
Norms, Roles, Values
If K-Mart has employees serving on the committee to decide what color the new uniform colors should be, this is an example of what tactic for reducing change resistance?
Participation
Narcissism is a key positive leadership trait.
false
Resilience
an individual's ability to overcome challenges and turn them into opportunities
Strategic Partnerships
collaborative relationships between two or more organizations in which they combine their resources and capabilities for some business purpose.
Investigative
-Prefers activities involving thinking, organizing, and understanding -analytical, original, curious, independent -Biologist, economist, mathematician, news reporter
The Importance of Social Networks
-Relationships can help or hinder team effectiveness. -Relationships improve team goal attainment and increase member commitment to the team.
Piaget's cognitive stages
-Sensory Motor 0 - 2 -Preoperational 2 - 7 -Concrete Operational 7 - 11 -Formal Operational 11 and above
__________ is most likely to build commitment, as opposed to compliance or resistance. Pressure Coalition building Legitimizing Consultation Ingratiation
Consultation
Management
Coordinating and overseeing work activities for efficiency and effectiveness
Polycentric Attitude
Best practices are those of the host country
The primary purpose of ________ behaviors is to ensure that people, equipment, and other resources are used in an efficient way to accomplish the mission of a group or organization. empowerment task-oriented relationship-oriented passive transformational
task-oriented
Understanding building codes would be considered what type of managerial skill?
technical
Personality conflict is defined as interpersonal opposition based on personal dislike or disagreement.
true
When major league baseball officials failed to notice they had created conditions that encouraged players to use steroids, this was an example of "motivated blindness." True or false?
true
Organic organization
- an organizational design that's highly adaptive and flexible
Mechanistic organization
- an organizational design that's rigid and tightly controlled
Strategy and Structure (contingency factors)
-Changes in corporate strategy should lead to changes in an organization's structure that support the strategy. -Certain structural designs work best with different organizational strategies +The organic structure works well for organizations pursuing meaningful and unique innovations +The mechanistic organization works best for companies wanting to tightly control costs
Characteristics of effective teams
-Clear goals -Relevant skills Mutual trust -Unified commitment -Good communication -Negotiating Skills -Appropriate leadership -internal support -External support
The goals of OB are to explain, predict, and influence behaviors such as
-Employee productivity -Absenteeism -Turnover
Decrease in productivity
-High Cohesiveness -Low alignment of group and organizational goals
Departmentalization trends
-Increasing use of customer departmentalization -Cross-Functional teams
Work Teams
-Leadership role is shared -Accountable to self and team -Team crates specific purpose -Work is done collectively -Meetings characterized by open-ended discussion and collaborative problem-solving -Performance is measured directly by evaluating collective work output -Work is decided upon and done together -Can be quickly assembled, deployed, refocused, and disbanded
No Significant Effect on Productivity
-Low Cohesiveness -Low alignment of group and organizational goals
Boundaryless Organization
an organization whose design is not defined by, or limited to, the horizontal, vertical, or external boundaries imposed by a predefined structure
Organizing
arranging and structuring work to accomplish an organization's goals.
Organizing
arranging and structuring work to accomplish an organizations goals
Research supports the conclusion that positive organizational practices drive outcomes at the individual level, but not the group or organizational levels. True or false?
false
According to Barbara Fredrickson's theory, positive emotions can only exist in a cooperative work environment. can be experienced through enforced self-interest. are not the most important factor for overall happiness. cannot be achieved without substantial social capital. broaden your perspective and build on themselves.
broaden your perspective and build on themselves.
When positive practices reduce the impact of negative events or stressors, a(n) _________ effect has occurred. buffering attentional positivity amplifying deviant
buffering
A state of _____ exists when employees are physically, cognitively, and emotionally engaged in an activity or project. commitment positivity flow mindfulness hyperactivity
flow
According to the Ohio State studies, which of the following dimensions of leader behavior refers to the extent to which a leader is likely to define and structure his or her role and the roles of group members in the search for goal attainment?
Initiating structure
A committee investigating the impacts of health care reform on the organization is an example of a(n)
formal group
A finance manager who reads the Wall Street Journal on a regular basis would be performing which role?
Monitor
Process Consolation
Outside consultant changes a manager's processes and decisions
Variable pay
Pay based on an organizations performance
Skill-based pay
Pay based on the skills an employee demonstrates
Heuristics
Rules of Thumb
_________ theory assumes that competency, autonomy, and relatedness influence our behavior and well-being. Acquired needs Self-determination Job characteristics Expectancy Herzberg's motivator-hygiene
Self-determination
An example of an intrinsic reward would be:
Self-image from one=s job
A group in which members assume managerial responsibilities is the:
Self-managed team
Hostile environment sexual harassment has a severe and pervasive requirement. This means that:
Single, isolated incidents are generally not sufficient to establish hostile environment harassment.
The Industrial Revolution:
Started in the 18th Century in Great Britain. Substituted machine power for human power. Made it more economical to manufacture goods in factories. Was an important influence on the field of management.
Lewin's theory of change:
Suggests using external consultants to facilitate change.
Empathy
The ability to sense how others are feeling.
Traditional Approach to Setting Goals
Top managers set goals and those goals flow down through the organization and become subgoals for each area reached
At which level of management are conceptual skills most important?
Top managers.
3 Approaches to Setting Goals
Traditional Means-end Chain MBO
Phil is part of a newly formed work group. He has been introduced to all the group members, but he still feels like he cannot trust them. The group has not yet chosen a leader, and Phil feels unsure about his exact role within the group. According to Tuckman's five-stage model of group development, which of the following stages is Phil's group currently in? norming forming storming performing adjourning
forming
A person in the ______ role will encourage all group members to participate. compromiser gatekeeper commentator encourager harmonizer
gatekeeper
Employee empowerment
giving employees more authority (power) to make decisions
The first stage of doing business globally would involve
global outsourcing
Clear Goals
high-performance teams have a clear understanding of the goal to be achieved
A ______________ is an explicit statement that tells a manager what he or she can or cannot do or ought or ought not do.
rule
Departmentalization
the basis by which jobs are grouped together
Coalition building is getting others to support your efforts to persuade someone to do something. True or false?
true
Collecting performance information from multiple sources helps a person being evaluated to get a broad view of his or her performance. True or false?
true
In general, job satisfaction today is higher than it was in the aftermath of the Great Recession of 2007-2009.
true
Leader behavior is more important than leader traits when it comes to effectiveness. True or false?
true
When the demands or pressures from work and family domains are mutually incompatible, work-family conflict has occurred. True or false?
true
Divisional Structure
Type of structure with separate units or divisions
Members of a group that are asking "What's next?" are in the performing stage of team development.
false
Most workers rate monetary benefits higher than they rate having a caring boss.
false
When we add planning and control responsibilities to jobs to make them more motivating, it is known as
job enrichment
The traditional view of conflict is that:
Conflict is bad
One of the biggest errors in the problem identification step of decision-making is:
Confusing symptoms of the problem with the real problem.
Energy
A measure of intensity, drive, and vigor
According to research, the relationship between job performance and job satisfaction is best summarized by which of the following statements? Higher levels of job satisfaction lead to higher job performance. Higher levels of job performance lead to higher job satisfaction. Both variables indirectly influence each other. These variables are both caused by personality factors. There is no relationship between job performance and job satisfaction.
Both variables indirectly influence each other.
______ is the remedy for ill-conceived goals. Rooting out conflicts of interest When handing off work, asking if the assignment might invite unethical behavior Rewarding solid decision processes, not just good outcomes, Being alert for even trivial ethical infractions and addressing them immediately Brainstorming unintended consequences
Brainstorming unintended consequences
________ is the harnessing of organization members' selves to their work roles. Employee involvement Employee engagement Organization commitment Job satisfaction Organizational citizenship behavior
Employee engagement
Equity Theory
Employees compare job input-outcome with that of others then correct any inequity
From an Expectancy Theory perspective which of the following has the most motivational potential?
Individual incentives such as piece rates
Which of the following phrases is MOST associated with conceptual skills of managers?
decision making
The ability to combine different, apparently unrelated, ideas to arrive at new ideas refers to
innovation.
Emotions
intense feelings that are directed at someone or something.
A manager resolving conflict among organizational members is performing what function?
leading
Recruitment is the process of ______.
locating, identifying, and attracting potential employees
Change that is focused on techniques or programs to change people as well as the nature and quality of interpersonal work relationships is known as which of the following types of organizational change?
organization development
A business school=s statement that it Astrives for productive relationships with local organizations@ is an example of a
policy.
Behavior
the actions of people.
Group
two or more interacting and interdependent individuals who come together to achieve specific goals
Employee engagement
when employees are connected to, satisfied with, and enthusiastic about their jobs.
Size and Structure (contingency factors)
as an organization grows larger, its structure tends to change from organic to mechanistic with increased specialization, departmentalization, centralization, and rules/regulations.
Process Conflict
conflict over how work gets done.
Adhocracy cultures: empower employees to take risks. drive toward productivity, profit, and customer satisfaction. have been shown to be generally ineffective. devote considerable resources to hiring and developing employees. assess effectiveness with measures of efficiency, timeliness, quality, safety, and reliability.
empower employees to take risks.
In an organic organization, tasks and rules are clearly specified.
false
People who do what is required, exert no extra effort, and provide no extra input are said to be resisting. True or false?
false
People bring their abilities, goals, and experiences to each and every situation, which often changes the situation. Conversely, because situations have unique characteristics, such as opportunities and rewards, they change people. This dynamic reflects the interactional perspective, which explains that behavior is a function of: interdependent person and situation factors. interdependent ethical and unethical factors. interdependent human and social factors. independent person and situation factors. independent human and social factors.
interdependent person and situation factors.
Contingent workers
temporary, freelance, or contract workers whose employment is contingent upon demand for their services.
The goal-setting theory suggests that employees can be motivated by goals that are specific and challenging, but achievable.
true
Developmental Theories of Personality
-Freud's Psychosexual Stages -Erikson's Psychosocial Stages -Piaget's Cognitive Stages -Levinson's Theory of Adult Personality
Benefits of open innovation
-Gives customers what they want- a voice -Allows organizations to respond to complex problems -Nutures internal and external -Brings focus back to marketplace -Provides way to cope with rising costs and uncertainities of product development
Benefits of global teams
-Greater diversity of ideas -Limited group-think -Increased attention on understanding other's ideas, perspectives, etc.
Current Challenges in Managing Teams
-Group Member Resources in Global Teams - managers need to clearly understand the cultural characteristics of group members -Group Structure - issues include conformity, status, social loafing, and cohesiveness -Group Processes - multicultural global team is better able to capitalize on the diversity of ideas
Disadvantages of group decision making
-Groups almost always take more time -Dominant and vocal minority can influence the decision -Groupthink
Drawbacks of open innovation
-High demands of managing the process -Extensive support needed -Cultural challenges -Greater need for flexibility -Crucial changes required in how knowledge is controlled and shared
Situation C
-High level of conflict -Dysfunctional Conflict -Internal characteristics: +Disruptive +Chaotic +Uncooperative -Low Group performance
Advantages of group decision making
-More complete information and knowledge -A diversity of experience and perspectives -Increased acceptance of a solution
Work Groups
-One leader clearly in charge -Accountable only to self -Purpose is same as broader organizational purpose -Work is done individually -Meetings characterized by efficiency; no collaboration or open-ended discussion -Performance is measured indirectly according to its influence on others -Work is decided upon by group leader and delegated to individual group members
Situation B
-Optimal level of conflict -Functional conflict -Internal characteristics: +Viable +Self-Critical +Innovative -High Group performance
realistic
-Prefers physical activities that require skill, strength, and coordination -Shy, genuine, persistent, stable, conforming, practical -Ex: mechanic, drill press operator, assembly-line worker, farmer
Conventional
-Prefers rule-regulated, orderly, and unambiguous activities -Conforming, efficient, practical, unimaginative , inflexible -Ex: Accountant, corporate manager, bank teller, file clerk
Enterprising
-Prefers verbal activities that offer opportunities to influence others and attain power -Self-confident, ambitious, energetic, domineering -Ex: lawyer, real estate agent, public relations specialist, small business manger
Accommodation
-Resolving conflicts by placing another's needs and concerns above your own -Cooperative, unassertive
Collaboration
-Resolving conflicts by seeking an advantageous solution for all parties -Assertive and cooperative
I-S-F-P (introversion, sensing, feeling, perceiving)
-Sensitive, kind, modest, shy, and quietly, friendly, such people strongly dislike disagreements and will avoid them. they are loyal followers and quite often are relaxed about getting things done.
Group Size
-Small groups are faster than larger ones at completing tasks -Large groups consistently get better problem solving results than smaller ones -Amazon founder and CEO Jeff Bezos uses a "two-pizza" philosophy; that is, a team should be small enough that it can be fed with two pizzas.
Work groups are affected by the external conditions imposed on it:
-The organization's strategy -Authority relationships -Formal rules and regulations -Availability of resources -Employee selection criteria -The performance management system and culture -The general physical layout of the group's work space
Erikson's Psychosocial Stages
-Trust vs Mistrust Autonomy vs Doubt Initiative vs Guilt Industry vs Inferiority Identity vs Role confusion Intimacy vs Isolation Generativity vs Self-absorption Integrity vs Despair
E-N-T-J (Extroversion, intuition, thinking, judging)
-Warm, friendly, candid, and decisive; also skilled in anything that requires that requires reasoning and intelligent talk, but may sometimes overestimate what they are capable of doing.
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
185 countries that promote international monetary cooperation and provide advice, loans, and technical assistance
Emotional intelligence involves the ability to:
Be aware of one=s own emotions Manage one=s own emotions Be aware of the social situation Manage oneself and interact in mature and constructive ways
Training
Begins once HR sets training objectives
Brandon is Mark's manager. When the leader of Mark's team leaves, Mark is given additional responsibilities as acting team leader. Brandon wants him to take the team in a new direction. However, the company does not give Mark a raise or promise of a bonus. What mistake has Brandon, the change agent, made? Brandon has exhibited poor leadership style. Brandon had poor timing Brandon had a lack of tact. Brandon disrupted cultural traditions. Brandon failed to legitimize change.
Brandon failed to legitimize change.
Utilitarian/Consequential View of Ethics
Consequential based; whichever decision causes the greatest good for the greatest amount of people
Reliable
Consistent
Manager
Coordinates and oversees work of others to accomplish goals
Transformational leadership involves individuals who can:
Create a vision to guide change.
The performance management process requires that we:
Define the dimensions of performance Define performance standards Measure performance Provide performance feedback
One of the biggest disadvantages of divisional departmentalization is:
Economies of scale are reduced and there is more functional duplication
Traditional management=s attitude towards employees before the last century could best be described as:
Employees were a cost that needed to be controlled.
A CEO conducting strategic planning would be performing which role?
Entrepreneur
The perceived fairness of the methods used to distribute organizational rewards is called:
Equitable justice
Grouping people with similar skills who perform similar tasks (such as accountants) together is a for of departmentalization we call ____ departmentalization.
Functional
______ consists of the activities that managers perform to plan for, attract, develop, and retain an effective workforce.
Human resource management
Stages of Group Development
-Forming Stage -Storming Stage -Norming -Performing -Adjourning
Strong Increase in Productivity
-High Cohesiveness -a High alignment of group and organizational goals
A group's performance potential depends to a large extent on the resources each individual brings to the group. These include:
-Knowledge -Abilities -Skills -Personality traits
Why are some groups more successful than others?
-The abilities of the group's members -The size of the group -The level of conflict -The internal pressures on members to conform to the group's norms
Content Models of motivation:
Focus on unfilled needs to explain behavior.
Which of the following is a tip for more effective PowerPoint presentations? Include questions on slides. Utilize lots of images. Make sure you have plenty of special effects. Use multiple font styles, sizes, and colors. Put everything you have to say on a slide.
Include questions on slides.
AA discrepancy between an existing and a desired state of affairs@ describes which step in the decision-making process?
Problem identification
Sexual Harassment
Quid Pro Quo; this for that
Programmed Decision
Repetitive with a routine approach
Group Cohesiveness
The degree to which group members are attracted to one another and share the group's goals.
Marcy left a large Fortune 500 company to go to a small start-up technology firm. Earlier in her career, Marcy wanted a high salary and corporate position, but now she wants something different. She wants to be part of something that will grow and she enjoys the flexibility a small firm offers. In addition, she is involved in decision making, so she almost feels like it's her own company. These differing needs represent steps in Maslow's need hierarchy. McGregor's Theory Y. McClelland's acquired needs theory. Deci and Ryan's self-determination theory. Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory.
Maslow's need hierarchy.
Plant managers, regional managers, or divisional managers would be examples of:
Middle managers.
Controlling
Monitoring, comparing, and correcting work
Personality continued
Multifaceted hypothetical construct that is definitionally complex -Omnibus - aggregate -Integrative - pulls together attributes -Hierarchical - organization -Adjustment - adaptation -Distinctiveness - uniqueness *Psychic fingerprint
A new commercial bank employee who notices stares from other officers because he does not wear conservative work attire is experiencing what aspect of groups?
Norms
______ is the extent to which an individual identifies with an organization and commits to its goals. Perceived organizational support Organizational commitment Organizational satisfaction Job involvement Job satisfaction
Organizational commitment
_________ bias is especially evident in entrepreneurs who are deciding to start and sustain new ventures. Representativeness Overconfidence Escalation of commitment Framing Confirmation
Overconfidence
Decision making is (simplistically) typically described as:
Processing information to completion
Moral Rights View of Ethics
Protect the rights of people
Valid
Proven relationship
Graphic Rating Scale
Quick, most popular method evaluates on behaviors, traits or other performance factors; 1-5 scale
A middle manager who is expected by his/her boss to keep performance evaluations low to save on merit increase costs, but feels compelled to reward his/her high performing subordinates fairly, is experiencing which of the following?
Role conflict
One=s belief in his or her ability to accomplish a task is central to motivational models such as Expectancy Theory. This concept is known as:
Self-efficacy
3 Traditional Organizational Designs/Structures
Simple Functional Divisional
5 Characterics of JCM
Skill Variety Task Identity Task Significance Autonomy Feedback
Task Significance
Substantial impact on the lives and work of others
In a job-based pay system one=s pay level is based on:
The skill, experience, and responsibility required of the job
Organizational Chart
The visual representation of an organization's structure, chain of command, supervisory relationships, levels of management
Extreme examples of unethical and illegal conduct are the exception in the business community. Which of the following statements about this behavior is false? Very few unethical acts are also illegal. Most unethical acts are not punished in any way. Even if illegal, few of these acts are prosecuted. You can rely on the legal system to manage or assure ethical conduct at work. Unethical behavior negatively affects the offending employee, coworkers, and the employer.
You can rely on the legal system to manage or assure ethical conduct at work.
Carol is a behind-the-scenes kind of person, but everyone wants her on their committee because those committees tend to meet their objectives. Which of the following statements might describe why people want Carol on their committee? To be a leader, you must have formal authority. Leadership can only be assessed at the group level. Leaders must be evaluated at the beginning of a project. The criteria for assessing leadership effectiveness are always unclear. You do not need to have a formal position of authority to be a leader.
You do not need to have a formal position of authority to be a leader.
Flextime (or flexible work hours)
a scheduling system in which employees are required to work a specific number of hours a week but are free to vary those hours within certain limits.
Problem-solving team
a team from the same department or functional area that's involved in efforts to improve work activities or to solve specific problems.
Team Structure
an organizational structure in which the entire organization is made up of work teams Advantages: Employees more involved/empowered, reduced barriers Disadvantages: no clear chain of command, pressure on teams to perform
Divisional Structure
an organizational structure made up of separate, semiautonomous units or divisions -Focuses on results -Duplication of activities and resources increases costs, reduces effiency
Cognitive dissonance
any incompatibility or inconsistency between attitudes or between behavior and attitudes.
Workplace misbehavior
any intentional employee behavior that is potentially damaging to the organization or to individuals within the organization
Line Authority
authority that entitles a manager to direct the work of an employee
The __________ phase spans two to five years and entails the junior person receiving a host of career and psychosocial guidance. redefinition initiation traditional separation cultivation
cultivation
Laura is head of ABC Systems. She needs to allocate a fixed amount of funds to various projects. There are two top projects that Laura believes hold the most promise. She decides to arrange a structured debate for the two top proposals. Importantly, the assumptions of each proposal are identified, and a conflicting counterproposal is generated based on a different set of assumptions. Advocates of each position present and debate the merits of their proposal before Laura makes her decision. Which technique is Laura using to help her make a better decision? dialectic method negotiation devil's advocacy avoidance mediation
dialectic method
Meryl wants to buy a used car, and she can spend $4,000. She meets up with Sandy who wants $4,750 for her 2008 Toyota. Meryl can't go any higher. This is an example of _________ negotiation. distributive integrative compromise added-value alternative
distributive
Professor Jones learns that faculty members in another college with the same degree, years of teaching experience, and publication record are making significantly more money than he is. He considers this unfair. He is reacting to ______ justice. institutional organizational distributive procedural interactional
distributive
Jill has joined the police academy. During the training process, Jill and the other cadets are made to wear uniforms and maintain an immaculate appearance. The trainers address her as "officer" instead of using her first name. All the cadets are told they are no longer ordinary citizens but representatives of the police force. This is the ______ form of organizational socialization. role play investiture informal divestiture random
divestiture
Owen leads a team tasked with developing a client tracking system. He is nervous and worried, afraid that if this assignment doesn't go well, he won't be promoted. Jack, a team member, is relaxed, unworried, and secure in the feeling that they have all the necessary resources and talents to make this work. Jack is likely to score high on emotional stability. introversion. conscientiousness. internal locus of control. agreeableness.
emotional stability.
Perceived organizational support
employees' general belief that their organization values their contribution and cares about their well-being.
Harry is thinking about meeting Connie. He writes a text message to Connie, inviting her for a drink at the local bar. This is an example of decoding. feedback. noise. encoding. miscommunication.
encoding
Which of the following is not a task role? encourager energizer recorder elaborator information seeker/giver
encourager
Luis has just learned that Brian, who has less experience and who does less work, receives a higher salary. Since learning this, Luis has been very unhappy and has started to look for another job. What model of job satisfaction best explains Luis's reactions? dispositional components value attainment met expectations need fulfillment equity
equity
The idea underlying the __________ model is that satisfaction is tied to how fairly an individual is treated at work: met expectations need fulfillment equity value attainment dispositional components
equity
Pereot Fragrances states that they are a "moving, flexible, innovative, customer-oriented global company that delivers real value to our shareholders by our unrelenting focus on performance and the unswerving dedication of our world-class, dedicated employees." In a time of growth and record profits, the company decides to increase wages and profit-sharing. What level of organizational culture does this represent? observable artifacts enacted values espoused values sustainability basic underlying assumptions
espoused values
Attitudes
evaluative statements, either favorable or unfavorable, concerning objects, people, or events. -made up of three components: cognition, affect, and behavior
There are two competing explanations about the origin of linguistic styles between men and women: ______ and ______. hierarchy of needs; Darwinian perspective Erikson's theory; psychoanalytic theory social role theory; hierarchy of needs psychoanalytic theory; social perspective evolutionary psychology; social role theory
evolutionary psychology; social role theory
Younger employees also are more likely to use the Internet and social media to accomplish their tasks. This is an example of the ___________ that represent the key issue when considering communication across generations. expectations and norms rules and regulations corporate policies and procedures FCC laws statements by management
expectations and norms
Norm and Quinn have been arguing over role responsibilities. The atmosphere in their small office is increasingly negative and tense. Petra, a manager from another department, informally urges them to deal directly with each other in a positive and constructive manner. This easy form of ADR is ombudsmanship. facilitation. peer review. mediation. arbitration.
facilitation.
Roger manages both Bill and Nancy. They are in an argument about who should handle a particular job. Roger encourages them to deal directly with each other in a positive and constructive manner. Roger is acting as a(n) facilitator. arbitrator. ombudsman. conciliator. negotiator.
facilitator.
A holistic hunch represents a judgment that is based on a conscious integration stored in memory. True or false?
false
A person's emotional stability refers to how intellectual, imaginative, curious, and broad-minded he or she is.
false
According to Chester I. Barnard, an organization is made up of at least one person who strives daily to achieve the organization's goals.
false
After 20 years on the job, Elvira retired. For several different reasons, the company decided not to replace Elvira with someone else. This is an example of turnover for a company.
false
All work groups progress through the stages of group development to become effective teams. True or false?
false
Arbitration is the process in which a neutral third party, a mediator, listens to both sides in a dispute, makes suggestions, and encourages them to agree on a solution.
false
Before applying for a job as a contracts analyst, Carlos read the job analysis for the available position. This document indicated that the responsible employee reviews contracts for technical accuracy and completeness, and tracks invoices against the executed contracts.
false
Carlos is a manager who has poor leader-member relations with his employees who perform unambiguous, easily understood tasks. He should use a task-motivated leadership style.
false
Common sense focuses on the past, and because of this, it is strong in responding to the unexpected. True or false?
false
Early in the change process, a manager should use variable schedules of reinforcement with extrinsic rewards to reinforce new behaviors. True or false?
false
Employees who play the role of initiator, coordinator, energizer, or orienter are playing a maintenance role in the organization.
false
Explicit leadership theory is the idea that people have beliefs about how leaders should behave and what they should do for their followers. True or false?
false
Fiedler's contingency leadership model argues that leadership behaviors should be determined by position power only.
false
For Megan's end-of-year performance appraisal, her supervisor solicited feedback from three of Megan's coworkers, the manager of the customer-service department, several of Megan's clients, and even a few employees in other departments with whom she worked recently. Megan's performance appraisal is an example of an employee survey.
false
In Fiedler's model, both high-control and low-control situations call for relationship-motivated leadership. True or false?
false
Instinct, insight, and intuition are synonymous; that is, they are the same thing. True or false?
false
Job enlargement enables workers to focus on doing more of the same task to increase productivity.
false
Leadership is the ability to marshal human, informational, and other resources to get something done.
false
Marla, an employee for a government defense contractor, likes the strict culture that she finds with AeroDyno Industries, which supplies equipment parts to several military bases. There is very little focus on the external environment and little company flexibility due to the type of customers that AeroDyno serves. Because the product it sells needs little improvement and there is virtually no competition, AeroDyno Industries takes few risks. AeroDyno Industries is an example of an adhocracy culture.
false
Reinforcement theory attempts to explain behavior change by suggesting that behavior with negative consequences tends to be repeated, whereas behavior with positive consequences tends not to be repeated.
false
Research reveals that reactive people tend to be more satisfied with their jobs, committed to their employer, and produce more work than proactive individuals.
false
The IT network that allows for the movement of organizational information within that company is known as the organizational structure.
false
The metaphor for an invisible barrier preventing women and minorities from being promoted to top executive jobs is the steel curtain.
false
The most common response to incivility is that employees work harder to avoid its source. True or false?
false
The primary purpose of relationship-oriented leadership behavior is to ensure that people, equipment, and other resources are used in an efficient way to accomplish the mission of a group or organization.
false
Thought is the process of interpreting and understanding one's environment.
false
To enhance a worker's expectancy, a manager could get to know what rewards employees value. set specific, measurable goals. link rewards to desired outcomes. give feedback and coach the employee. explain to the worker why he or she should trust the organization.
give feedback and coach the employee.
Effectiveness is synonymous with
goal attainment
Norm and his creative team need to present an idea for marketing a new detergent to the head of their advertising agency. Diane, a member of the team, always resented Norm's promotion to team leader. She objects to every idea Norm suggests and spends the entire meeting selling her approach. Diane hopes that this will be a chance to show her skills to the head of the agency. This is known as goal displacement. social pressure. groupthink. role modeling. decision rationale.
goal displacement.
Communities of practice
groups of people who share a concern, a set of problems, or a passion about a topic, and who deepen their knowledge and expertise in that area by interacting on an ongoing basis.
People with an internal locus of control have lower work motivation. earn lower salaries. tend to be more anxious. derive less job satisfaction from performance. have stronger expectations that effort leads to performance.
have stronger expectations that effort leads to performance.
Gannet Publishers has traditional layers of management and emphasis is placed on following the chain of command. Power, status, and position help the leaders within a hierarchy culture manage their employees. Gannett appears to have a(n) _________ culture. empowered clan adhocractic market hierarchical
hierarchical
The white water rapids metaphor for change
is consistent with dynamic environmental forces.
Which of the following is not considered a contingency factor in House's path-goal theory? employee's need for clarity employee's need for achievement task structure work group dynamics leader acceptance
leader acceptance
In which of the following situations would a leader's situational control be considered low? leader-member relations good; task structure low; position power weak leader-member relations good; task structure high; position power weak leader-member relations poor; task structure high; position power strong leader-member relations poor; task structure low; position power strong leader-member relations poor; task structure low; position power weak
leader-member relations poor; task structure low; position power weak
Drake is running for Congress during a time of conflict. He has a strong, craggy, dominant look—similar to Clint Eastwood. His campaign manager says that this gives him an advantage over his opponent. This reflects a cognitive map. leadership prototype. path-goal schema. situational construct. follower construct.
leadership prototype.
Which of the following is true about organizationally committed and satisfied employees?
lower rates of turnover
In regard to differences in how men and women communicate, in general males are expected to hide their emotions. males are expected to communicate less aggressively. females focus less on rapport. females give less confirmation and support. differences between males and females are insignificant.
males are expected to hide their emotions.
Good Communication
messages are clearly understood
Base on Herzberg=s Two-Factor Theory, in order to provide employees with job satisfaction, managers should concentrate on
motivators
An international company that decentralizes management and other decisions to the local country is a(n):
multidomestic corporation.
Wayne is on the production line for Medical Services Inc. He has been there for five years and has won Employee of the Month more than anyone else. Zander, his coworker, who has only been at Medical Services three years and hasn't even been nominated for Employee of the Month, just received a promotion. Wayne perceives a negative expectancy. negative output. positive inequity. positive output. negative inequity.
negative inequity.
Linguistic style includes all of the following except use of stories. pacing and pausing. word choice. nonverbal behavior. use of jokes.
nonverbal behavior.
In which stage of the group development process do group members resolve their power struggles so that something can be accomplished? forming storming norming conforming performing
norming
Theresa is a(n) ______ for Capital Clinic services. She has worked for the company for 20 years and is widely respected and trusted. In this position, she hears grievances on a confidential basis and attempts to arrange a solution. ombudsmanship facilitation peer review mediation arbitration
ombudsmanship
Letitia reports to work at Apex Inc. This is her first day. Human resources tells Letitia to report to a conference room so that she can review the company's mission statement and policies, go over her job description, and learn about the technology systems in use. This type of experience is an ______ program. incoming onboarding involvement introductory engagement
onboarding
A(n) ________ helps new recruits integrate, assimilate, and transition to new jobs by making them familiar with corporate policies, procedures, culture, and politics and by clarifying work-role expectations and responsibilities. onboarding program realistic job preview mentoring program sponsorship program developmental network
onboarding program
Teams with high levels of ______ and ______ deal with task conflict better than those without these characteristics. extraversion; need for power need for power; agreeableness openness; emotional stability need for affiliation; openness need for achievement; extraversion
openness; emotional stability
Salaried executive, administrative, and professional employees are exempt from ______ rules.
overtime
In the ______ leadership model, a leader makes desirable rewards available in the workplace and clarifies how followers can obtain them.
path-goal
Sustainable businesses tend to be run by CEOs who are intelligent. controlling. target-driven. people-centered. egotistical.
people-centered
Otto is convinced that social media offers many benefits for employees and wants to institute a plan at Compass Inc. Which of the following is not a potential benefit for employees? increased job satisfaction better work-life balance better performance and retention increased creativity and collaboration personal stability
personal stability
Lennie loves her job at Vail Corporation. She is even a community ambassador. Lennie exhibits all of the following qualities except pessimism. urgency. focus. intensity. enthusiasm.
pessimism
In Maslow's needs hierarchy theory, _______ is the lowest level and __________ is the highest level. safety; self-actualization safety; esteem love; esteem physiological; esteem physiological; self-actualization
physiological; self-actualization
Grace is going to be leading a meeting of her colleagues to discuss how they might redesign one of their work processes. She decides that she will use a PowerPoint presentation to lay out the problems with the existing workflow. She is in the __________ step of the TED protocol for effective presentations. frame your story plan your delivery plan your multimedia develop your stage presence put it together
plan your multimedia
Jason is more apt to take initiative and persevere to influence the environment; he has a(n) ______ personality.
proactive
A(n) _______ is someone who is relatively unconstrained by situational forces and who effects environmental change. extrovert proactive person stable person introvert imaginative and curious
proactive person
An organization that states, APeople are our most valuable asset,@ and then proceeds to lay off 20 percent of its workforce, has revealed its ______________ objective.
real
A(n) includes both positive and negative aspects about the job and the company provides higher job satisfaction and lower turnover.
realistic job preview
Individuals who are conceptual in decision-making style risk being autocratic and focusing on the short term. sometimes overanalyze situations. rely on intuition and discussions with others to acquire information. adopt a short-term perspective. have a tendency to avoid conflict.
rely on intuition and discussions with others to acquire information.
What is the last stage of the perceptual process?
retrieval from memory
Which of the following is a basic definition of ethics?
rules or principles that define right and wrong conduct
During a class lecture, Mike finds himself thinking about an argument he had last night with his girlfriend. Mike is displaying multitasking. rumination. negative emotions. PsyCap. mindfulness.
rumination
Which of the following is an individual function of a group? coordinate interdepartmental efforts satisfy the person's need for affiliation. implement complex decisions socialize newcomers accomplish complex, interdependent tasks
satisfy the person's need for affiliation.
Applications, résumés, interviews, and employment tests are all ______ tools.
selection
When monitoring performance, Frank watches all of the following except setting goals. time. quality. quantity. financial metrics.
setting goals.
Empathy and organizational intuition are a part of which emotional intelligence (EI) trait?
social awareness
A collection of five employees who are studying industry pay scales, with the goal of making recommendations for adjusting pay grades within their company, is known as a(n)
team
A key moderating variable with group effectiveness is
the degree to which the group's attitude aligns with its goals or with the goals of the organization.
The Hawthorne Studies were initially devised to study
the effect of illumination levels on employee productivity
Span of control refers to which of the following concepts?
the number of subordinates affected by a single managerial order
Proactive personality
trait belonging to people who identify opportunities, show initiative, take action, and persevere until meaningful change occurs.
Assuming they have choices, people will make the choice that promises them the greatest reward if they think they can get it.
true
Autonomy describes the extent to which a job allows an employee to make choices about scheduling different tasks and deciding how to perform them.
true
Devil's advocacy and the dialectic method are forms of programmed conflict designed to elicit different opinions without inciting people's personal feelings.
true
Functional conflict is also known as constructive or cooperative conflict. True or false?
true
Gestures such as constructive statements about the department, expression of personal interest in the work of others, suggestions for improvement, training of new people, the caring for organizational property, and punctuality and attendance well beyond standard or enforceable levels are examples of organizational citizenship behaviors.
true
If you start a new job and find the job description and criteria for promotion to be vague, role ambiguity has occurred.
true
Low self-efficacy is associated with learned helplessness, the debilitating lack of faith in one's ability to control one's environment.
true
Managers who obtain compliance primarily because of their formal authority to make decisions have legitimate power. True or false?
true
Mutual-benefit organizations are voluntary collectives whose purpose is to advance members' interests, while nonprofit organizations are formed to offer services to some clients, not to make a profit.
true
Onboarding programs help employees to integrate and transition to new jobs by making them familiar with corporate policies, procedures, cultures, and politics by clarifying work-role expectations and responsibilities.
true
Programmed conflict is conflict that raises different opinions regardless of the personal feelings of the managers.
true
Rational persuasion, consultation, collaboration, and inspirational appeals are most effective at building commitment. True or false?
true
Recent research has shown that employees' use of social media is related to increased job satisfaction, performance, and retention. True or false?
true
Studies have shown that about 70 percent of workplace learning is informal.
true
Team composition reflects the collection of jobs, personalities, values, knowledge, experience, and skills of team members.
true
Teams are a cornerstone of work life in today's organizations. True or false?
true
The best leaders display both transactional and transformational leadership styles.
true
The identity of WelcomeMat employees is focused on the belief that employee satisfaction and customer loyalty are more important than corporate profits. In this case, the organizational culture provides employees with an organizational identity. True or false?
true
The rational model of decision making explains how managers should make decisions. It assumes that managers are completely objective and possess all information for their decisions. In this model, decisions thus demonstrate excellent logic and promote the organization's best interests. True or false?
true
There are two different approaches to job design. The traditional approach to job design is to fit people to the jobs; the modern way is to fit the jobs to the people.
true
True or false? Hannah, the youngest owner of a family-owned grocery, wants to make sure her company's culture is embedded in their organization. In a recent tradeshow workshop, she learned that she can do this by having company rites and rituals, continuing to tell stories about company legends, and being a role model to her employees.
true
Philip got an e-mail from his supervisor with compliments and praises for his work over the past few months. This is an example of a __________ schedule of reinforcement. continuous fixed ratio variable ratio fixed interval variable interval
variable interval
For a manager, building an effective team requires work, but the payoff is
a stronger, better-performing work unit
Which type of justice reflects the perceived fairness of how resources and rewards are distributed or allocated, according to equity theory?
distributive
If a consumer products company departmentalizes by having a Soap Group, a Snack Group, and a Small Appliances group it would be using ____ departmentalization.
Product
Structured problems are usually solved by:
Programmed decisions
In the Hersey and Blanchard SIT model the high-task and low-relationship situation with followers who are unwilling and unable to do a task the leader needs to use a ___style.
Telling
Benefits of collaborative work
- Increased communication and coordination -Greater innovative output -Enhanced ability to address complex problems -Sharing of information and best practices
Mechanistic Organizations
-High specialization -Rigid departmentalization -Clear chain of command -Narrow spans of control -Centralization -High formalization
Disadvantages of Boundaryless Structure
-Lack of control -Communication difficulties
Avoidance
-Resolving conflicts by withdrawing from or suppressing them. -Uncooperative -Unassertive
Six key elements of Organizatinal design
-Work specialization -Departmentalization -Chain of command -Span of control -Centralization and decentralization -Formalization
Sample statements from an employee attitude survey
-i have ample opportunities to use my skills/abilities in my job -My manager has a good relationship with my work group -My organization provides me professional development opportunities -I am told if I'm doing good work or not -I feel safe in my work environment -My organization is a great place to work
Organizational behavior focuses on three major areas
1. Individual behavior including attitudes, personality, perception, learning, and motivation. 2. Group behavior including norms, roles, team building, leadership, and conflict. 3. Organizational aspects including structure, culture, and human resource policies and practices
________ is a process that involves an individual comparing perceptions of his or her of performance with those of managers, subordinates, and peers. Performance monitoring Performance appraisal Goal monitoring 360-degree feedback Self-assessment
360-degree feedback
Job Characteristics Model (JCM)
A framework for analyzing and designing jobs to motivate
Nominal Group Technique (NGT)
A group decision-making technique in which group members are presented with a problem; each member independently writes down his or her ideas on the problem, and then each member presents one idea to the group until all ideas have been presented. No discussion takes place until all ideas have been presented.
In organizational behavior the term ABig Five@ commonly refers to:
A model of personality that describes five broad personality dimensions
The most important impact that the Hawthorne Studies had was:
A new emphasis on human behavior in organizations.
Motivation
A person's efforts are energized, directed and sustained toward attaining a goal
Companies that use performance appraisal results to decide individual pay increases are said to have:
A skill-based system
In a SWOT analysis, having a work force of highly skilled employees would be considered:
A strength
In a SWOT analysis, a durable goods manufacturer that sees evidence of macroeconomic recession would likely consider it:
A threat
A learned disposition we have about our job or our work is called:
A work attitude
Coercive Power
Ability to punish or control
If your search for a job operates under conditions of bounded rationality you would likely:
Accept the first job offered to you that met your minimum demands.
High social responsibility is best illustrated by the ___ approach to going Agreen@
Activist
Social Needs
Affection, acceptance, and friendship
Certainty
All outcomes are known
A selection device in which the applicant undergoes a variety of performance tests such as interviews, in-basket problem-solving exercises, and business games is called:
An assessment center
Job analysis
An assessment that defines the jobs behaviors, tasks, and responsibilities
Individuals who feel that whether they succeed at work is based mostly on luck and favoritism would be considered to have:
An external locus of control
A type of decision making error in which we fail to change our decision even when we receive new information about the problem is called:
Anchoring effect
Rationality
Assumes manager is fully objective, logical, clear/unambiguous goals, specific goals, and all outcomes are known
Attribution Theory
Attempt to determine behavior by internal or external causation
One of the important antecedents to continuance commitment is:
Availability of alternative jobs
An approach to planning that involves searching for best practices among one=s competitors is called:
Benchmarking
Compromising
Each party gives something up
Process departmentalization
Grouping jobs on the basis of product or customer flow
Which of the following is a factor that limits high performance in planning organizations?
Informality
Management by Objective (MBO)
Mutually agreed upon goals and using them to evaluate employee performance
The formal structure is described by the:
Organizational chart
Juan finished the special report for the vice president of marketing. He spent many extra hours compiling this report and knows it has excellent quality. _____ is the emotion Juan is most likely experiencing. Awe Inspiration Pride Hope Interest
Pride
Civil Rights Act Title VII
Prohibits discrimination based on race, color, religion, origin, and gender
Under Title VII, companies are liable for hostile environment sexual harassment unless they can establish an affirmative defense which includes all but which of the following elements?
Requiring that all employees report incidents of sexual harassment to their immediate supervisor
Safety Needs
Security and protection
_____ is the amount of perceived helpfulness derived from our relationships with others. Flow Social support Meaningfulness Virtuousness Flourishing
Social support
Leader
Someone who can influence others and who has managerial authority
When a university cuts back on the number of courses they offer students, what type of corporate strategy is it using?
Stability
The BCG Matrix is a tool for portfolio management based on industry growth and market share. The proper strategy for a Cash Cow would be:
Stability or modest growth
As managers move up higher in the organizational hierarchy, their planning role tends to become more what?
Standing
Personal Bias
Tendency toward a perspective/ideology
Adjourning
The final stage of group development for temporary groups during which group members are concerned with wrapping up activities rather than task performance.
Social Network
The patterns of informal connections among individuals within groups.
5 Elements of Responsive Culture
Type of Employee Type of Environment Empowerment Role Clarity Desire to Satisfy Customers
Team Building
Type of exercise that reveals how each member of a group thinks and works
Matrix and Project Structures
Type of structure in which an organization assigns specialists from different functional areas to projects
Functional Structure
Type of structure that groups together similar or related specialties
Job satisfaction is negatively and strongly related to:
Withdrawal cognitions (one=s intent to leave the organization)
Formal group
Work groups defined by the organization's structure that have designated work assignments and tasks
Leading
Working with and through people to accomplish goals
Job Description
Written statement describing a job
Job Specification
Written statement of minimum qualifications to perform a job
Why are ethics considered so important when studying organizational behavior? Unethical behavior makes it easy to influence others and conduct business. Unethical behavior can ensure loyalty, which helps the performance of individuals and teams. You will be confronted with ethical challenges at all levels of organizations and throughout your career. Unethical acts are not illegal and can benefit the company. Some unethical acts are necessary to work around unfair governmental regulations.
You will be confronted with ethical challenges at all levels of organizations and throughout your career.
An organization is
a deliberate arrangement of people to accomplish some specific purpose.
_______ is the arrangement of having discrete parts of a task done by different people.
a division of labor
Role
behavior patterns expected of someone occupying a given position in a social unit.
All of the following are informal aspects of the workplace except
hierarchy
Of the following, ______ is the most closely aligned with employees' perceptions of procedural justice. job performance absenteeism stress physical health problems mental health
job performance
A company dress code and award ceremonies would be part of
observable artifacts
Jeremy is a business student at ABC University. He is currently enrolled for 18 credits, mostly of quantitative courses with high workloads. He also works 25 hours a week as a bartender. Final exams are coming soon and he is worried about his grades. How would you characterize the cause(s) of Jeremy's stress? conflicting expectations perceived control over events unclear expectations work overload job characteristics
work overload
Teddy is a project manager at a consulting firm. He travels a lot and works very long hours. When he's home, he is always checking e-mail. He has a three-year-old son and a brand-new daughter, and his wife is upset that he doesn't help more. He is experiencing work-family conflict. dysfunctional conflict. functional conflict. conflict handling issues. incivility.
work-family conflict.
Organizing
Arranging and structuring work to accomplish goals
Reinforcement
Behavior is a function of its consequences
Ethnocentric Attitude
Best practices are those of the home country
Attribution theory assumes that we judge people:
By attempting to determine the cause of behavior
People Change
Changing attitudes, expectations, perceptions, etc.
Effort
Channeled in the proper direction
Strategic management involves the creation of a strategy that has the major purpose of:
Creating competitive advantage.
If a manager was purchasing a computer system, issues such as price and model are examples of which part of the decision-making process?
Criteria weight allocation
A ___ brings together individuals from different speciality areas to work with a specific project.
Cross-functional team
Which of the following statements about leadership effectiveness is false? You do not need to have a formal position of authority to be a leader. Researchers have estimated that 50 percent of all managers around the world are incompetent or ineffective. Leadership effectiveness is partly a function of situational factors. Demographic characteristics such as gender have no effect on leadership behaviors. Individual differences significantly impact leadership effectiveness.
Demographic characteristics such as gender have no effect on leadership behaviors.
Social Loafing
Do less work in a group than on your own
8 Traits
Drive Desire to Lead Honesty/Integrity Self-Confidence/Efficacy Intelligence Job Relevant Knowledge Extraversion Proneness to Guilt
Intergroup Development
Exercise to change perceptions and stereotypes of team members
When managers make decisions using their intuition the decision is based on:
Experience, feelings, and values
You are a management consultant. During a training session, a manager from XYZ Energy Corporation asks you to summarize the best research evidence on the impact of the five bases of power on job performance, job satisfaction, and turnover. Which of these would be a correct response? Reward power has a stronger positive impact than referent power. Legitimate power has a stronger positive impact than expert power. Referent power has a weaker positive impact than legitimate power. Expert and referent powers have a generally positive impact. Coercive power has a positive impact on performance and a negative impact on satisfaction.
Expert and referent powers have a generally positive impact.
Satisfice
Good enough
The forces for change include
Governmental laws and regulations. Technology economic factors.
Self-managed teams
Groups that are essentially independent and that, in addition to their own tasks, take on traditional managerial responsibilities, such as hiring, planning and scheduling, and evaluating performance
Informal groups
Groups that are independently formed to meet the social needs of their members
Cross-functional teams
Groups that bring together the knowledge and skills of various work areas or groups members have been trained to do each jobs
Who is more effective, highly cohesive groups or less cohesive groups?
High cohesive
Dylan and Jack are playing a game of chess. Jack wins, and then he touches Dylan on the shoulder and says "good game." What does this communicate? Jack is defensive about his win. Jack is feeing superior. Jack likes Dylan. Jack wants Dylan to be happy. Jack is bored.
Jack likes Dylan.
A performance appraisal system that combines a numerical scale with critical incidents of work behavior is a(n):
MBO
High cohesiveness and strong group loyalty:
Make it difficult for group members to disagree with the group Make group members censor themselves Encourage group members to rationalize unpleasant or disconfirming information Make it appear that the group is unanimous when it is not
Middle-Line Manager
Manages Front-line managers
5 Elements of Organizational Development
Sensitivity Training Team Building Intergroup Development Process Consolation Survey Feedback
Structured Decision
Straight forward, familiar, and easily defined
An organizational plan that has a six-year time frame would be considered what type of plan?
Strategic
Performing Stage
The fourth stage of group development when the group is fully functional and works on group task
The Vroom and Yetton leader participation model is a normative model that provides a leadership style using a flow chart that is based on questions involving:
The level of follower readiness and the degree of task structure.
In person-based (skill-based) pay systems pay is based on:
The skills each person can demonstrate
The MBTI is a framework of personality that evaluates individuals based on:
Their preferences for social interaction Their preferences for gathering data Their preferences for decision making Style of decision-making
Which of the following is not mentioned in the text as one of the five competitive forces that dictate the rules of competition according to Porter?
Threat of new entrants
Employee productivity
a performance measure of both efficiency and effectiveness
Status
a prestige grading, position, or rank within a group
Which of the following are not parts of compensation?
annual performance reviews
Which of the following is not one of the six key elements in organizational design?
bureaucratic design
Androgony
capacity to act in ways reflective of male and/or females.
Dysfunctional conflicts
conflicts that prevent a group from achieving its goals
Work Specialization
dividing work activities into separate job tasks
Greg, the CEO of Organic Market, wants managers and employees to instruct each other about the organization's chosen values and beliefs. Greg has encouraged the seasoned employees to retell stories about the company legends, and he plans on bringing back the monthly rewards. Greg is endeavoring to
embed company culture
How are Workplace values Changing?
*Patterns and trends in values. -Movement away from the following values: +Duty. +Honesty. +Responsibility. +Economic incentives. +Organizational loyalty. +Work-related identity.
Appropriate Leadership
- leaders motivate a team to follow through difficult situations
Negotiating Skills
- members need are able to confront and reconcile differences
Absenteeism
- the failure to show up for work.
Job Satisfaction statements
-A person with a high level of job satisfaction has a positive attitude toward his or her job. -A person who is dissatisfied has a negative attitude. -Job satisfaction is linked to productivity, absenteeism, turnover, customer satisfaction, OCB, and workplace misbehavior
Expectancy Theory
Act in a certain way based on expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome
Rituals
Activities that express and reinforce values and goals
NAFTA was responsible for eliminating barriers to free trade between the U.S. and:
Canada Mexico
If an individual knows the price of three similar cars at different dealerships, he/she is operating under what type of decision-making condition?
Certainty
8 Elements of Innovative Culture
Challenge/Involvement Freedom Trust Idea Time Humor Conflict Resolution Debates Risk Taking
You have decided to use Fiedler=s LPC questionnaire to help your employees learn more about their leadership styles. Each of your employees has filled out and scored the instrument. It is your job to try to explain how to use this information. The Fiedler model proposes:
Changing the situation to fit the leader.
5 Approaches to Management
Classical Early Behavior Quantitative Contemporary Contingent
A selection test that is highly valid for many occupations but which will often produce adverse impact against minorities is:
Cognitive ability testing
An inconsistency that an individual might perceive between two or more of his/her attitudes or between behaviors and attitudes.
Cognitive dissonance
Groupthink is a group phenomenon in which high ____ results in ____
Cohesiveness; inability to engage in critical thinking
When we need to find an integrative solution that satisfies the concerns of both parties the appropriate conflict handling style would be:
Collaborating
BARS (Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scale)
Combines rating scale and critical incidents of work behavior
______ is a circular and dynamic process in which people interpret and make sense of the information they exchange. Communication Presentation Listening Feedback Messaging
Communication
The personality trait that is moderately correlated with job performance and the ability to learn for most jobs is:
Conscientiousness
_________ involves leader behavior associated with creating mutual respect or trust and focuses on a concern for group members' needs and desires. Empowerment Transformational leadership Servant leadership Consideration Laissez-faire leadership
Consideration
Multi domestic Cooperation
Decentralizing management/decisions to local country
Social screening is most closely associated with which of the following:
Decisions involving the screening job applicants.
A utilitarian view of ethics suggests that:
Decisions should be based on their outcomes or consequences
Skill Variety
Degree to which a job requires a variety of activities to use a number of different skills
_________ are levers for changing organizational culture, addressing all three levels of culture. Design of physical space, work environments, and buildings Workflow and organizational structure Organizational activities, processes, or outcomes Deliberate role modeling, training, and coaching Formal statements
Deliberate role modeling, training, and coaching
General Administrative Theory
Describing what managers do and what is good management practice
As early as the 18th Century authors such as Adam Smith argued that organizations and societies would benefit from the breakdown of jobs into narrow, repetitive tasks. This process is called:
Division of labor
Workers who face discrimination in their jobs in the United States are best protected by ______ legislation.
EEO
_______ is the ability to monitor one's own and others' feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them, and to use this information to guide one's thinking and actions. Proactivity Emotional stability Emotional intelligence Core self-evaluation Self-efficacy
Emotional intelligence
Maria focuses on community volunteerism, while Anna focuses on getting a promotion at work. _____ are represented by Maria's and Anna's focuses. Personal attitudes Workplace attitudes Endpoints of one of the dimensions of values Cognitions Behaviors
Endpoints of one of the dimensions of values
Which of the following is the final step in the decision-making process?
Evaluating the decision's effectiveness
______ is not a content theory of motivation. Acquired needs theory Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory Self-determination theory Expectancy theory Theory X and Theory Y
Expectancy theory
Jill has arranged for the bonus system to be changed so that the bonus for meeting sales quotas is much higher than it has ever been before. Jill has altered the
Expectancy.
Classical Approach to Management
First studies of management, emphasized rationality and making organizations and workers as efficient as possible
If you supervise employees who are directly responsible for production or creation of products or services but who do not supervise employees you are a:
First-line manager.
Hersey and Blanchard's SLT
Focuses on followers readiness
Physiological Needs
Food, drink, shelter, physical needs
A manager=s job is about
Getting things done through others
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Global organization of 153 countries that regulates trade amongst nations
Which of the following is not one of the four common elements of Management by Objectives (MBO)?
Goals decided from the top
The Fielder Model
Group performance depends on match of leader style and degree of control and influence (LPC)
Functional departmentalization
Grouping jobs by functions performed Product
Product departmentalization
Grouping jobs by product line
Customer departmentalization
Grouping jobs by type of customer and needs
-Biology determinants
Heredity, Split Brain, Rate of Maturation
Managers use rules of thumb called ____ to make decisions because these rules help make sense of vague, complex, and ambiguous information.
Heuristics
High levels of cognitive ability are associated with:
High job performance
In which of the following situations are groups most effective?
Highly cohesive group with norms in alignment with organizational goals
A type of decision making error in which we overestimate the predictability of events is called:
Hindsight
Under Title VII a bona fide occupational qualification (BFOQ) would exist in which of the following?
Hiring only females to work as attendants in the women=s dressing facilities at a spa.
Bill, who has an internal locus of control, failed his last history test. Which of the following is he likely to say? The test was poorly constructed. I'm going to complain to the dean of the college. I'll never pass this course. Professor Smith didn't prepare us for this test. I didn't study hard enough for this test.
I didn't study hard enough for this test.
______ is one advantage of having a face-to-face conversation. Immediate feedback Speed of communication Additional noise A written record Creating an impersonal, formal mood
Immediate feedback
Which of the following statements about impression management is false? Impression management is generally damaging to careers. Ingratiation can improve your performance appraisal results. Ingratiation can make your boss like you more. Too little impression management can cause you to be overlooked by your boss. Too much impression management can get you labeled a "phony."
Impression management is generally damaging to careers.
Sean is questioning his team's effectiveness. He asks himself "Is the group performing less than, equal to, or greater than the sum of its parts?" Once he thinks this through, he recognizes that two people are not contributing at all. Which of the following will not work to combat social loafing? Use hybrid rewards. Assure equity of effort among group members. Increase group size. Hold both individuals and the group accountable. Hold individuals accountable.
Increase group size.
Means-end Chain Approach to Setting Goals
Integrated network of goals; goals must be met at lower levels to be met at higher levels
______ refers to the amount of effort that we invest in an activity. Persistence Direction Volume Intensity Integration
Intensity
In Equity Theory one of the most important behavioral outcomes of the negative (under rewarded) inequity condition is:
Intent to leave the organization
A person who can adapt and adjust their behavior to the situation would describe which of the following personality traits?
Internal locus of control
At Peter James Consulting, managers are in the process of submitting their budget cuts for the next fiscal year. In evaluating alternatives, managers should consider all of the following except Will these cuts impact the quality of our service? What is the budget impact of these changes? Are these the right choices to make for our company? Is this the choice that I, personally, would like to make? Is this the best use of our resources company-wide?
Is this the choice that I, personally, would like to make?
One of the major advantages of a polycentric attitude is that it:
It has committed local managers and extensive knowledge of foreign markets
An systematic assessment of jobs to describe job tasks, behaviors, and duties, and the knowledge, skills, and abilities to perform them is a(n)
Job analysis.
Person-job fit is defined as a match between:
Job requirements and individual knowledge, skills and experience
Task Identity
Job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work
The relationship between job satisfaction and job performance is best described as:
Job satisfaction and job performance are moderately correlated because both variables influence each other through other individual and work-environment characteristics.
Stereotyping
Judging others on the basis of one's perception of a group to which he or she belongs
Path-Goal Model
Leader to assist followers in attaining goals, provide direction, and support
Transformational Leadership
Leaders stimulate and inspire individuals to over achieve
5 Types of Managerial Power
Legitimate Coercive Reward Expert Referent
If an individual is late for class today, is often late for every class, and no one else is ever late, which of the following would best characterize their behavior?
Low consensus, low distinctiveness, high consistency
Unlike in Maslow=s Hierarchy of Needs, Alderfer=s ERG Theory assumed that:
Lower needs do not have to be satisfied first. Satisfied needs may still have motivational potential. People regress to lower-order needs when higher needs cannot be satisfied.
Which negative trait of some leaders is marked by a cynical view of human nature that condones opportunistic and unethical ways of manipulating people, putting results over principles?
Machiavellianism
__________ is the use of manipulation, a cynical view of human nature, and a moral code that puts results over principles. Machiavellianism Narcissism Psychopathy Ethnocentrism Laissez-faire syndrome
Machiavellianism
Multinational Cooperation
Maintaining operations in multiple countries
Top-Line Manger
Makes organizational wide decisions and establishes plans and goals for organization
Human resource management is one of the key organizational functions for implementing organizational strategy. It does this by:
Making sure the organization has enough employees with the right kind of skills. Creating programs that motivate employees to achieve organizational objectives.
The classical view of social responsibility suggests that
Managements only responsibility is to maximize profits
Which of the following statements about tendencies in managerial decision making is false? Managers make decisions too quickly. Managers don't invest resources to properly study the problem and alternative courses of action. Managers study the problem too extensively and collect too much data. Managers take the easy solution without rigorously considering alternatives. Managers don't consider all the relevant data.
Managers study the problem too extensively and collect too much data.
Front-Line Manager
Manages non managerial employees
We solve organizational problems using groups for many good reasons. Which of the following is not one of the advantages of using teams or groups?
Many organizational tasks are beyond the capability of individuals and must be handled by groups
_____ is a key input to positivity from person factors. Amplification Mindfulness Flourishing Buffering Positive deviance
Mindfulness
_________ imply nothing about change; _________ outline how organizations will get to the desired state. Missions; visions Visions; strategic plans Strategic plans; SWOT analyses SWOT analyses; visions Visions; missions
Missions; visions
Herzberg's Two Factor Theory
Motivators or internal factors (achievement, recognition, responsibility) lead to job satisfaction. Hygiene or external factors lead to dissatisfaction.
According to your text, most studies show that the best source of superior job candidates is:
On-line recruiting
Training methods aimed at changing employee behaviors include:
On-the-job training and orientation
The view that organizations dramatically interact with their environments is the:
Open system view
Freud's Psychosexual Stages
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Genital -ID: pleasure principle -Ego: reality Principle -Superego: morality
In the early years of Apple Computers, its desire for highly proficient and creative employees who operated with few work rules was an example of what type of organization?
Organic
Boundary less Organization
Organization that is not defined by horizontal, vertical, or external boundaries
Contingency Approach
Organizations are different, face different contingencies, and require different management
In the U.S., the main purpose of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act is to:
Outlaw discrimination against the disabled and older workers Outlaw discrimination in hiring on the basis of race, color, religion, and gender.
Based on lecture, what is one of the major things that determines self-esteem?
Paid employment.
Which of the following would not be considered an input according to equity theory?
Pay level
Which of the following is not a principle of persuasion? People tend to like those who like them. People tend to resent and disrespect credible experts. The belief in reciprocity is almost universal. People tend to follow the lead of those most like themselves. People tend to do what they are personally committed to do.
People tend to resent and disrespect credible experts.
In Maslow=s Hierarchy of Needs the deficit principle would suggest that:
People who have just been to a feast will not be motivated by food.
Referent Power
Person's resources, personality traits
______ power is the type of influence a person exercises independent of his or her job or position. Reward Coercion Legitimate Personal Political
Personal
Accommodating
Placing another's needs above your own
_______________ is often called the primary management function because it establishes the basis for all the other functions that managers perform.
Planning
Groupthink
Pressure by group to align opinion with the group
Human resource planning involves all but which of the following?
Reconciling supply with demand
Which of the following would be an example of Quid Pro Quo sexual harassment?
Requiring a job applicant to engage in sexual activity in order to get hired.
Which of the following statements about organizational socialization is false? Socialization begins before an employee actually joins an organization. The entire socialization process may range from a few weeks to a year to complete. Socialization can take longer for one person than another, depending on individual differences. Research shows that realistic job previews do not help reduce turnover. There is no set way to "onboard" new employees.
Research shows that realistic job previews do not help reduce turnover.
The moral rights view of ethics is based on which of the following?
Respect and protection of individual liberties and freedoms
7 Decision Making Conditions
Structured Programmed Procedure Certainty Risk Uncertainty Heuristics
Autonomy
Substantial freedom, independence, and discretion to an individual
Self-awareness dimension of Emotional intelligence
The ability to be aware of what you're feeling.
Social Skills
The ability to handle the emotions of others.
Self-management
The ability to manage one's own emotions and impulses.
Self-motivation
The ability to persist in the face of setbacks and failures.
Which of the following statements is false? The contingency approach is just common sense. Common sense excels in well-known scenarios with predictable outcomes. Common sense requires less effort than finding the real problem. Common sense can be overly subjective. Common sense is weak in unexpected situations.
The contingency approach is just common sense.
The VIRO model says that for a resource to be a source of competitive advantage it must meet all the following criteria except which?
The resource must be easily available in the market.
Early Organizational Behavior
The study of the actions of people at work
Social Loafing
The tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively than when working individually.
According to _________, the typical perspective held by managers is that employees dislike work, must be monitored, and can be motivated only with rewards and punishment ("carrots and sticks"). acquired needs theory Theory Y Theory X motivator-hygiene theory self-determination theory
Theory X
Which best describes the relationship between social responsibility and economic performance?
There seems to be a positive relationship between social responsibility and economic performance but many of the studies have problems so conclusions are hard to make.
Which is not true of group norms?
They define the level of work effort and performance members are expected to contribute
3 Contemporary Views of Leadership
Transactional Transformational Charismatic
Theory of Justice/Legal View of Ethics
Treat people impartially and fairly
Scientific management
Using the scientific method to find the best way to do a job
The belief by a student that studying hard results in obtaining high test grades is explained by which expectancy theory linkage?
Valence
______ are abstract ideals that guide one's thinking and behavior across all situations. Norms Goals Personalities Values Cognitions
Values
Job enrichment
Vertical expansion of a job as a result of additional planning and evaluation of responsibilities
Parochialism
Viewing the world by your own perspective and not being able to see differences in people
During performance appraisal we make errors of social perception when we stereotype others. This occurs because:
We selectively attend to certain salient stimuli We categorize individuals into groups based on common characteristics We recall characteristics of the category rather than actual behaviors We form expectations of others and interpret behavior based on the stereotypes
An appropriate interviewing question would ask _____.
What type of work have you done before?
The Ethics Review Board at XYZ College is composed of students who were elected by the student body. When a student is charged with an ethics violation, the board meets to hear both sides of the dispute in a confidential meeting. Their decisions are not binding on the parties, according to college policies. They are acting as ombudsmen. negotiators. a peer review team. conciliators. facilitators.
a peer review team.
Self-monitoring
a personality trait that measures the ability to adjust behavior to external situational factors.
Organizational design
a process involving decisions about six key elements
Universality of management means that
all managers in all organizations perform the four management functions all managers in all organizations can perform their job the same way all organizations can hire any manager to perform the management jobs any manager can work in any organization and perform any management job
The benefit of ________ is that it uses faster, more user-friendly methods of dispute resolution, instead of traditional, adversarial approaches, such as unilateral decision making or litigation. dysfunctional conflict resolution (DCR) alternative dispute resolution (ADR) conflict resolution service (CRS) flextime fix (FTF) intergroup conflict resolution (ICR)
alternative dispute resolution (ADR)
Because Franco believes that external forces control him, he may do best in a highly structured job that requires greater compliance. Franco has
an external locus of control
Jennifer wins an art contest. She attributes the outcome to luck. Jennifer is likely to have an external locus of control. an optimistic personality. high emotional stability. a proactive personality. a high level of extraversion.
an external locus of control.
Petra made a large mistake on a report she submitted to her boss, and it ended up costing the company a significant amount of money. When asked why this had occurred, she blamed one of her coworkers for giving her erroneous information for the report. Petra is expressing low agreeableness. an external locus of control. organizational citizenship behavior. counterproductive work behavior. low emotional stability.
an external locus of control.
People with __________ see themselves as masters of their own fate. high emotional stability an internal locus of control an external locus of control high introversion high extraversion
an internal locus of control
Virtual organization
an organization that consists of a small core of full-time employees and outside specialists temporarily hired as needed to work on projects.
Learning Organization
an organization that has developed the capacity to continuously learn, adapt, and change
Network Organization
an organization that uses its own employees to do some work activities and networks of outside suppliers to provide other needed product components or work processes.
Project Structure
an organizational structure in which employees continuously work on projects
The first step of added-value negotiation is to identify options. perfect the deal. design alternative deal packages. clarify interests. select a deal.
clarify interests.
______________is a cultural dimension in which people expect others in their group to look after them and protect them when they are in trouble.
collectivism
The ______________ concept states that plans should extend far enough to see through current commitments.
commitment
The best possible influence outcome is __________ because the target person's intrinsic motivation energizes good performance. commitment defiance compliance resistance hindrance
commitment
Fiona used an influence tactic on Gerald and got him to enthusiastically agree to her proposal. Gerald demonstrated initiative and persistence while completing the assignment. This is an example of resistance. defiance. hindrance. compliance. commitment.
commitment.
Which of the following situations is most likely to result in conflict? clear job boundaries independent tasks competition for limited resources realistic expectations clear policies, standards, and rules
competition for limited resources
According to the integrated model, motivation is affected by both personal factors and ________ ones.
contextual
When a manager evaluates employees against a predetermined standard, he or she is minimizing _______ bias. central tendency recency effect halo effect contrast effect leniency
contrast effect
A local manufacturing organization has groups of employees who are responsible for sales, marketing accounting human resources, etc. These are examples of what concept?
departmentalization
Marvin is a medical technician who administers stress tests. He has a low tolerance for ambiguity and is oriented toward task and technical concerns when making decisions. The ________ style is well suited for this position. analytical conceptual directive behavioral consultative
directive
Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)
discretionary behavior that is not part of an employee's formal job requirements, but which promotes the effective functioning of the organization.
The advantage of _________ as a means of overcoming change is that once persuaded, people will often help with the implementation of the change. facilitation and support explicit and implicit coercion negotiation and agreement participation and involvement education and communication
education and communication
Mutual Trust
effective teams are characterized by high mutual trust among members
Successful global management requires
enhanced sensitivity to differences in national customs and practices.
An increased commitment to a previous decision despite evidence that it may have been wrong is referred to as _____________ of commitment.
escalation
Three years ago, the City of Recker committed to build a park and music venue by the river. It was expected to cost $2.5 million and be paid for from an additional meals tax in the community. The residents pushed back. Local restaurants suffered as people ate out less or patronized restaurants in neighboring communities. The project has stalled, but the town council kept pushing it on. This spring, a flood devastated the venue. The town council appears to have suffered from _______ bias. confirmation availability escalation of commitment overconfidence framing
escalation of commitment
Lenore has a fight with her best friend, Samantha, and doesn't want to speak to her. She unfriends her on social media. By doing this, Lenore is using _________, thereby removing consequences from an undesirable behavior. extinction punishment negative reinforcement respondent behavior operant behavior
extinction
You are taking an OB course that meets Mondays and Wednesdays, and your professor gives unannounced quizzes each week. It's the Sunday before a class, and you are deciding whether to study for a potential quiz or watch football. Two of your classmates have decided to watch the game rather than study because they don't think there will be a quiz the next day. The next morning you walk into class and the professor says, "Take out a sheet of paper for the quiz." You turn to your friends and say, "I knew we were going to have a quiz; why did I listen to you? This reflects the anchoring bias. True or false?
false
Work teams
groups whose members work intensely on a specific, common goal using their positive synergy, individual and mutual accountability, and complementary skills
When physically attractive people are also assumed to be smarter and nicer, which perception distortion has occurred?
halo effect
As demonstrated by research, ___________ is positively related to organizational citizenship behavior. higher performance ratings and lower organizational costs higher performance ratings and higher turnover lower customer satisfaction and lower turnover higher absenteeism and turnover lower efficiency and higher customer satisfaction
higher performance ratings and lower organizational costs
The forms of intuition are tacit and explicit. formal and informal. rational and nonrational. holistic hunches and automated experiences. directive and analytical.
holistic hunches and automated experiences.
Glenda, the plant manager for ABC Corporation, views the results from the latest survey of employee attitudes. The results show that job satisfaction in the manufacturing plant has dropped significantly since the last survey. This is a ________ source of change. managerial behavior technological demographic human resource problem shareholder
human resource problem
Veronica just accepted a job at QuizBiz. She left a large company that offered big bonuses for salespersons who exceeded their quotas. At QuizBiz, the individual bonuses are smaller, but there are team rewards as well. This is known as a _____ reward system. team project hybrid distributive discretionary
hybrid
The goal of the job characteristics model is to apply scientific methods to job design. increase intrinsic motivation in jobs. increase extrinsic motivation in jobs. guide the goal-setting process. guide managers in applying job-swapping techniques.
increase intrinsic motivation in jobs.
Which of the following are the two major areas in which organizational behavior focuses?
individual behavior, group behavior
A person who clarifies key issues for a group has taken on the role of evaluator. initiator. information seeker/giver. elaborator. orienter.
information seeker/giver.
Which of the following is considered a "soft" tactic used to influence others?
ingratiating tactics
Which three roles are especially important to groups? energizer, harmonizer, gatekeeper initiator, orienter, energizer coordinator, procedural technician, gatekeeper compromiser, commentator, evaluator opinion seeker/giver, standard setter, initiator
initiator, orienter, energizer
Connie knows that Benton Inc. is not growing. In fact, it's lost a lot of business to new competitors. She asks her managers 1. What is Benton Inc. doing wrong? 2. What can the company do to turn things a round? 3. Should the goals or mission of the company change? She wants them to question the status quo and seek innovative and creative solutions to organizational problems. What kind of behavior is Connie exhibiting? inspirational motivation idealized influence individualized consideration intellectual stimulation charismatic behavior
intellectual stimulation
___________ are the key links between ___________ in Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behavior. Attitudes; intentions and planned behavior Intentions; attitudes and planned behavior Norms; intentions and planned behavior Intentions; norms and attitudes Perceived behaviors; intentions and planned behavior
intentions, attitudes and planned behavior
Eileen signed up for a photography class after having seen some spectacular wildlife art pictures done by a local artist. She is most likely experiencing hope. joy. pride. interest. gratitude.
interest.
Organizations with hierarchical cultures are described as: internally focused and valuing flexibility. externally focused and valuing flexibility. internally focused and valuing stability and control. externally focused and valuing stability and control. both internally and externally focused and valuing flexibility.
internally focused and valuing stability and control.
When one department store authorized thousands of its sales clerks to handle functions normally reserved for store managers, such as handling merchandise-return problems and approving customers' checks, they gave them more responsibility, a _________ technique.
job enrichment
Contingency leadership theories focus on what issue that was missing from previous theories?
leader preferences leader behaviors
Which of the following mechanisms for changing organizational culture addresses only the level of basic underlying assumptions of culture? leader reactions to critical incidents and organizational crises rites and rituals formal statements design of physical space slogans and language
leader reactions to critical incidents and organizational crises
In Fiedler's model, ________ refers to the extent that a leader has the support, loyalty, and trust of the work group. leader-member relations LMX laissez-faire relationship-motivation consideration
leader-member relations
Fiedler's model uses the _________ scale to measure a person's leadership style. least preferred coworker least preferred boss conscientiousness extraversion contingency
least preferred coworker
Dewey, a manager at the Busy Bee Restaurant, gives Alice her schedule for the next week. Alice knows she must follow that schedule. What kind of power is Dewey exercising? reward coercion referent legitimate expert
legitimate
Using _________ basing a request on explicit or implied support from superiors. ingratiation consultation exchange coalition tactics legitimating tactics
legitimating tactics
Which of the following is a "hard" influence tactic? consultation legitimating tactics ingratiation personal appeals rational persuasion
legitimating tactics
Multitaskers end up switching tasks hundreds of times a day. This makes them ______ in their work environment. more efficient more intelligent good problem solvers less efficient more responsible
less efficient
Vivek and Warren are working on an assignment for their marketing class. Warren finishes his part of the assignment; Vivek doesn't. Vivek apologizes because he took an extra shift at work and didn't give the assignment the priority it needed. He promises Warren he will stay home tonight and finish his work. What personality characteristic does this show? locus of control emotional stability self-efficacy self-esteem core self-evaluation
locus of control
Social media benefits for employers include all the following except expand boundaries. minimize cyberloafing. collaborate outside the organization. connect in real time over distance. collaborate within the organization.
minimize cyberloafing.
In the strategic management process, the ______________ defines the organizational purpose and answers the question: What is our reason for being in business?
mission
Group Decision Making
most organizations use groups to make decisions
Josh runs into heavy traffic every day while driving to work. Yesterday, he left home earlier than usual and did not run into heavy traffic. Again, today, he left earlier and avoided heavy traffic. His behavior of leaving earlier enabled him to avoid heavy traffic and reach the office on time. In which of the following processes did Josh engage? positive reinforcement extinction punishment negative reinforcement intermittent reinforcement
negative reinforcement
Jess has completed her two-year medical assistant program. She really wants to be a nurse, but needs to start working as soon as possible in order to pay her bills and loans. Unbeknownst to her, one of her professors has put her name in for an award program at the local nursing college. She is notified that she is a finalist for the award—full paid tuition and a living stipend. This _______ can enable her to exceed her goals. problem opportunity pro-opportunity holistic hunch alternative
opportunity
Nola graduated from her MBA program last year and took on a high-paying position as a consultant-in-training at McCrabree Consulting. She often works 60-80 hours per week, and mostly her assignments are in cities across the country; she rarely stays home for more than two days at a time. This is all part of the way consulting operates, as she was told by the people who ran the firm's orientation session. In fact, at that session, the facilitator brought in consultants who had worked at the firm for several years who stressed that the firm believes in pushing employees to the limit. Nola is definitely feeling the stress! What would you characterize as the level of her stressors? individual managerial group organizational extra-organizational
organizational
Josephine is about to graduate from college and is excited about joining her two roommates to start a small coffee shop near campus. She has never started a business before, but she is sure that her business degree has taught her everything she needs to know. The three of them have enough money for their initial costs and figure that they can cover their expenses with the cash flow from the business. Which heuristic is probably involved? representativeness anchoring availability fundamental attribution error overconfidence
overconfidence
The two basic types of goals are learning and behavioral. behavioral and performance. performance and objective. project and objective. performance and learning.
performance and learning.
Kerry's manager asks her to head up a team reviewing office protocols. Kerry is in a great mood, having received a substantial bonus last week. This indicates that _____ experiences lead us to be more responsive to positive information. manipulative competitive positive fearful negative
positive
The idea that creativity starts from a base of knowledge is represented in the _______ stage of the creative performance process. problem formulation/definition preparation/information gathering idea generation idea evaluation idea validation
preparation/information gathering
Core self-evaluations represent a broad personality trait comprised of all of the following except emotional stability. generalized self-efficacy. locus of control. proactivity. self-esteem.
proactivity.
Maria is having an argument with her father. He believes that focusing on her computer skills is the most important of Maria's college experience. Maria disagrees, arguing that ______ is/are the more critical. overall technical expertise self-awareness problem-solving skills an ethical perspective business knowledge
problem-solving skills
Group processes
processes that go on within a work group determines group performance and satisfaction. These include: +Communication +Decision making +Conflict management
Internal and External Support -
proper training, incentives, and resources
Wanda sees a woman struggling with a small child and two bags of groceries. She stops and offers to carry the grocery bags to the woman's car. This is ______ behavior. reclusive prosocial resilient calculated deviant
prosocial
When a receiver expresses a reaction to the sender's message, he or she is decoding. encoding. providing feedback. providing noise. understanding.
providing feedback.
Imelda's life is difficult right now. Her husband and she recently decided to divorce and she is now a single parent of two preteenagers. They are good kids, but it is difficult taking care of them and managing her full-time job as a middle manager. Imelda has started taking work home at night and finishing projects at night after her children are in bed. Imelda is likely exhibiting hope. efficacy. effectiveness. health. resilience.
resilience.
Anne, a manager, hires the first person she interviews because she believes that person can do the job adequately. Anne is resolving the problem. solving the problem. dissolving the problem. ignoring the problem. avoiding the problem.
resolving the problem.
Pete and Dana are working on a project together. They disagree on how to present the key concept of equality. Dana complains that Pete is dismissing her "feminist" position without consideration. Pete claims that Dana considers him a chauvinist. Wyatt, their supervisor, knows that both Pete and Dana are committed employees who support equality. He sits both of them down to work through the issues. This reflects _____ justice. restorative distributive procedural interactional interpersonal
restorative
In his annual performance review meeting with Eileen, who has been working at the company for two years, Ruben suggests that if she keeps up her good work she is likely to be offered a promotion within the next year. Ruben is exercising his _______ power. reward coercion referent legitimate expert
reward
John leads a team of 10 salespersons. He informs the team that the first member to achieve the year's target will be sent on an all-expenses-paid holiday to the Grand Canyon National Park. John is demonstrating __________ power. referent legitimate reward coercive expert
reward
__________, which all managers have, is power that results from a manager's authority to reward his or her subordinates. Rewards can range from praise to pay raises, from recognition to promotions.
reward power
Ethics is primarily concerned with right and wrong. legal and illegal. moral and immoral. religious and nonreligious. public and nonpublic.
right and wrong
Groups transform individuals into functioning organizational members communicating and enforcing ______ expectations. role identity formal behavioral competency
role
According to ______, competence, autonomy, and relatedness are the primary motivations for behavior.
self-determination
When much of her work was automated with a new computerized system, Brittany became unsure of her ability to do her job. Sara, her boss, has been mentoring her to improve her
self-efficacy
Sandra has a new assignment. She is confident that she can successfully complete the task. This is an example of core self-evaluation. self-efficacy. self-esteem. self-expectation. self-expectancy.
self-efficacy.
In ______ teams, the traditional clear-cut distinction between manager and managed is blurred as nonmanagerial employees are delegated greater authority and granted increased autonomy.
self-managed
Peter is a resident surgeon at his local hospital. Before he could start his residency, he had to complete four years of medical school, and then two years of internship. Identify the socialization process that Peter had to undergo. random socialization collective socialization sequential socialization informal socialization fixed socialization
sequential socialization
Which of the following is not one of the eight leadership styles proposed by the revised path-goal theory?
servant leadership
Part professional association, social club, and networking group, the Brighton Beach Drummers Association meets at a variety of musical venues in New York. Members share a love of music and drums, but also discuss common experiences at work. This is an example of human capital. coaching. social capital. mentoring. sponsorship.
social capital.
A business firm=s obligation, beyond that required by law and economics, to pursue long-term goals that are good for society is its:
social responsibility
Justin and Edwardo were hired by the same network support firm. One year later, Edwardo receives a promotion to team leader. Justin believes he has stronger technical skills and asks his supervisor why he did not get the promotion. The supervisor says that Edwardo has better people skills. Having ____ can enable a person's promotion. soft skills. hard skills. technical skills. team skills. the right degree.
soft skills
Philip, a shift manager in a factory, has 40 employees on his shift that he directly supervises. The 40 workers who report directly to Philip represent his
span of control
Which of the following is not a form of social support? providing information that a person is accepted and respected providing financial aid, material resources, or needed services spending time discussing your vision spending time with others in leisure and recreational activities providing help in defining, understanding, and coping with problems
spending time discussing your vision
A hierarchy culture has an internal focus; it values ____ over flexibility.
stability and control
If a manager is hesitant to hire older people because "they are slow", he/she is exhibiting what kind of perception shortcut?
stereotyping
Marcie frequently requests meetings between her team and counterparts in Portland. She often spots issues that will affect both groups and wants to work openly on coordination so there are no surprises for anyone. Marcie plays a ______ role for her team.
task
Behavioral component
that part of an attitude that refers to an intention to behave in a certain way toward someone or something.
Cognitive component
that part of an attitude that's made up of the beliefs, opinions, knowledge, or information held by a person.
Which of the following is incorrect about the leader-member exchange (LMX) model of leadership?
the LMX focuses only on the behaviors or traits of leaders
Emotional intelligence (EI)
the ability to notice and to manage emotional cues and information.
Chain of command
the continuous line of authority that extends from upper levels of an organization to the lowest levels of the organization—clarifies who reports to whom
Innovation refers to
the operationalization of creativity.
Javier asked Maria for general advice on homework. Then he asked her to let him see specific problems. Now he wants to copy her assignment, claiming he has no time and the content is too difficult. This is an example of: the slippery slope. ill-conceived goals. motivated blindness. indirect blindness. overvaluing outcomes.
the slippery slope.
Traditional view of conflict
the view that all conflict is bad and must be avoided.
Which of the following is a motivating factor according to Herzberg's two-factor theory?
the work itself
Which of the following statements is not a practical implication of the behavioral approaches to leadership?
there is one best style of leadership
______ refers to educating technical and operational employees in how to better do their current jobs.
training
______ focuses on clarifying employees' roles and task requirements and providing rewards and punishments contingent on performance.
transactional leadership
When the two newly hired analysts compared notes, they found that their interviews had been quite different. Each was long and involved, but the content of the questions varied based on previous employment and education. They confirmed that the company that hired them used ______ interviews.
unstructured
An approach to managing in which managers establish, promote, and practice what an organization stands for and believes in is:
v0alues-based management
According to expectancy theory, your ______ is low if you don't think a bonus or raise is going to be big enough to justify working evenings and weekends.
valence
Employers must consider an employment test's ______—that is, whether or not it measures what it purports to measure and is free of bias.
validity
Groupthink
when a group exerts extensive pressure on an individual to align his or her opinion with that of others.
The free rider tendency explains which of the following?
why the productivity of groups is exponential why there is always one person who does not work as hard as other group members why, as groups get larger, the individual contribution often decreases why groups will tend to let an unproductive outsider in the group
Self-esteem
an individual's degree of like or dislike for him/herself.
Which type of environment is best suited for mechanistic organizations?
stable
The chain of command is also known as the
vertical hierarchy
Task groups
Groups composed of individuals brought together to complete a specific job task; existence is temporary because when task is completed, group disbands
3 Conflict Management Techniques
Collaborating Compromising Accommodating
Structural Change
Changing an organization's structural components
The most effective base of power over the long-term would be:
Expert power
Goals should always be stated in terms of measured outcomes. True or false?
False
Family determinants
Family Composition, Birth order, Environment
When PepsiCo seeks to integrate the strategies of Pepsi, 7-Up International, and Frito-Lay, it is developing what level of business strategy?
Functional
Halo effect
General impression of another based on a single characteristic
Which of the following is not part of being a charismatic leader?
Generating stability and producing expected results.
Compromise
Resolving conflicts by each party giving up something of value -Equilibrium of Assertiveness and cooperativeness
Forcing
Resolving conflicts by satisfying one's own needs at the expense of another's -Assertiveness & Uncooperative
Which of these is an analytical framework that can help your company develop a strategic plan? competing values analysis SWOT analysis systems analysis force field analysis organization development analysis
SWOT analysis
In Henri Fayol 14 principles of management the principle that suggested that describes the line of authority from the top to the bottom of the organization is called:
Scalar chain
Collaborating
Seeking solution for all parties
Survey Feedback
Survey info from feedback groups
Frederick Taylor was known for developing the principles of Scientific Management. Which of the following is not consistent with Taylor=s principles?
Survey worker=s attitudes to make sure job satisfaction was high.
Closed system
Systems that are not influenced by and don't interact with the environment
_________ is the last step of the ABCDE method of cognitive restructuring. To identify the consequences of your beliefs To list your beliefs about the event or problem To describe how energized and empowered you feel at the moment To formulate a counterargument for your initial thoughts and beliefs To name the event or problem
To describe how energized and empowered you feel at the moment
Classical View of Ethics
To maximize profits
________ is a control mechanism for making sure the right people do the right things at the right time.
a hierarchy of authority
Machiavellianism
a measure of the degree to which people are pragmatic, maintain emotional distance, and believe that ends justify means.
Task force (or ad hoc committee)
a temporary committee or team formed to tackle a specific short-term problem affecting several departments.
Self-managed work team
a type of work team that operates without a manager and is responsible for a complete work process or segment.
Virtual team
a type of work team that uses technology to link physically dispersed members in order to achieve a common goal.
Telecommuniting
a work arrangement in which employees work at home and are linked to the workplace by computer
Cross functional team
a work team composed of individuals from various functional specialties
Cross-functional team
a work team composed of individuals from various functional specialties.
Compressed workweek
a workweek where employees work longer hours per day but fewer days per week
________ is the final stage of group and team development.
adjourning
Fiona was telling her friend about the freedom and discretion given to her in scheduling and deciding the procedures used to complete the tasks assigned to her. Which of the following job characteristics was she talking about? feedback autonomy task significance skill variety task identity
autonomy
In ______________, the organization attempts to gain control of its inputs by becoming its own supplier.
backward vertical integration
The __________ approach attempts to identify the unique ways of acting displayed by effective leaders. leader prototypes trait situational behavior styles transformational leadership
behavior styles
"I'm going to buy a Ford to support the U.S. auto industry" is an example of which component of attitude?
behavioral
Dawn is at the playground with her four-year-old daughter. The father of another child is yelling and cursing at him. Dawn decides to tell the father to stop the verbal abuse or leave the playground, or she will call the authorities. Dawn's behavior reflects the _______ component of her attitude. intellectual affective cognitive behavioral value
behavioral
The head of ABC Company announces that the company is going to start a weekend project teaching self-defense techniques to underprivileged kids in the neighborhood. Thomas decides to register for the project, as he is a trained kickboxer. This action of Thomas reflects the __________ component of his attitude. behavioral affective cognitive normative intellectual
behavioral
The question "What was the best idea you ever sold to a supervisor, teacher, peer, or subordinate?" would be used in which type of interview situation?
behavioral-description interview
Janelle filled out a peer evaluation rating form for her teammates in her OB class. She rated everyone as a "3" or "4" on the 6-point scale. This is an example of ___________ perceptual error. halo leniency central tendency recency contrast effects
central tendency
Technological Change
change through replacing manual labor with automation or computerization
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a servant-leader? foresight building community charisma awareness empathy
charisma
Northwest Bank wants to maintain a positive presence and a vision for the future—to stay around for the long term and to do good for communities. First, the bank works with employees, the people who deliver the promise day in and day out. Then, employees expand the process to include customers. Customers applying for a loan should write a statement about how they plan to stay around for the long term and do good for their communities. This is an example of organizational identity. collective commitment. competing values. social system stability. organizational socialization.
collective commitment
All of the following are contextual factors in the integrated model of motivation except
core self-evaluations
According to the text, ______________ determines the direction that the organization is going and the roles that each business unit in the organization will play in pursuing that direction.
corporate strategy
Jamie is in the process of writing her doctoral thesis. She gets frequent guidance and advice from her thesis advisor whom she considers a close friend as well as a mentor. Jamie frequently seeks the help and advice of another professor at the same time, who also closely oversees her work. In what stage of the mentoring process is Jamie working? counseling reception cultivation separation redefinition
cultivation
In a global marketplace, managers must
deal with economic, political, and cultural differences expect competitors to suddenly appear at any time from any place
Louis is a member of the marketing team on the Superb Mattress account. Recently, he has emerged as a team leader. His supervisor, Michele, is letting Louis make the final decision as to which campaigns are presented to the client. This provides Louis with a buffering effect. an organizing framework. social support. motivational feedback. decision-making discretion.
decision-making discretion.
Planning
defining goals, strategies, and plans to integrate and coordinate activities
Organization
deliberate arrangement of people assembled to accomplish a purpose
Porter=s generic strategies framework describes a ______________ strategy as one where an organization wants to offer unique products that are widely valued by buyers.
differentiation
According to path-goal theory, a leader who lets subordinates know what's expected of them, schedules work to be done, and gives specific guidance as to how to accomplish tasks is termed
directive
Which of the following is the least favorable attitude for an American manager who wishes to be successful in global business?
ethnocentric
Espoused values are
explicitly stated values and norms preferred by an organization
In the _______ culture, employees are encouraged to set difficult goals and strive to achieve them. Employee performance is closely monitored and often directly rewarded or punished. clan market hierarchy adhocracy hybrid
market
Neil is attending a job fair. He knows that there is a lot of competition for these positions and wants to stand out. Neil practices his greeting and "elevator" pitch in front of a mirror. He brings copies of his résumé and business cards. On each card, he notes his blog site address. On the blog, he has comments on several recent articles about new technologies in this field. Neil is maximizing media richness. media noise. media expense. media exposure. media competence.
media richness
Big Brothers Big Sisters is a volunteer _________ network that pairs adults with children. A survey of adults who participated in the program when they were children revealed that the majority obtained values and principles that influenced them throughout their lives. entrepreneurial opportunistic traditional financial mentoring
mentoring
Dr. Riley, a professor in the economics department, finds that if he keeps his door open, people tend to stop in to say hello. This interruption is distracting. So now Dr. Riley keeps his office door open only a crack during his office hours, asking visitors to knock before entering. This small change allows him to grade exams more quickly and accurately. This is an example of his increasing his mindfulness. optimism. attention delinquency. positive deviance. mindlessness.
mindfulness.
Marianne is in her business statistics class, sitting by Darius. Darius is holding his cell phone under the desk, texting someone, and it is distracting Marianne from listening to the professor's lecture. This is an example of feedback error. encoding error. decoding error. noise. failure of cross-cultural communication.
noise
Tanya believes that people should be kind to each other. She notices that Ellie is picking on a new employee, Michele. Tanya asks Ellie to stop bullying Michele, but Ellie's behavior doesn't change. Tanya confronts Ellie and a heated argument ensues, after which Tanya suggests that Ellie transfer to another department. In this case, Tanya's ________ are different from her values. intentions abstract ideals personal beliefs personal goals cognitions
personal beliefs
Victor seems to want to control others and often manipulates people for his own gratification. He exhibits the need for personal power. institutional power. affiliation. achievement. competence.
personal power.
____________ is(are) defined as those stable psychological and behavioral attributes that give you your identity.
personality
Acme Movers is a company that ships goods and cargo to all locations in the United States. The employees understand that the company's primary vision of timeliness, efficiency and low-cost services is important to maintain the competitive edge over other movers in the business. They constantly work to ensure that all deliveries reach their destinations on schedule, and the company, in turn, rewards the employees with performance-based awards and profit sharing. Which function of organizational culture is exemplified here? giving members an organizational identity facilitating collective commitment promoting social system stability shaping behavior by helping members make sense of their surroundings increasing the likelihood of shared feelings and emotions
shaping behavior by helping members make sense of their surroundings
Organizational Culture
shared values, principles, traditions, and ways of doing things that influence behavior
Which of the following is not a key principle of conscious capitalism? leadership that does not use "carrots and sticks" pursuit of a higher purpose a culture focused on a higher purpose stakeholder interdependence shareholder centrism
shareholder centrism
Which of the following is not an unethical tactic to use in negotiations? showing emotions nondisclosure strengthening one's own position weakening the opponent puffery
showing emotions
Able, Baker, and Charlie, Ltd., is an accounting partnership. The Internal Revenue Service has implemented new procedures for filing taxes beginning next year. What kind of change does this represent? market changes social and political pressures managerial behavior technological advancements demographic characteristics
social and political pressures
Religuard is a pharmaceutical company that has factories in Taiwan. Due to environmental regulations in the country becoming stricter, Religuard has had to shut operations at three of its five manufacturing units. Which of the following forces of change had a role to play in the shutting down of these units? market changes social and political pressures managerial behavior technological advancements demographic characteristics
social and political pressures
Norms
standards or expectations that are accepted and shared by a group's members.
Official statements of what an organization says and what it wants its various stakeholders to believe are referred to as
stated goals.
The general strategy for the practical application of situational theories includes all of the following except identify important outcomes. identify situational conditions. match leadership to the conditions at hand. stick to one leadership style. identify relevant leadership behaviors.
stick to one leadership style.
Carla will graduate from her business program next month. She is happiest in jobs where she doesn't know what will be waiting for her when she gets to work, and she excels at problem solving. Carla needs a career that involves: security. benevolence. tradition. power. stimulation.
stimulation
According to Tuckman's five-stage model of group and team development, what is the second stage in the process?
storming
Unity of Command
the management principle that each person should report to only one manager
Span of Control
the number of employees who can be effectively and efficiently supervised by a manager.
Claire has a law degree and brings five years of experience to her current job. She bills more client hours than any other associate. Claire receives a salary of $125,000, a bonus, medical and dental coverage, and two weeks paid vacation per year. From Claire's perspective, which of the following is an output of the individual-organization exchange relationship? long hours of work high levels of effort two weeks paid vacation her law degree her five years of experience
two weeks paid vacation
Mr. Henshaw, CEO of MBA Bank, decides that the organization needs to provide more convenient service to customers. He decides to increase the bank's service hours from 8 hours a day, Monday through Friday, to 12 hours a day, plus 8 hours a day each weekend day. He has his assistant compile a report that gives data on how the number of open hours of many banks is correlated with their customers' satisfaction, and presents the data to his executive committee. What stage of Lewin's change process is Mr. Henshaw operating in? freezing unfreezing reinforcement refreezing resistance
unfreezing
Ex of formal work groups:
-Command Groups -Task Groups -Cross-functional Teams -Self-managed Teams
Internal collaboration
-Cross-functional team - Task force (or ad hoc committee)
Organic organizations
-Cross-functional teams -Cross-hierarchial teams -Free frow of information -Wide flow of information -Wide spans of control -Decentralization -Low formalization
Electronic Meetings
-Decision Making groups that interact by using linked computers
Drawbacks of Global Teams
-Dislike/mistrust of team members -Stereotyping -Communication problems -Stress and tension
Moderate Increase in productivity
-Low Cohesiveness -High alignment of group and organizational goals
Situation A
-Low or none level of conflict -Dysfunctional type of conflict -Groups internal characteristics: +Apathetic +Stagnant +Unresponsive to change +Lack of new ideas -Low level of group performance
Movement toward the following values:
-Meaningful work. -Pursuit of leisure. -Personal identity. -Self-fulfillment
______ proposed people were driven by the three innate needs of competence, autonomy, and relatedness.
Deci and Ryan's self-determination theory
As a first-line supervisor in a plant, Tom is concerned about safety conditions in his plant. He can file a complaint about safety conditions based on:
OSHA.
Forming Stage
The first stage of group development in which people join the group and then define the group's purpose, structure, and leadership
Max Weber=s model of an ideal organization called a Bureaucracy described a form of organization which was characterized by:
Uniform written rules, a clear hierarchy, and promotions based on qualifications.
Dr. Davis, an accounting professor, is concerned that he was not engaging his students as much as he would like. He asks his boss, the department chair, and two of his colleagues to sit in on one of his classes, to give him comments and suggestions for improvement. He also passes out student evaluation forms. Dr. Davis is providing positive reinforcement for himself. conducting a 360-degree feedback process. developing an action plan. creating a contrast effect process. conducting research.
conducting a 360-degree feedback process.
Functional conflicts
conflicts that support a group's goals and improve its performance.
In the leniency perceptual error, a person forms an overall impression, and then uses that impression to bias ratings. avoids all extreme judgments and rates everyone as average or neutral. evaluates people by comparing them with characteristics of recently observed people. consistently evaluates people in an extremely positive fashion. relies on most recent information.
consistently evaluates people in an extremely positive fashion.
The step of Kotter's eight-step model that involves the guiding coalition using credibility from short-term wins to create more change is establishing a sense of urgency. communicating the change vision. empowering the broad-based action. consolidating gains. anchoring new approaches in the culture.
consolidating gains.
Organizational commitment
the degree to which an employee identifies with a particular organization and its goals and wishes to maintain membership in that organization.
Job Involvement
the degree to which an employee identifies with his or her job, actively participates in it, and considers his or her job performance to be important to self-worth.
Centralization
the degree to which decision making is concentrated at upper levels of the organization
Decentralization
the degree to which lower-level employees provide input or actually make decisions
______ leadership helps employees pursue organizational goals over self-interests.
transformational
A corporate culture is a defined set of shared, taken-for-granted implicit assumptions that a group holds and that determines how it perceives, thinks about, and reacts to its various environments.
true
A person who scores high on the conscientiousness dimension is typically dependable, persistent, and oriented toward achievement.
true
All communication involves a sender, message, and receiver. True or false?
true
Different types of organizational cultures represent opposing core values. True or false?
true
The result of too much conflict in the workplace is usually indolence.
false
______ leaders focus on providing increased service to others—meeting the goals of both followers and the organization—rather than to themselves.
servant
Purposes of Organizing
-Divides work to be done into specific jobs and departments -Assign tasks and responsibilities associated with individual jobs -Coordinates diverse organizational tasks -Clusters jobs into units -Establishes relationships among individuals, groups, and departments -Establishes formal lines of authority -Allocates and deploys organizational resources
Advantages of Boundaryless Structure
-Highly flexible and responsive -Utilitizes talent wherever it's found.
Environmental Uncertainty and Structure (Contingency Factors)
-Mechanistic organizational structures tend to be most effective in stable and simple environments. -The flexibility of organic organizational structures is better suited for dynamic and complex environments.
External Collaboration
-Open innovation -Strategic partnerships
Technology and structure (contingency factors)
-Organizations adapt their structures to their technology. -Woodward's classification of firms based on the complexity of the technology employed: -Unit production >of single units or small batches -Mass production >of large batches of output -Process production >in continuous process of outputs
Argyris' quest for maturity
-Passive -Active -Dependent -Independent -Few Ways -Many Ways -Shallow Interests Deep Interests -Subordinate -Superior/peer -Low self awareness -Self aware -Short time perspective -Long term Conflicts: Span, Chain, Unity, Task
Drawbacks of Collaborative Work
-Potential interpersonal conflict -DIfferent views and competing goals -Logistics of coordinating
Disadvantages of learning structure
-Reluctance on part of employeees to share knowledge for fear of losing their power -Large numbers of experienced employees on the verge of retiring
Visible aspects of organization as Iceberg
-Strategies -Objectives -Policies and Procedures -Structure -Technology -Formal Authority -Chain of Command
Managing global structural issues
-When designing or changing structure, managers may need to think about the cultural implications of certain design elements -Formalization may be more important in less economically developed countries and less important in more economically developed countries where employees may have higher levels of professional education and skills
Geographical departmentalization
Grouping jobs on the basis of territory or geography
A company that is ISO 14001 compliant can demonstrate that it:
Minimizes the effects of its activities on the environment
The training process begins with:
Conducting an assessment of training needs
Locus of Control
Degree to which people believe they are masters of their own fate
Open system
Systems that interact with the environment
_______ provides broad and useful ways to describe personality in terms of our individual differences in self-efficacy, self-esteem, locus of control, and emotional stability. Interpersonal intelligence Core self-evaluation Conscientiousness Personality Practical intelligence
Core self-evaluation
The socioeconomic view of corporate responsibility suggests that
Corporations are responsible to society and its citizens.
Glass Ceiling
Invisible barrier that prevents women and minorities from obtaining top-level postitions
Brainstorming
-An idea-generating process that encourages alternatives while withholding criticism
Hidden Aspects
-Attitudes -Perceptions -Group norms -Informal Interactions -Interpersonal Intergroup Conflicts
5 Conflict management options
-Forcing, accommodation, compromise, avoidance, and collaboration
Organizational structure
-Work Specialization -Early proponents of work specialization believed it could lead to great increases in productivity -Overspecialization can result in human diseconomies such as boredom, fatigue, stress, poor quality, increased absenteeism, and higher turnover.
Big Five Model
-a personality trait model that includes: 1. Extraversion 2. Agreeableness 3. Conscientiousness 4. Emotional stability 5. Openness to experience.
Social
-prefers activities that involve helping an developing others -Sociable, friendly, cooperative, understanding Ex: Social worker, teacher, counselor, clinical psychologist
Artistic
-prefers ambiguous and unsystematic activities that allow creative expression -Imaginative, disorderly, idealistic, emotional, impractical -Ex: Painter, musician, writer, interior decorator
If goals are moderately important, both sides have equal power and are strongly committed to mutually exclusive goals, and there is time pressure, the appropriate conflict handling style would be:
Compromising
Risk
Estimating outcomes
MBO (Management by Objective)
Evaluated on how well goals are accomplished
Command groups
Groups that are determined by the organization chart & composed of individuals who report directly to a given manager
A statement of the minimal qualifications a person must possess to perform a given job is:
Job specification
Transactional Leadership
Leaders use social exchanges/transactions
McGregor=s Theory X and Theory Y suggest that:
Managers= assumptions about people create self-fulling prophecies.
Managers' options for change essentially fall into what three categories?
Mission, environment, and process
Hawthorne Studies
New insights into individual and group behavior, group pressure, acceptance, and security
Simple Structure
Type of structure that has low departments, wide spans of control, central authority
In Henri Fayol 14 principles of management the principle that suggested that every employee should have one and only one supervisor is called:
Unity of command
The matrix approach violates what classical principle?
Unity of command
Sensitivity Training
Unstructured group interaction
Leadership
What leaders do, the process of influencing a group to achieve goals
Matrix Structure
an organizational structure that assigns specialists from different functional departments to work on one or more projects Adv: Fluid and flexible design that can respond to environmental changes. -Faster decision making Disadvantages: Complexity of assigning people to projects. -Task and personality conflicts.
Some organizations block employees' access to social media sites. This can: ensure increased productivity for all employees. damage employee morale and loyalty. ensure that employees use personal cell phones at work. encourage employees to follow up on work e-mails at home. show employees that you trust their judgment.
damage employee morale and loyalty.
According to expectancy theory, the three primary elements that determine how willing an employee is to work hard at tasks important to an organization are
expectancy, instrumentality, and valence
Jeff has been a project assistant for XYZ Corporation for five years. Recently he was asked to train Harriet, a new employee. He suggests that she use an Excel worksheet to lay out the projects she is currently working on, and she complies. He is using _______ power. reward coercion referent legitimate expert
expert
Polly works as a bartender. A few people wave money at her so that she will serve them first. She finds this to be rude and, so, either ignores them or serves them last. People realize that Polly serves the people who wait politely first, and much of the rude behavior stops. Polly used the model of positive reinforcement. negative reinforcement. variable ratio reinforcement. extinction. shaping.
extinction.
Authority is the extent to which a person is able to influence others so they respond to orders
false
In two-tier wage contracts, veteran employees are paid less or receive fewer benefits than new employees.
false
Process theories of motivation include equity theory and Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory. True or false?
false
Which of the following is not a key quality displayed by humble leaders?
low self-awareness
Keeping Employees connected
mobile computing and communication technology have given organizations and employees ways to stay connected and to be more productive -e-mail, calendars, wireless networks, corporate databases, video conferences and web cams.
Although ______ are typically unwritten and seldom discussed openly, they have a powerful influence on group and organizational behavior.
norms
An example of a(n) _____ goal is when Melissa's manager sets a goal for her to produce 16 widgets per hour. behavioral objective task project procedural
objective
The levels of organizational culture are strategy, mission, and values. external environment and internal environment. observable artifacts, espoused values, and basic underlying assumptions. espoused values and enacted values. identity, commitment, and stability.
observable artifacts, espoused values, and basic underlying assumptions.
Open innovation
opening up the search for new ideas beyond the organization's boundaries and allowing innovations to easily transfer inward and outward.
Professor Marsden explains to the class that he wants the assigned paper submitted for review at several points in the research process. Lydia notes that she has to submit the paper multiple times. Marcy notes that the paper has to be reviewed before it is final. This reflects the ______ of communication. feedback method encoding aspect perceptual model comprehension role noise factor
perceptual model
_____ is the set of processes and managerial behaviors that involve defining, monitoring, measuring, evaluating, and providing consequences for performance expectations.
performance management
You value achievement and your employer rewards people for accomplishing goals, so you are very committed to the company. _____ fit is the consistency between personal and company values. Person-culture Person-behavioral Employee-employer Values-attitude fit Intrinsic-extrinsic
person-culture
Which of the following is not a common reason why incentives may fail to motivate employees?
the incentive plan is based on clear and realistic goals
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, taking a sabbatical leave to further personal growth is an example of the self-actualization need.
true
According to research, the most common predictor of cheating in school is peer behavior. True or false?
true
According to the acquired needs theory, those who tend to seek social approval and satisfying personal relationships may have a high need for affiliation.
true
At ABS Inc., the market research group is now operating on flextime. Initially, ABS allowed the sales group to do so. This is an example of adaptive change. True or false?
true
Conflict is a perfectly normal state of affairs.
true
Typically, managers overemphasize performance goals and underemphasize learning goals. True or false?
true
Functional Structure
an organizational design that groups together similar or related occupational specialties -Cost-Saving -Managers can lose sight of what's best for overall organization in pursuit for functional goals
Simple structure
an organizational design with low departmentalization, wide spans of control, centralized authority, and little formalization -Fast, flexible, inexpensive to maintain -Not appropriate as organization grows
Formalization
the degree to which jobs within the organization are standardized and the extent to which employee behavior is guided by rules and procedures. -Highly formalized jobs offer little discretion over what is to be done. -Low formalization means fewer constraints on how employees do their work.
Responsibility
the obligation or expectation to perform.
Job sharing
the practice of having two or more people split a full-time job.
Authority
the rights inherent in a managerial position to tell people what to do and to expect them to do it.
Personality
the unique combination of emotional, thought, and behavioral patterns that affect how a person reacts to situations and interacts with others
Acceptance theory of authority
the view that authority comes from the willingness of subordinates to accept it.
Organizational chart
the visual representation of an organization's structure.
