Management Chapter 2 Study Guide
Open System
A system that interacts with its environment
Subsystem
A system within another system
Jethro
"But select capable men from all the people—men who fear God, trustworthy men who hate dishonest gain—and appoint them as officials over thousands, hundreds, fifties and tens." Was the first management consultant who advised Moses
Theory Y
A positive view of workers; it represents the assumptions that human relations advocates make
Closed System
A system that does not interact with its environment
Management Science
Focuses specifically on the development of mathematical models
Administrative Management
Focusses on managing the total organization
Scientific Management
concerned with improving the performance of individual workers
Contingency Perspective
Suggest that appropriate managerial behavior in a given situation depends on, or is contingent on, a wide variety of elements
Synergy
Two or more subsystems working together to produce more than the total of what they might produce working alone
Henri Fayol
Wrote "General and Industrial Management." Helped to systematize the practice of management. Was first to identify the specific management functions of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling.
Sun Tzu
Wrote the art of war: "know your enemy and know yourself and you can fight a hundred battles without disaster" "Be extremely subtle, even to the point of formlessness. Be extremely mysterious. Even to the point of soundlessness. Thereby, you can be the director of the opponent's fate"
Universal Perspective
An attempt to identify the one best way to do something
System
An interrelated set of elements functioning as a whole
Identify and describe contemporary management issues and challenges
1) A variety of popular applied perspectives influence management practice today 2) Important issues and challenges facing managers include employee retention, diversity, the new workforce, organization change, ethics and social responsibility, the importance of quality, and the continued shift toward a service economy
Summarize and evaluate the behavioral perspective on management, including the Hawthorne studies, human relations movement, and organizational behavior, and note its relevance to contemporary managers
1) The behavioral management perspective, characterized by a concern for individual and group behavior, emerged primary as a result of the Hawthorne studies 2) The human relations movement recognized the importance and potential of behavioral processes in organizations but made many overly simplistic assumptions about those processes 3) Organizational behavior, a more realistic outgrowth of the behavioral perspective, is of interest to many contemporary managers
Summarize and evaluate the classical perspective on management. including scientific and administrative management, and note its relevance to contemporary managers
1) The classical management perspective had two major branches: scientific and administrative management 2) Scientific management was concerned with improving efficiency and work methods for individual workers 3) Administrative management was more concerned with how organizations themselves should be structured and arranged for efficient operations 4) Both branches paid little attention to the role of the worker as a person
Summarize and evaluate the quantitative perspective on management, including management science and operations management, and note its relevance to contemporary mangers
1) The quantitative management perspective and its two components, management science and operations management, involve the application fo quantitative techniques to decision making and problem solving 2) Applications of the quantitative perspective have been facilitated by the tremendous increase int eh use of personal computers and integrated information networks
Discuss the systems and contingency approaches to management and explain their potential for integrating the other areas of management
1) The three major perspectives should be viewed in a complementary, not a contradictory, light. Each has something of value to offer 2) two relatively recent additions to management theory, the systems and contingency perspectives, appear to have great potential both as approaches to management and as frameworks for integrating the other perspectives
Entropy
A normal process lading to system decline
Theory
A conceptual framework for organizing knowledge and providing a blueprint for action
Quantitative Management Perspective
Applies quantitative techniques to management
Human Relations Movement
Argued that workers respond primarily to the social context of the workplace
Operations Management
Concerned with helping the organization more efficiently produce its products or services
Classical Management Perspective
Consists of two distinct branches: scientific management and administrative management
Organizational Behavior
Contemporary field focusing on behavioral perspectives on management
Behavioral Management Perspective
Emphasizes individual attitudes and behaviors and group processes
Soldiering
Employees deliberately working at a slow pace
Max Weber
His theory of bureaucracy posits a rational set of guidelines for structuring organizations
Why use theories in management?
The provide conceptual frameworks for organizing knowledge and blueprints for actions. They're grounded in reality. Manager develop their own theories about how they should run their organizations
Theory X
A pessimistic and negative view of workers consistent with the views of scientific management
Justify the importance of history and theory to management and discuss precursors to modern management theory
1) Theories are important as organizers of knowledge and as road maps for action. 2) Understanding the historical context n precursors of management and organizations provides a sense of heritage and can also help managers avoid repeating the mistakes of others 3) Evidence suggest that interest in management dates back thousands of years, but a scientific approach to management has emerged only in the last hundred years
Why study history of management?
Understanding history aids managers in the development of management practices and in avoiding the past mistakes of others