management final exam- Megan sumners

an almost complete lack of ego (humility) coupled with a fierce resolve to do what is best for the organization (will)

level 5 leadership

a person using this approach expresses a conflict ambiguously but uses aggressive tactics like ignoring or bullying

low directness- high intensity

with this approach, a person expresses conflict in an ambiguous, low-key way, like withholding information or missing deadlines

low directness- low intensity

focuses on high-level needs and include achievement, recognition, responsibility, and opportunity for growth

motivators

what are the acquired needs theory developed by David McClellan proposes that certain types of needs are acquired during the individuals lifetime including what?

need for achievement, need for affiliation, need for power

counteracts the leadership style and prevents the leader from displaying certain behaviors

neutralizer

conflict is resolved and team harmony and unity emerge

norming

neither critical, independent thinking nor active participation

passive

the major emphasis is on problem solving and accomplishing the assigned task

performing

others sources of power:

personal effort, network of relationships, information

the teams ability to meet the personal needs of its members

personal satisfaction

"I need to earn enough money to keep a roof over my family's head"

physiological needs

heat, air, base salary

physiological needs

the administration of a pleasant consequence following a desired behavior

positive reinforcement

the potential ability to influence the behavior of others

power

behavior depends on which style fits with the prevalent situation

pragmatic survivors

explains how people select behavioral actions to meet their needs and determine whether their choices were successful

process theories

performance and the quality and quantity of tasks outputs

productive output

important norms relate to the following:

psychological safety, emotional expression, social sensitivity, equal participation

the imposition of unpleasant outcomes

punishment

comes from an individuals personal characteristics that command others identification, respect, and admiration so that they wish to emulate that individual

referent power

is defined as anything that causes a certain behavior to be repeated or inhibited

reinforcement

looks at the relationship between behavior and its consequences

reinforcement theory

advantages of virtual teams

ability to assemble the most talented group of people, diversity, eliminates travel

used when issue is more important than self, when building social credit, or when harmony is especially important

accommodating style (your way)

what is the second dimension of follower style?

active vs. passive behavior

the emphasis is on wrapping up and gearing down

adjourning

passive, yet independent, critical thinker

alienated

"what kind of health benefits does this job offer"

safety needs

safe works, fringe benefits, job security

safety needs

"If Dave continues to mentor me, I think I can become a vice president in about 5 hours"

self-actualization needs

opportunities for advancement, autonomy, growth, creativity

self-actualization needs

typically consists of 5 to 20 multi skilled workers who rotate jobs to product an entire product or service or at least one complete aspect or portion of a product or service

self-managed teams

reaching a win-win solution

separate the people from the problem, focus on underlying interests not current demands, listen and ask questions, insists that results be based on objective standards

An executive who prioritizes the organization's mission and the needs and goals of subordinates, rather than ego gratification and personal success, can be described as a ________

servant leader

transcends self-interest to serve others, the organization, and society

servant leader

what do core job dimensions include?

skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback

refers to the tendency for the presence of others to enhance ones performance. simply being around others has an energizing effect

social facilitation

the impact of charismatic leaders comes from the following:

stating a lofty vision, displaying an ability to understand and empathize with followers, empowering and trusting subordinates to accomplish results

individual personalities emerge, it is marked by conflict and disagreement, expression of emotions helps to build camaraderie and a shared understanding of goals and tasks

storming

natural talents and abilities that have been supported and reinforced with learned knowledge and skills and provide each individual with his or her best tools for accomplishment and satisfaction

strengths

what are the two types of behavior that have been identified as applicable to effective leadership?

task-oriented behavior and people-oriented behavior

a unit of two or more people who interact and coordinate their work to accomplish a common goal to which they are committed and hold themselves mutually accountable

team

determinants of cohesiveness:

team interaction, shared goals, personal attraction to team, presence of competition, team success

an informal standard of conduct that is shared by team members and guides their behavior

team norm

the ability of teams to bring greater knowledge and skills to job tasks and enhance the potential of the organization to respond

the capacity to adapt and learn

clarity the role and task requirements of subordinates, initiate structure, provide appropriate rewards, and try to be considerate and meet the social needs of subordinates

transactional leaders

what are the two major dimensions to styles of handling conflict

assertive versus unassertive and cooperative versus uncooperative

the removal of an unpleasant consequence once a behavior is improved

avoidance learning

is appropriate when an issue is trivial, when a delay to gather more information is needed, or when a disruption would be costly

avoiding style (no way)

distinguished by their special ability to bring about innovation and change

transformational leaders

interpersonal influence tactics

use rational persuasion, help people to like you, rely on the rule of reciprocity, develop allies, ask for what you wants, appeal to higher authority

a group made up of geographically or organizationally dispersed members who are linked primarily through advanced information and telecommunications technologies

virtual team

what are the three primary reasons that teams present a dilemma for many people?

we have to give up our independence, we have to put up with free riders (team members who attain benefits but do not actively contribute), teams are sometimes dysfunctional

people-oriented behavior and is the extent to which the leader is mindful of subordinates, respects their ideas and feelings, and established mutual trust

consideration

emphasizes the needs that motivate people, translate into an internal drive that motivates specific behaviors in an attempt to fulfill the needs, to the extent that managers understand employees' needs, they can design reward systems to meet them

content theories

leadership explores how the organizational situation influences leader effectiveness

contingency approaches

the job characteristics model consist of what three major parts?

core job dimensions, critical psychological states, and employee growth-need strength

what advantages can effective teams provide?

creativity and innovation, improved quality, speed of response, higher productivity and lower costs, enhance motivation and satisifaction

what is the first dimension of quality of independence?

critical thinking vs. dependent, uncritical thinking

employees from about the same hierarchical level but different areas of expertise

cross-functional team

frustration-regression principle

failure to meet a high-order need may trigger a regression to an already fulfilled lower-order need

orientation and getting acquainted, uncertainty is high and members usually accept whatever power or authority is offered by either formal or informal leaders

forming

a manager and his or her subordinates in the formal chain of command

functional team

a cross-border team made up of members of different nationalities whose activities span multiple countries

global team

proposes that managers can increase motivation and enhance performance by setting specific, challenging goals, and then helping people track their progress toward goal achievement by providing timely feedback

goal-setting theory

with the approach, communication is also unambiguous, but the person uses a low-voltage style

high directness- low intensity

a person using this approach expresses a conflict unambiguously by using aggressive or antagonistic verbal and nonverbal communication

high directness: high intensity

subordinates vary in readiness, which is determined by the degree of __________________ and _____________ that a subordinate demonstrates while performing a specific task

willingness; ability

solving problems

women and men rated equality

building relationships

women rated higher

developing others

women rated higher

driving for results

women rated higher

inspiring and motivating others

women rated higher

refers to altering jobs to increase both the quality of employees work experience and their productivity

work redesign

consequences of cohesiveness:

higher morale, typically greater productivity

involves the presence or absence of job dissatifiers

hygiene

early research looked at leaders who had achieved a level of greatness:

- found only a weak relationship between personal traits and leader success - the appropriateness of a trait or set of traits depends on the leadership situation

makes the leadership style unnecessary or redundant

substitute for leadership

refers to disagreements among people about the goals to be achieved or the content of the tasks to be performed

task conflict

the distinguishing personal characteristics of a leader, such as intelligence, honesty, self-confidence, and ever appearance

traits

analyzing issues

women and men rated equality

refers to individuals who know and understand themselves, who espouse and act consistent with higher-order ethical values, and who empower and inspire others with their openness and authenticity

authentic leadership

the concept of leadership evolves as the needs of organizations change and may be affected

contemporary leadership

assumes that the size of the "pie" is fixed, and each party attempts to get as much of it as possible

distributive negotiation

the power sharing, the delegation of power and authority to subordinates in an organization

empowerment

people who adopt a socioemotional role support team members' emotional needs and help strengthen the social entity:

encourage, harmonize, reduce tension, follow, compromise

"getting promoted to supervisor is such an honor. it shows that my manager trust me to do a good job"

esteem needs

recognition, approval, high status, increased responsibilities

esteem needs

being unpretentious and modest rather than arrogant and prideful

humility

the application of motivational theories to the structure of work

job design

creates broader job so that people perform a variety of activities

job enlargement

refers to incorporating high-level motivators into the work

job enrichment

moves employees systematically from one job to another to provide variety and stimulation

job rotation

states that behavior that is positively reinforced tends to be repeated, and behavior that is not reinforced tends not to be repeated

law of effect

making progress toward meaningful goals and is a key to high motivation

making progress principle

refers to the forces either within or external to a person the arouse enthusiasm and persistence to pursue a certain course of action

motivation

what does employee growth-need strength include?

relates to the idea that people have different needs for growth and development

refers to interpersonal incompatibility that creates tension and personal animosity among people

relationship conflict

stems from the authority to bestow rewards on other people

reward power

leadership focuses attention on the characteristics of followers in determining appropriate leadership behavior

situational model

what are the 3 outcomes that work team effectiveness is based on?

productive output, personal satisfaction, the capacity to adapt and learn

the withholding of a positive reward

extinction

given by another person, typically a manager, and include promotions, praise, and pay increases

extrinsic rewards

refers to an antagonistic interaction in which one party attempts to block the intentions or goals of another

conflict

participates actively but doesn't use critical thinking skills

conformist

what are the two levels in organizations, servant leaders operate on two levels?

1. for the fulfillment of their subordinates goals and needs 2. for the realization of the larger purpose or mission of their organization

manager qualities

Focus on organization, rational, maintains stability, assigns tasks, organizes, analyzes, position power.

leader qualities

Focus on people: visionary, promotes change, defines purpose, nurtures, innovates, personal power

physiological needs like food, water, and air, safety needs related to the physical and psychological environment, belongingness needs like being accepted by peers and having friends, esteem needs related to positive self-image, recognition, and appreciation, self-actualization or developing one's full potential

Maslows Hierarchy of needs theory

refers to the set of techniques by which reinforcement theory is used to modify human behavior

behavior modification

"I like my job. my work buddies and I eat lunch together every day, which makes the job more fun"

belongingness needs

work groups, clients, coworkers, supervisors

belongingness needs

challenges of virtual teams

building rapport and trust

has the ability to inspire and motivate people to do more than they would normally do, despite obstacles and personal sacrifice

charismatic leader

refers to authority to punish or recommend punishment

coercive power

enables both parties to win

collaborating (our way)

causes of conflict:

competition over resources, communication breakdowns, trust issues

appropriate when the goals are equally important, when opponents have equal power, or when under time pressure

compromising style (halfway)

useful when quick, decisive action is vital

dominating style ( my way)

both a critical, independent thinker and active in the organization

effective

typically possess varied traits, and no single leader can have a complete set of characteristics that is appropriate for handling any problem, challenge or opportunity that comes along

effective leaders

means that people enjoy their jobs, contribute enthusiastically, and feel a sense of belonging and commitment

employee engagement

focuses on individuals perceptions of how fairly they are treated compared with others, the most common methods for reducing a perceived inequity are changing work effort, changing outcomes, changing perceptions, and changing jobs

equity theory

what are the ways the concept of leadership evolves as the needs of organizations change and may be affected by?

ethical and economic difficulties, corporate governance concerns, globalization, changes in technology, new ways of working, shifting employee expectations, significant social transitions

what are the three level of needs ERG Theory proposes?

existence, relatedness, and growth

suggests that motivation depends on individuals expectations about their ability to perform tasks and receive desired rewards, based on the relationship among the individuals effort, the individuals performance, and the desirability of outcomes associated with high performance

expectancy theory

what does critical psychological states include?

experienced meaningfulness of the work, experienced responsibility, and knowledge of actual results

results from a persons special knowledge or skill regarding the tasks being performed

expert power

the effect that a persons actions have on the attitudes, values, beliefs, or behavior of others

influence

people who play a task specialist role spend time and energy helping the team reach its goals:

initiate ideas, give opinions, seek information, summarize, energize

the extent to which the leader is task-oriented and directs subordinate work activities toward goal attainment

initiating structure

based on a win-win assumption in that all parties want to come up with a creative solution that can benefit both sides

integrative negotiation

the leader favors a consensual and collaborative process, and influence derives from relationships rather than position power and formal authority

interactive leadership

are the satisfactions that a person receives in the process of performing a particular actions

intrinsic rewards

the ability to influence people toward the attainment of goals; many different styles can be effective

leadership

the power coming from a formal management position in an organization and the authority granted to it

legitimate power