Management Test 3

Tension

According to the model of work motivation and performance, an unsatisfied need produces

The founder of a medical products distributor, establishes challenging goals for his employees and is confident that they will be able to achieve these goals. In terms of the path-goal theory, the founder is exhibiting a(n) _____ leadership style.

Achievement Oriented

Feedback

An accident at the Millwood oil refinery severely injured two workers. The company is conducting an investigation to understand what went wrong. After analyzing the information, the company intends to bring in new safety processes to prevent such accidents. The company used _____control.

Noise

Andrea works for a finance company. She receives a complex message that she is unable to decode correctly. This situation is an example of _____ interfering with the transmission of a message.

In the perception process, _____ is the process of noticing or becoming aware of particular stimuli.

Attention

__ is the process of determining how well other companies (though not just competitors) perform business functions or tasks.

Benchmarking

The two primary types of grapevine communication networks are _____ chains.

Cluster and gossip

Which type of leader behaviour is demonstrated by a CEO who visits company plants to meet and talk to employees at all levels in order to better understand their concerns and feelings?

Consideration

In a(n) ____ reinforcement schedule, a consequence follows every instance of a behavior.

Continuous

According to the Blake/Mouton leadership grid, _____ leadership style occurs when leaders care about having a friendly, enjoyable work environment but don't really pay much attention to production or performance.

Country club

Lopez was injured at work when he slips and falls at a construction site. However, his coworkers assumed the accident was due to improper flooring. According to attribution theory, Lopez's coworkers interpreted the incident with a _____.

Defensive Bias

In equity theory, _____ is the perceived degree to which outcomes and rewards are fairly allocated.

Distributive justice

The three formal communication channels in organizations are categorized as _

Downward, horizontal, and upward

According to _____, people will be motivated at work when they perceive that they are being treated fairly.

Equity theory

In terms of expectancy theory, when _____ is strong, employees believe that their hard work and efforts will result in good performance, so they work harder.

Expectancy

What holds that people will be motivated to the extent to which they believe that their efforts will lead to good performance, that good performance will be rewarded, and that they will be offered attractive rewards?

Expectancy Theory

__ is a reinforcement strategy that weakens behavior by removing a positive consequence associated with the behavior.

Extinction

The _____ is an organization's set of procedures, rules, and policies.

Formal Authority System

In a grapevine communication network, a _____ involves one highly connected individual sharing information with many other managers and workers.

Gossip chain

Situational favorableness

In Fiedler's contingency theory, the term _____ refers to the degree to which a particular condition either permits or denies a leader the chance to influence the behavior of group members.

Paralanguage

In nonverbal communication, _____ includes the pitch, rate, tone, volume, and speaking pattern (i.e., use of silences, pauses, or hesitations) of one's voice.

Kinesics

In nonverbal communication, the term _____ refer to movements of the body and face.

Feedback

In the communication process, _____ makes senders aware of possible miscommunications and enables them to continue communicating until the receiver understands the intended message.

Reinforcement theory says that behavior is a function of _____.

Its Consequences

Companies may determine standards by __

Listening to customers

Power, achievement, affiliation

McClelland's Learned Needs Theory identifies three needs. They are the needs for?

Higher order and lower order

On the basis of research evidence, the two basic categories of needs are?

In Fiedler's contingency theory, the term _____ refers to the degree to which leaders are able to hire, fire, reward, and punish workers.

Position Power

____ can increase the frequency of a particular behavior.

Positive reinforcement

The two parts of reinforcement are ____.

Reinforcement contingencies and schedules of reinforcement

Perceived inequity directly affects?

Satisfaction

According to the path-goal theory of leadership, which of the following leadership styles involves being friendly and approachable to employees, showing concern for them and their welfare, treating them as equals, and creating a friendly climate?

Supportive Leadership

Benchmarking

The Relish Hotel decided to improve the quality of service offered to its customers; it asked frequent guests to comment on any issues pertaining to their stay and suggest any improvements that these guests may have experienced at other hotels. The guest feedback was henceforth incorporated by the Relish Hotel. In this case, the Relish Hotel undertook the process of _____.

Formal

The _____ communication channel is the system of official channels that carry organizationally approved messages and information.

Balanced Scorecard

The _____ is the measurement of organizational performance in four equally important areas: finances, customers, internal operations, and innovation and learning.

attention, organization, interpretation, retention

The steps in the basic perception process, in order, are?

Regulation Costs

To determine whether control is worthwhile, managers need to carefully assess _____, that is, whether the costs and unintended consequences of control exceeds its benefits.

Relatively stable characteristics such as abilities, psychological motives, or consistent patterns of behavior, form the basis for the _____ theory of leadership.

Trait theory

The two basic kinds of inequity are _____.

Underreward and overreward

According to the expectancy theory, ____ affect the conscious choices that people make about their motivation.

Valence, expectancy, and instrumentality

Inputs, outcomes, and referents

What are the basic components of equity theory?

Integrity

When an individual is running for a local political office, he or she makes lots of promises to people. When the individual wins the election and assumes office, he or she is often unable to carry out the political promises. In the context of leadership traits, the individual lacks _____.

Transformational leadership

_ is a leadership that generates awareness and acceptance of a group's purpose and mission and gets employees to see beyond their own needs and self-interest for the good of the group

Coaching

_ is a type of one-on-one communication used by managers to improve an employee's on-the-job performance or behavior

Constructive Feedback

_ is feedback that is intended to be helpful, corrective, and/or encouraging and is aimed at correcting performance deficiencies and motivating employees.

Behavior control

_ is the regulation of the conduct and actions that workers perform on the job

Control

_ is the regulatory process of establishing standards to achieve organizational goals, comparing actual performance to those standards, and then, if necessary, taking corrective action to restore performance to those standards.

Suboptimization

_ occurs when performance improvement is attained in one part of an organization but only at the expense of decreased performance in another part.

Standards

__ are a basis of comparison for measuring the extent to which organizational performance is satisfactory or unsatisfactory

Regulation

__ costs are the costs associated with implementing or monitoring control

Feedback control

__ is a method of gathering information about performance deficiencies after they occur.

Feedforward contol

__ is a method of gathering information about performance deficiencies before they occur.

Empathetic Listening

__ is a technique of understanding a speaker's perspective and personal frame of reference and giving feedback that conveys that understanding to the speaker

Strategic Leadership

__ is the ability to anticipate, envision, maintain flexibility, and work with others to initiate change that will create a positive future for an organization

Value

__ is the customer perception that the product quality is excellent for the price offered

Cybernetic feasibility

__ is the extent to which it is possible to implement each step in the control process

Perception

__ is the process by which individuals attend to, organize, interpret, and retain information from their environments

Output control

__ is the regulation of workers' results through rewards and incentives

Selective Perception

__ is the tendency to notice and accept objects and information consistent with our values, beliefs, and expectations, while ignoring or screening out inconsistent information

Normative control

___ is the regulation of workers' behavior and decisions through widely shared organizational values and beliefs.

Control Loss

___ is the situation in which behavior and work procedures do not conform to standards.

Attribution Theory

___ states that we all have a basic need to understand and explain the causes of other people's behavior.

Intrinsic rewards

_____ are the natural rewards associated with performing a task or activity for its own sake

Companies that rely on bureaucratic control tend to _

be highly resistant to change

The two types of objective controls managers use are __

behavior and output

The two types of visionary leadership are _____.

charismatic and transformational leadership

Organizational silence occurs when __

employees believe that telling managers about problems will not make a difference

The two kinds of charismatic leaders are __

ethical and unethical

Situational Constraints

factors beyond the control of individual employees, such as tools, policies, and resources that have an effect on job performance

Most companies measure performance using standard

finance and accounting

What are the basic components of goal setting theory?

goal specificity, goal difficulty, goal acceptance, and performance feedback

Transformational leaders

help followers see how their jobs fit with the organization's vision

The normative decision theory _____.

helps leaders determine how much employee participation should be used in decision making

Organizational grapevines can be managed by:

keeping employees informed about changing strategies and policies

Visionary Leadership

leadership that creates a positive image of the future that motivates organizational members and provides direction for future planning and goal setting

Drive

refers to high levels of effort and is characterized by achievement, motivation, initiative, energy, and tenacity

Transactional leaders often __

rely too heavily on discipline or threats to bring performance up to standards

According to business professor Fred Luthans, one of the steps to motivating workers with reinforcement theory is "identify" that means:

singling out critical, observable, performance-related behaviors

What is EVA?

the amount by which profits exceed the cost of capital in a given year

Ability

the degree to which workers possess the knowledge, skills, and talent needed to do a job well

Consideration

the extent to which a leader is friendly, approachable, and supportive and shows concern for employees

According to attribution theory, _____ makes managers more likely to attribute workers' problems or failures to internal rather than external causes.

the fundamental attribution error

Leadership

the process of influencing others to achieve group or organizational goals

Motivation

the set of forces that initiates, directs, and makes people persist in their efforts to accomplish a goal

Commitment Requirement Rule

used within normative decision theory to increase decision acceptance