Management Theory & Practice 15,16,17,18
5) McGregor's Theory X assumes that employees ________. A) need to be closely controlled to work effectively B) enjoy work C) seek out and accept responsibility D) exercise self-direction
A) need to be closely controlled to work effectively
16) People who identify opportunities, show initiative, take action, and persevere until meaningful change occurs are said to have ________ personalities. A) proactive B) self-aware C) resilient D) agreeable
A) proactive
6) The regular use of ________ can alert managers to potential problems and employees' intentions early enough to do something about them. A) dissonance reduction B) performance incentives C) employee benefit plans D) attitude surveys
D) attitude surveys
27) Reviews of the major studies undertaken to test the overall validity of Fiedler's model have shown ________. A) considerable evidence to refute the model B) minor evidence to support the model C) minor evidence to refute the model D) considerable evidence to support the model
D) considerable evidence to support the model
8) The Big Five Model of personality includes ________. A) intuition B) judgement C) perception D) extraversion
D) extraversion
24) The final link in the communication process is ________. A) encoding B) decoding C) receiving D) feedback
D) feedback
21) Early research on leadership traits ________. A) sought to prove that charisma was an essential trait of leadership B) focused entirely on behavioral traits rather than physical traits of a leader C) found consistent and unique traits that would apply universally to all effective leaders D) focused on characteristics that might differentiate leaders from nonleaders
D) focused on characteristics that might differentiate leaders from nonleaders
40) Why are more and more companies empowering employees? A) Management needs to make quick decisions. B) Organizational upsizing left many managers with smaller spans of control. C) Empowerment is appropriate for all circumstances. D) Managers must cope with increased work demands.
d. Managers must cope with increased work demands.
14) ________ refers to the number of different tasks required in a job and the frequency with which those tasks are repeated. A) Job scope B) Job depth C) Task significance D) Task identity
A) Job scope
12) ________ theory says that behavior is a function of its consequences. A) Reinforcement B) Goal-setting C) Equity D) Two-factor
A) Reinforcement
35) ________ leadership is the ability to create and articulate a realistic, credible, and attractive vision of the future for an organization that improves on the present. A) Visionary B) Charismatic C) Trait D) Transactional
A) Visionary
4) The three components that make up an attitude are ________ components. A) cognitive, affective, and behavioral B) active, behavioral, and adjustable C) emotional, creative, and environmental D) intentional, reactive, and adjustable
A) cognitive, affective, and behavioral
22) When a communication requires employees to follow their job description, or to comply with company policies, communication is being used to ________. A) control B) motivate C) provide a release for emotional expression D) persuade
A) control
12) An individual who is high in ________ is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means. A) self-esteem B) Machiavellianism C) self-monitoring D) risk taking
B) Machiavellianism
36) ________ is the power that arises because of a person's desirable resources or personal traits. A) Expert power B) Referent power C) Reward power D) Legitimate power
B) Referent power
7) The three-needs theory of motivation states that there are three ________ needs that are major motives in work. A) physical B) acquired C) safety D) innate
B) acquired
1) Individual behavior in organizations includes ________. A) strategies, norms, and roles B) attitudes, learning, and motivation C) structure, culture, and team building D) policies and procedures
B) attitudes, learning, and motivation
26) Which of the following describes the number of different messages that can be transmitted using a particular method of communication? A) complexity capacity B) breadth potential C) scanability D) encoding ease
B) breadth potential
3) In Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, ________ needs form the lowest or foundational step in the hierarchy. A) social B) physiological C) esteem D) safety
B) physiological
19) The ________ of work design says that employees are taking the initiative to change how their work is performed. A) social model B) proactive perspective C) job characteristics model D) relational perspective
B) proactive perspective
28) The ________ theory is a contingency theory that focuses on followers' readiness. A) consideration leadership B) situational leadership C) passive leadership D) active leadership
B) situational leadership
17) According to the JCM, which three job characteristics are crucial to an employee experiencing meaningfulness of his or her work? A) autonomy, task identity, and task significance B) skill variety, task identity, and task significance C) autonomy, feedback, and task significance D) skill variety, autonomy, and feedback
B) skill variety, task identity, and task significance
29) According to Hersey and Blanchard, a high task-low relationship situation calls for the ________ leadership style. A) delegating B) telling C) participating D) selling
B) telling
25) This managerial grid used the behavioral dimensions "concern for people" and ________ and evaluated a leader's use of these behaviors, ranking them on a scale from 1 (low) to 9 (high). A) "concern for integrity" B) "concern for profit" C) "concern for environment" D) "concern for production"
D) "concern for production"
28) ________ is the deliberate manipulation of information to make it appear more favorable to the receiver. A) Lateral communication B) Encoding C) Diagonal communication D) Filtering
D) Filtering
17) Emotional intelligence has been shown to be ________. A) negatively related to job performance at all levels B) negatively related to job performance in middle management only C) positively related to job performance only in government agencies D) positively related to job performance at all levels
D) positively related to job performance at all levels
16) In the job characteristics model, ________ refers to the degree to which a job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work. A) task significance B) skill variety C) autonomy D) task identity
D) task identity
27) When a sender evaluates a communication method to judge scanability, he is checking if ________. A) the method can easily transmit a large number of messages B) the method allows recipients to process complex messages effectively C) the method adequately conveys personal warmth D) the recipient can easily browse the message for relevant information
D) the recipient can easily browse the message for relevant information
11) According to research, employees who have a high internal locus of control ________. A) exhibit more satisfaction with their jobs than externals B) are more alienated from their work setting than externals C) are less involved in their jobs as compared to externals D) blame their bosses for poor performance more often than externals
A) exhibit more satisfaction with their jobs than externals
29) When a person tells his or her manager what the manager wants to hear, which of the following barriers to effective interpersonal communication is the person using? A) filtering B) selective perception C) feedback D) defensiveness
A) filtering
38) The dimension of trust that is used to describe honesty and truthfulness is ________. A) integrity B) competence C) consistency D) loyalty
A) integrity
31) Which of the following is included in the class of contingency variables termed "follower" by the path-goal theory? A) locus of control B) work group C) employee compensation D) formal authority system
A) locus of control
10) According to the three-needs theory, the best managers tend to be ________. A) low in the need for affiliation B) low in the need for power C) high in the need for security D) high in the need for achievement
A) low in the need for affiliation
39) In order to increase face-to-face communication among employees, the workplace design should ________. A) maximize visibility and density B) maximize visibility and minimize density C) minimize visibility and density D) minimize visibility and maximize density
A) maximize visibility and density
4) According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, when an employer provides his employees health insurance, he is taking care of their ________ needs. A) safety B) social C) self-actualization D) esteem
A) safety
18) "In jobs today, employees rely more and more on those around them for information, advice, and assistance." Which of the following approaches to job design best reflects this statement? A) the relational perspective of work design B) the job characteristics model C) the proactive perspective of work design D) high involvement work practices
A) the relational perspective of work design
37) In a(n) ________ communication network, all communication passes through a clearly identifiable leader to the others in a team and upward from team members to the leader. A) wheel B) all-channel C) chain D) circular
A) wheel
38) Because rumors that flow along the grapevine can never be eliminated entirely, managers can minimize the negative consequences of rumors by ________. A) ignoring them completely B) communicating openly and honestly with employees C) encouraging an all-channel communication network D) using filtering wherever possible
B) communicating openly and honestly with employees
36) When an organization has an interest in increasing the efficiency and speed of communication between managers at different levels and in different departments, then ________. A) upward communication works best B) diagonal communication should be used C) lateral communication is ideal D) upward communication works the fastest
B) diagonal communication should be used
23) During the communication process, the message is converted to a symbolic form. This process is called ________. A) decoding B) encoding C) deciphering D) expanding
B) encoding
30) A(n) ________ occurs when the amount of data provided exceeds the recipient's processing capacity. A) perceptual barrier B) information overload C) conceptual block D) physical barrier
B) information overload
34) Evidence indicates that transformational leadership is strongly correlated with ________. A) lower turnover rates and lower levels of goal attainment and follower well-being B) lower turnover rates and higher levels of productivity and creativity C) higher turnover rates and lower levels of productivity and employee satisfaction D) higher turnover rates and higher levels of employee satisfaction and follower well-being
B) lower turnover rates and higher levels of productivity and creativity
5) The degree to which an employee identifies with a particular organization and its goals and wishes to maintain membership in the organization is the employee's ________. A) job involvement B) organizational commitment C) global commitment D) organizational citizenship
B) organizational commitment
13) The way tasks are combined to form complete jobs is referred to as ________. A) job evaluation B) job rotation C) job design D) job specification
C) job design
2) The hierarchy of needs theory of motivation was proposed by ________, a psychologist who proposed that within every person is a hierarchy of five needs. A) Douglas McGregor B) Frederick Herzberg C) Abraham Maslow D) David McClelland
C) Abraham Maslow
20) ________ theory explains how we judge people differently depending on what meaning we ascribe to a given behavior. A) Perception B) Behavior C) Attribution D) Social contrast
C) Attribution
15) ________ refers to the horizontal expansion of a job by increasing job scope, or the number of different tasks required in a job and the frequency with which those tasks are repeated. A) Job enrichment B) Empowerment C) Job enlargement D) Job sharing
C) Job enlargement
14) ________ is a personality trait that measures an individual's ability to adjust his or her behavior according to external situational factors. A) Machiavellianism B) Self-esteem C) Self-monitoring D) Locus of control
C) Self-monitoring
32) Which of the following is an accurate statement about transformational leaders? A) They are poor motivators. B) They clarify task requirements. C) They exhibit more than just charisma. D) They focus on tasks and pay little attention to followers.
C) They exhibit more than just charisma.
24) The University of Iowa studies discussed all of the following leadership styles except ________. A) laissez-faire B) democratic C) accommodating D) autocratic
C) accommodating
31) Listening for full meaning without making premature judgments or interpretations is called ________. A) passive hearing B) lateral communication C) active listening D) decoding
C) active listening
20) The equity theory proposes that ________. A) offering employees part of the company's shares, or equity, motivates them to do their best because their performance directly ties in with the company's B) employees expect that exerting a given amount of effort will lead to a certain level of performance and will be demotivated if that does not happen C) an employee compares his or her job's input-outcomes ratio with that of relevant others and then corrects any inequity D) employees are more likely to show initiative at work if they are more involved in decisions that affect their work
C) an employee compares his or her job's input-outcomes ratio with that of relevant others and then corrects any inequity
39) Shaun Mendis is the manager of a warehouse operated by a department store. He is trusted by his subordinates because he is open, reliable, and shows extremely good judgment while handling any type of crisis. Mendis is also known to be very supportive of his staff. Which dimensions of trust is he exhibiting? A) integrity and loyalty B) competence and openness C) consistency, loyalty, and openness D) loyalty, consistency, and competence
C) consistency, loyalty, and openness
11) Goal-setting theory says that ________. A) goals should be loosely defined and moderately challenging to maximize motivation B) a generalized goal of "do your best" is likely to be most effective in ensuring high performance C) difficult goals, when accepted, result in higher performance than do easy goals D) to be effective, goals set should be easily achievable for the top performers
C) difficult goals, when accepted, result in higher performance than do easy goals
25) Complexity capacity refers to the degree to which the communication method ________. A) offers a reasonable assurance of confidentiality B) makes a simple message seem more complex C) effectively processes complicated messages D) offers quick and accurate feedback
C) effectively processes complicated messages
1) The ________ element in the definition of motivation is a measure of intensity, drive, and vigor. A) persistence B) conformance C) energy D) direction
C) energy
6) Frederick Herzberg's two-factor theory proposes that ________. A) intrinsic factors cause job dissatisfaction B) extrinsic factors have the maximum effect on job satisfaction C) extrinsic factors are associated with job dissatisfaction D) intrinsic factors have little effect on job satisfaction
C) extrinsic factors are associated with job dissatisfaction
7) In the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), "sensing" personality types are those who ________. A) like solving new problems and dislike doing the same thing over and over again B) use reason and logic to handle problems C) have a high need for closure and show patience with routine details D) are outgoing, social, and assertive
C) have a high need for closure and show patience with routine details
13) If you like yourself, then your personality would be described as having ________. A) an internal locus of control B) a low Machiavellianism score C) high self-esteem D) an external locus of control
C) high self-esteem
32) Organizational communication that is not defined by the organization's structural hierarchy is known as ________ communication. A) external B) passive C) informal D) controlled
C) informal
3) The study of group behavior includes the study of ________. A) perception, motivation, and learning B) attitudes and personality C) norms, roles, and leadership D) organization structure and culture
C) norms, roles, and leadership
34) Which of the following management styles will most likely encourage upward communication? A) dictatorial B) paternalistic C) participative D) authoritarian
C) participative
18) Holland's theory proposes that satisfaction is highest and turnover lowest when ________. A) the locus of control is external B) an employee is social and realistic C) personality and occupation are compatible D) an employee can adjust behavior to external factors
C) personality and occupation are compatible
8) According to the three-needs theory, the need for ________ is the need to make others behave in a way that they would not have behaved otherwise. A) safety B) affiliation C) power D) achievement
C) power
9) People with a high need for achievement ________. A) emphasize helping others accomplish their goals B) make good managers, especially in large organizations C) prefer moderately challenging goals D) emphasize the rewards of success
C) prefer moderately challenging goals
40) Which of the following is a disadvantage of using IT in organizational communication? A) economic drawbacks B) geographic constraints C) psychological costs D) Time Constraints
C) psychological costs
9) In the Big Five Model of personality, conscientiousness refers to ________. A) the degree to which someone is calm, enthusiastic, and secure (positive) or tense, nervous, depressed, and insecure (negative) B) the degree to which someone is sociable, talkative, assertive, and comfortable in relationships with others C) the degree to which someone is reliable, responsible, dependable, persistent, and achievement oriented D) the degree of influence the individual believes he or she has over certain factors
C) the degree to which someone is reliable, responsible, dependable, persistent, and achievement oriented
22) Trait theory ignores ________. A) physical traits of leaders B) the behavioral aspects of honesty and integrity C) the interactions of leaders and their group members as well as situational factors D) the fact that leaders should be able to create visions and solve problems
C) the interactions of leaders and their group members as well as situational factors
21) Good communication occurs only when the recipient ________. A) agrees with the sender's message B) does what the speaker asks C) understands the speaker's meaning D) makes eye contact with the speaker
C) understands the speaker's meaning
33) The evidence supporting the superiority of transformational leadership over the transactional style is ________. A) inconclusive B) moderately supportive C) moderately negative D) overwhelmingly impressive
D) overwhelmingly impressive
30) Which leadership theory believes that a leader's job is to assist followers in attaining their goals and to ensure that their goals are compatible with the goals of the group or organization? A) Fiedler's Theory B) Contingency Theory C) Leader Participation Model D) Path-Goal Theory
D) Path-Goal Theory
19) ________ is the process of organizing and interpreting sensory impressions to give meaning to the environment. A) Attribution B) Selection C) Learning D) Perception
D) Perception
15) A manager makes decisions very quickly and requires little information for making the decisions. Which of the following is a likely reason for this? A) The manager has low self-esteem. B) The manager has an external locus of control. C) The manager is high in emotional stability. D) The manager is high in risk-taking.
D) The manager is high in risk-taking.
33) ________ communication keeps managers aware of how employees feel about their jobs, their coworkers, and the organization in general. A) Downward B) Horizontal C) Lateral D) Upward
D) Upward
23) According to the University of Iowa behavioral studies, group members' satisfaction levels were generally ________. A) higher under an autocratic leader in the long run B) improved when the leader was production oriented C) maintained when the leader was autocratic in the short run D) higher under a democratic leader than under an autocratic one
D) higher under a democratic leader than under an autocratic one
37) The most dominant component of credibility is ________. A) expertise B) status C) authority D) honesty
D) honesty
10) If you believe that you control your own destiny, which of the following personality traits are you likely to possess? A) external locus of control B) risk aversion C) high self-esteem D) internal locus of control
D) internal locus of control
35) Cross-functional teams rely heavily on ________ communication, which can be problematic if their managers are not kept informed about the decisions. A) downward B) upward C) vertical D) lateral
D) lateral
26) To measure a leader's style, Fiedler developed the ________. A) contingency grid B) situational leadership theory C) managerial grid D) least-preferred co-worker questionnaire
D) least-preferred co-worker questionnaire
2) Which of the following is associated with the study of individuals? A) norms B) roles C) team building D) perception
D) perception