Managing Organizations in CEI

What are some effective techniques for dealing with conflict?

- Confronting & Negotiating - Appealing to the organizations 'higher' goals - Expanding resources (human, or financial to help solve the issue) - Changing personnel - Changing the structure of the organization

Explain the difference between task, relationship and process conflict and why these types of conflict would be useful sometimes?

- Task conflict occurs between staff members about the content and goals of the project, low to moderate levels are fine because it can improve quality of decisions. - Relationship conflict occurs due to to tensions that emerge in the team over the way colleagues behave, or their differences in personality, values or attitudes, this type of conflict has no useful purpose. - Process conflict pertains to tensions surrounding how a team should get things done, low levels of this type of conflict can be useful when assumptions are questioned and challenges and superior solutions are found as a result)

What are some factors that may influence job satisfaction?

- a person's ability to do a job well or complete the required tasks - the level of communication within an organization; - the way management treats its employees through supervision policies and the amount of control and autonomy it gives them; - relationship with co-workers; - their current pay; - the nature of their work; - opportunities for employment

What are the steps a person must take during the negotiation process?

1. Preparation and planning 2. Definitions and ground rules 3. clarification and justification 4. Bargaining and problem solving 5. Closure and implementation

What is the correct order of the decision making process?

1. Problem recognition 2. Identify the object 3. Diagnose the situation 4. List and evaluate alternatives 5. Select the best course of action 6. Implement the decision 7. Follow up as needed

Why could an artist trying to commercialize their work lead to feelings of self-doubt?

A gap can emerge between what they believe to be the most creative, authentic, high quality work they can create, versus what may stand the highest chance of commercial success. This can create 'cognitive dissonance' within the creative, where two beliefs and aspirations collide

If I said, "I love that new song you just played me, it has a great feel to it," which component of the ABC model would I be using?

Affective

What term means to exaggerate one's power, influence, stature or reputation?

Aggrandizement

If an A&R manager believes the marketing manager is being deliberately unsupportive to her, when the label President had actually privately met with the marketing manager to express concerns over the financial situation, the A&R manager attributing the decision to the marketing manager's prejudice would be an example of what?

Attribution Bias

What could be an example of a symbol of powerlessness for a top level executive?

Budget cuts

In a work-group, the [ ] sees the big pictures and sets the focus on the mission

Collaborator

What big 5 personality trait is 'Grit' strongly correlated with?

Concientiousness

a process that commences when one party perceives that another party is negatively impacting its interests

Conflict

The artist's taste and the quality and quantity of creative effort impact the product.

Connection to the Product (art for art's sake)

Why may Grit not perfectly align with the creative individual (but often does)?

Creative individuals often score low in Conscientiousness in the Big 5

What two types of leaders do creative organizations usually have for dual leadership and what do they look after?

Creative leader: looks after the artistic and creative dimension, business leader: looks after the administration and financial affairs and protects the ongoing financial viability of the organization

Why would creative organizations experience creative versus business conflict and what would be an example of this?

Creative organizations pursue both artistic and commercial outcomes. A magazine journalist having a fantastic idea for an investigative story, but the sales manager opposes it because it could embarrass an important advertiser; an artistic director of an opera company proposing an ambitious new production that pushes the boundaries of the art form, but the general manager believes it would be financially perilous; A fashion designer creating designs they believe are distinctive, edgy and showcase their brilliance as designers, but the label head rejects them for being 'off brand' and too far away from known consumer preferences

The endless supply of creative and substitute products.

Differentiated Products (Infinite variety)

The need for a number of skilled and specialised outputs to create, market and promote the product.

Diversity of Skills (Motley Crue)

Explain the difference between espoused and enacted values

Espoused values are what a firm says it values in its speeches and statements, but which it may or may not actually put into practice. Enacted values are what a firm's senior managers actually manifest through their actions, which may have nothing to do with the values that they espouse

When an independent record label chooses to focus its business strategy on signing select artists and developing them over multiple years or albums, the label head is attempting to put into place a system of creativity over commerce. This would be considered a type of what?

Espoused/Enacted value

If a songwriter gets a bonus for every song they get cut, what type of motivation would this be an example of and why?

External motivation because it is behaviour driven by external rewards, so the bonus would be an external reward for that songwriter.

A creative person is more likely to be low on the scale of openness to experience.

F

A person's 'GRIT' factor depends on their talent and IQ score

F

All the most famous people are considered extroverts.

F

Anticipatory Socialization is the second stage of the socialization process in which newcomers learn the tasks associated with the job, clarify their roles, and establish new relationships at work

F

Functional conflict is negative and destructive, while dysfunctional conflict is positive and constructive.

F

Having power means that you have the right to tell other people what to do within the scope of your job or employment

F

Non-programmed decisions are determined quickly with little thought?

F

People that indicate a preference for Intuition rely on actual data and pay attention to details.

F

People who score lower on the conscientiousness scale tend to be more organized and are self-disciplined.

F

Researchers have found that important factors in job performance such as creativity, leadership and integrity are related to intelligence, not personality.

F

Simple structures divide the organization into different departments, often by managerial function, geographic or product lines.

F

Taking a more 'authoritarian' approach in the workplace will have a positive impact on employees perceptions of autonomy and fosters the intrinsic motivation that powers the creative process.

F

The law is the only reliable reference point in the workplace

F

Entertainment industry organizations that tend to 'perform well' would be more closely affiliated with which theory of organizational culture?

Fit perspective

Employees in creative organizations can be motivated by

Giving them meaningful work

Which of the following is more important to the vast majority of workers?

Good work atmosphere

What is the name of the phenomenon where intelligent people do dumb things as a group?

Groupthink

When a person seeks to get you in a good mood or to think favorably of him or her before asking you to do something, we would consider this what type of 'political influence tactic?

Ingratiation

Conflict that occurs between groups or teams in an organization would be considered?

Intergroup conflict

An artist that pushes themselves to achieve the highest standard in their craft because they love what they do would be an example of what motivation and why?

Internal or 'Intrinsic' Motivation

What type of characteristics does the Flippen Profile assess?

It assess an employee's or individual 'leadership' characteristics

Why do we want to study human behavior in organizations in order to increase effectiveness?

It helps us to develop important people skills It helps us to become a more effective leader

What do we mean when we talk about 'creative & cultural' industries?

It includes traditional arts such as music, ballet, opera, theater, painting and sculpture Core industries such as film, museums, galleries & photography Publishing, video & computer games, sound recording, television & radio Advertising, design & fashion

If a powerful artist manager has no problem getting the record label to agree to expenses that go over the agreed upon budget, whose symbols of power could this be an example of?

Kanter's Symbols of Power

An individual's generalized belief about internal control versus external control is called

Locus of control

What ethical concept acts on the principle that the 'end justifies the means', but does not necessarily benefit the majority, but rather the the person pursuing the strategy?

Machiavellianism

Motivating a creative individual

Making a connection to what they are doing and the purpose or outcome you/they are seeking Allow them to feel pride in the work you are asking them to do

What term is used to describe a force that influences people to act or not act on something and helps to explain why we do things?

Motivation

What are some of the external factors that influence organizational culture? Explain

Nationality, type of industry, geographical heritage of a parent company, cities, the genre of product and managerial specializations

Should creative and entertainment industries be studied the same way as military or manufacturing industries? Why?

No; Different conditions and circumstances call for different approaches and when working with creative individuals, you must allow them the space and freedom to invest their own ideas and expertise in the project, while providing the focus necessary to achieve their own or the organization's goals. Military and manufacturing industries should have a more researched and scientific approach

What trait is shown the most consistently in creative individuals?

Openness to Experience

Name and describe the 'Big Five' personality traits.

Openness to experience: When someone is willing to embrace intellectual curiosity and try new things, they tend to associate higher on this scale; Conscientiousness: A tendency to be organized and dependable; Extraversion: A person's tendency towards extraversion is related to the desire to be with other people; Agreeableness: People who are sympathetic, kind, affectionate, and trusting score high on agreeableness; Neuroticism: The tendency towards emotional instability

What type of organizational structure has been found to be more conducive to cultivating organizational creativity?

Organic Structures

What do we call a field of study which investigates human behavior in organizations, for the purpose of improving organizational effectiveness and performance?

Organizational Behavior

What type of follower does what they are told, but do not think critically?

Passive followers

Decision-making in the creative & cultural industries is often not driven by a more rational approach to the process, but based on other influential aspects due to a lack of time, education and resources. These influences may include:

Personal Bias, Heuristics, Intuition and Past Experiences

What term refers to the individual characteristics that relate to the way we think, feel and behave?

Personality

Which type of power is based on interpersonal attraction or a person's likeability factor?

Referent Power

What term is used to describe symbolic, repeated events that play an important role in reinforcing cultural values?

Ritual

What type of person would show organizational citizenship behavior, and what are examples of actions they may take to do so?

Someone who experiences positive feelings towards work and is satisfied with their job; they may organize special committees, work extra hours or take on extra work because they feel highly committed to the organizations goals, mission and values

Which of the following is NOT an example of workplace deviance?

Staying late to meet a deadline

What tactic could Miley Cyrus's infamous 2013 VMA 'twerking' performance be an example of?

Strategic Sexual Performance

What type of power would a Tony Award give someone in theatre?

Symbolic capital

Attitudes formed through direct experience are typically more strongly held than attitudes formed through indirect influence.

T

Design thinking involves designing businesses and products in an iterative way, building, testing and learning in a continuous cycle. Small tests are conducted which are validated, and then scaled up.

T

High neuroticism has been demonstrated to be a common factor in many creative personalities, especially those who find a career within the field of popular music

T

Often, cultural change in the creative and cultural industries - especially music - is synonymous with people and can often be misinterpreted by micro-political maneuvering

T

Taste is based on an individual's aesthetic preference while professional judgment is based on something's commercial potential

T

Under Intellectual Property (IP) rights, if a creator assigns (sells) their copyright in a work, they can still retain their moral rights

T

What is another name for McClelland's Need Theory and why is it called that?

The 'three-need' theory because it states that a person's effectiveness in the workplace is influenced by three needs: achievement, affiliation, and power

What law prohibits employers from using race, color, religion, sex and national origin as a basis for discrimination in employment related matters, and later extended to include older people, the handicapped, and pregnant women?

The Civil Rights Act of 1964

Theory [_] managers assume that workers generally dislike work and require a more authoritative supervisory style to keep them on task

Theory X

Theory [_] managers assume that workers are self-motivated and happy to work

Theory Y

What is the term that describes how an individual perceives his or her situation, and the attitudes formed because of these perceptions, will determine how the employee ultimately respond and why is it named as such?

Theory of Consistency

Which of the following is an example of a manager using coercive power over an employee?

Threatening termination Threatening to take away privileges

Producers of creative products never really know if people will commit to purchase.

Uncertainty of Demand

A concert promoter, shocked and hurt by the terrorist attacks on the Bataclan Theatre in Paris in 2015, arguing that the torture of terrorists to elicit information is the best course of action, because while it potentially violates the rights of the person being interrogated, it safeguards the majority, which is more important would be an example of what ethical concept?

Utilitarianism

What is it called when there is an enormous diversity in the level or quality that occurs among cultural products?

Vertically differentiated skills

Which of the following would not be considered a benefit of having high EI or Emotional Intelligence?

You are generally considered a smarter person

What term is used for a place where an employee believes that direction is acceptable, but not necessarily within the bounds of his or her 'authority' granted by their position within the organization?

Zone of indifference

Social loafing is usually:

a drag on the team's efforts and achievements

As a Senior Vice President of Marketing at Provident Music, you oversee a team of product managers for your artists, all of whom have an internal locus of control, you should:

allow them considerable leeway in determining how to perform their work.

The right to influence another person is [_], whereas the ability to influence someone else is [_].

authority, power

You are starting your senior year of college and look forward to graduation in May. You select your courses based on what will best fit your work schedule, and not because they are particularly interesting or because they fulfill degree requirements. Your course selections are most likely be made based on the:

bounded rationality model

Decision-Making heuristics are considered to be

cognitive short cuts to help us be more efficient

The key structural concept of [ ] examines whether people should be grouped together in a department to help them work together as a team

departmentalization

When Valerie Vesuvius had 'erupted' in rehearsal, has a reputation for being 'difficult' and often has 'backstage tantrums', we would consider this personality trait as

emotionally unstable or 'neurotic'

Dependence on guidance and direction is the defining characteristic in what stage of group development?

forming

A group is a collection of two or more persons with common interests or objectives, whereas a work team:

is usually a small number of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common goal for which they are mutually accountable

provide more 'big picture' steering and influence, involving inspiration, entrepreneurialism and creativity

leadership

focus more on efficiency and operational excellence

management

Standards that a work group uses to evaluate the behavior of its members are:

norms of behavior

If an intern is being asked to pick-up drugs for clientele coming into the studio later that evening, this may be considered what type of conflict?

person-role conflict

When creative decisions within the entertainment industries are taken through 'taste' it can often conflict with

professional judgement

A major entertainment company may be more likely to make decisions

rationally and with 'professional judgement'

Alice, the COO of Digital Marketing Solutions is determining how many people the VP of Marketing should have reporting to her under the new restructuring plan. This would be considered her new

span of control

The rational model of decision-making assumes:

that the decision-maker can calculate the probability of success for alternatives

The most important factor influencing organizational culture is

upper management's behavior