MAP ch 22

Characteristics of adaptive defenses include versatility. specificity. tolerance. memory. All of the answers are correct.

All

Inflammation produces localized pain. swelling. heat. redness. All of the answers are correct.

All

The cells responsible for humoral immunity are the ________ cells. NK suppressor T helper T cytotoxic T B

B

A person who has AIDS contracts rare and often life-threatening infections because their helper T cell count is so low. Which of the following components of the immune response still respond to antigen despite the low helper T cell count? Apoptosis of infected host cells Activation of cytotoxic T cells Clonal selection of B cells Clonal expansion and antibody production

Clonal selection of B cells

What is the role of helper T cells in the adaptive immune response? Helper T cells phagocytize bacteria and viruses. Helper T cells produce and secrete antibodies. Helper T cells directly kill infected host cells. Helper T cells activate B cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes to kill infected host cells.

Helper T cells activate B cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes to kill infected host cells.

Both ways of inducing active immunity (vaccines and direct environmental exposure to an antigen) will ultimately result in the production of antibodies. Which class of the five classes of antibodies is the first to be secreted during the primary response after the initial exposure to the antigen? IgA IgD IgG IgM

IgM

The release of endogenous pyrogen (or interleukin-1) by active macrophages would cause inflammation. activate complement. opsonize pathogens. produce a fever. activate antibodies.

produce a fever.

Leslie has a severe sore throat and the lymph nodes in her neck are swollen. This would indicate that the lymph nodes contain an increased number of lymphocytes. lymph is not flowing consistently through these lymph nodes. the focus of the infection is the lymph nodes. the lymph nodes are actively producing phagocytes. the lymph nodes have increased their secretion of thymosin.

the lymph nodes contain an increased number of lymphocytes.

Lymph nodes range in diameter from 1 cm to 1 inch. 1 inch to 2 inches. 1 cm to 25 cm. 1 nm to 10 nm. 1 mm to 25 mm.

1 mm to 25 mm.

Which pair of molecules do NOT directly interact with one another? BCR and epitope CD8 and MHC-I BCR and TCR CD4 and MHC-II

BCR and TCR

The term ________ refers to antibodies found in body fluids. cytosolic factors immunoglobulins interferons plasma proteins interleukins

immunoglobulins

Lymphatic tissue is found in the greatest quantity in the adult thymus. bone marrow. the tonsils. the adult spleen. Peyer's patches.

the adult spleen.

Which of the following areas in a secondary lymphoid organ allows intimate contact between blood and the lymphocytes? red pulp of the spleen germinal centers of the lymph nodes white pulp of the spleen Hassall's corpuscles of the thymus

white pulp of the spleen

Which of the following is NOT a step that ultimately leads to antibody production? Immature B cells conducting surveillance for foreign epitopes Activation of helper T cells by dendritic cells Activation of cytotoxic T cells by helper T cells Differentiation of plasma cells

Activation of cytotoxic T cells by helper T cells

Which of the following statements is true? Innate defenses are enough to keep a person healthly. Adaptive defenses include humoral immunity only. Memory B cells are typically established when the B cell binds to an antigen. Adaptive defenses include both humoral and cellular immunity.

Adaptive defenses include both humoral and cellular immunity.

Innate defenses include phagocytic cells. physical barriers. inflammation. interferons. All of the answers are correct.

All

Lymphocyte production and maturation involves bone marrow. stem cells. peripheral lymphatic tissues. thymus tissue. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

What is meant by the clonal expansion of a B cell? An activated B cell divides into cells that give rise to memory B cells and plasma cells. An activated B cell will immediately begin to produce antibodies. An activated B cell will kill infected host cells. An activated B cell will engulf and digest anything foreign.

An activated B cell divides into cells that give rise to memory B cells and plasma cells.

Which of the following is true of both lymphatic capillaries and blood capillaries? Both types have a diameter of approximately 8 micrometers. Both types allow the free entry of viruses and proteins. Both types are composed of endothelium. Both types form continuous tubes.

Both types are composed of endothelium.

HIV-infected individuals experience many more opportunistic infections of otherwise nonthreatening microbes because of a severe lack of functioning helper T cells and an associated immunosuppression. Which of the following statements about helper T cells is incorrect? Helper T cells activate sensitized B cells, which then begin producing and secreting antibodies. Helper T cells have CD 4 markers, which are crucial in recognizing infected cells. Helper T cells secrete perforin and lymphotoxins to actively combat infected cells. All of the listed statements about helper T cells are correct.

Helper T cells secrete perforin and lymphotoxins to actively combat infected cells.

Which class of immunoglobulins sensitizes cells to allergens? IgE IgG IgD IgA

IgE

Which class of antibody forms a five-antibody starburst? IgM IgG IgE IgA

IgM

During a primary immune response, the only the IgM titer is affected. IgM titer is initially higher than the IgG titer. IgM titer and the IgG titer rise in parallel. IgG titer is initially higher than the IgM titer.

IgM titer is initially higher than the IgG titer.

The student who caught the cold caused by this specific Rhinovirus was exposed to the exact same Rhinovirus 18 months later. What component of the immune system will protect her from getting the same cold again? Antibodies that are "left over" from the last infection Dendritic cells Plasma cells Memory B cells

Memory B cells

The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ________ cells. B NK suppressor T plasma helper T

NK

hich of the following is NOT a characteristic of Natural Killer (NK) cells? NK cells induce the target cell to undergo "apoptosis" (cell suicide). NK cells attack transplanted organs. NK cells recognize abnormal or cancer cells by a specific antigen on their cell membrane. NK cells attack infected or cancerous cells.

NK cells recognize abnormal or cancer cells by a specific antigen on their cell membrane.

Collections of lymphoid tissues, called MALT, are strategically placed throughout the respiratory, digestive, and genitourinary systems. Which one of these is located at the end of the small intestine? tonsils Peyer's patches appendix

Peyer's patches

________ are clusters of lymphatic nodules deep to the epithelial lining of the small intestine. Immune complexes Lymph glands Adenoids Tonsils Peyer's patches

Peyer's patches

Which of the following is NOT a step used by cytotoxic T cells to kill infected host cells? Recognition of infected host cell using its TCR Secretion of perforin Recognition of infected host cell using its CD4 glycoprotein Secretion of granzyme

Recognition of infected host cell using its CD4 glycoprotein

If the thymus shrank and stopped making thymosins, we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of NK cells. T cells. B lymphocytes. red blood cells. neutrophils.

T cells.

We study three types of immune disorders: immunodeficiency disorders, autoimmune disorders, and allergies. AIDS is an example of an immunodeficiency disorder. How is it different from a severe allergy or an autoimmune disorder, such as diabetes 1? The immune system of AIDS patients is hypersensitive to certain antigens and therefore mounts an exaggerated attack that is accompanied by often debilitating side effects. The immune system of AIDS patients lacks the necessary coordination between cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity and is thus virtually nonfunctional. The immune system of AIDS patients has lost its tolerance for self-antigens and considers them foreign, so it develops antibodies to combat the body's own cells. AIDS patients experience a sudden, severe, and system-wide drop in blood pressure leading to circulatory collapse and possibly death in response to a particular antigen.

The immune system of AIDS patients lacks the necessary coordination between cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity and is thus virtually nonfunctional.

How do phagocytes recognize foreign cells or bacteria? The phagocytes recognize molecules on pathogens not normally found on body cells. All the foreign cells or bacteria are marked with opsonins that the phagocytes recognize. Phagocytes recognize a specific antigen on the cell surface. The phagocytes look for the absence of "self" proteins.

The phagocytes recognize molecules on pathogens not normally found on body cells.

Lymphatic organs differ from lymphatic tissues in what way? They cannot produce antibodies, whereas lymphatic tissues can. They are found in the digestive tract and lymphatic tissues are found in the thorax. They contain T lymphocytes and lymphatic tissues do not. They occur throughout the body except in the head. They are surrounded by a fibrous capsule and lymphatic tissues are not.

They are surrounded by a fibrous capsule and lymphatic tissues are not.

________ are large lymphatic nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx. Spleens Peyer's patches Lymph nodes Tonsils Immune complexes

Tonsils

The term lymphadenopathy refers to a chronic or excessive enlargement of lymph nodes. increased numbers of circulating lymphocytes. a congenital lack or malformation of lymph nodes. accumulations of lymph in the tissue space. the lack of lymphocytes in peripheral circulation.

a chronic or excessive enlargement of lymph nodes.

All of the following are true of the thymus gland except that it involutes after puberty. lies in the anterior mediastinum. produces T cells. activates B cells. reaches its greatest relative size during the second year of life.

activates B cells.

Antigens that trigger allergic reactions are called microbes. agglutinins. allergens. pyrogens. interferons.

allergens

Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens are allergies. the result of stress. autoimmune diseases. immunodeficiency diseases. signs of a weak immune system.

allergies.

The classic pathway of complement activation begins when the protein C1 binds to the cell wall of bacteria. a cell surface antigen. the plasma membrane of bacteria. a plasma protein. an antibody attached to an antigen.

an antibody attached to an antigen.

Which of these is NOT one of the nonspecific defenses? neutrophils interferons antibodies histamine

antibodies

Which of the following can act as opsonins on bacteria, thus enhancing phagocytosis? T cells natural killer (NK) cells antibodies and complement proteins interferons

antibodies and complement proteins

Newborns gain their immunity initially from breast milk. contact with viruses and bacteria. contact with siblings. early immunizations during routine neo-natal check-ups. antibodies passed across the placenta from the mother.

antibodies passed across the placenta from the mother.

The body's innate defenses include all of the following except the skin. antibodies. complement. inflammation. interferon.

antibodies.

Immunizations against infectious diseases are one of the most successful medical advancements in the history of public health. A vaccine, containing weakened or dead forms of the antigen, is administered orally, intranasally, subcutaneously, or intramuscularly. The antigens are not virulent enough to cause the disease, but they provoke the adaptive immune response in the body. A vaccine is an example of which type of adaptive immunity? artificially induced passive immunity naturally acquired active immunity naturally acquired passive immunity artificially induced active immunity

artificially induced active immunity

Which of the following about MHC proteins is false? allow the body to differentiate its own cells from foreign cells fall into two major classes bind complement are found on all nucleated cells function in antigen presentation

bind complement

In order for a lymphocyte to respond to an antigen, the antigen must bind to specific receptors on the lymphocyte surface. enter the cytoplasm of the lymphocyte. depolarize the lymphocyte. bind to the DNA of the lymphocyte. be phagocytized by the lymphocyte.

bind to specific receptors on the lymphocyte surface.

In passive immunity, the body receives antibodies produced by other humans or by an animal. body receives antibodies produced by other humans. immune system attacks normal body cells. body is deliberately exposed to an antigen. body receives antibodies produced by an animal.

body receives antibodies produced by other humans or by an animal.

Which of the following are primary lymphoid organs? lymph nodes and tonsils bone marrow and thymus appendix and spleen spleen and thymus

bone marrow and thymus

Microphages include eosinophils. neutrophils. Kupffer cells. monocytes. both neutrophils and eosinophils.

both neutrophils and eosinophils.

Histamine increases blood flow and vascular permeability. This would account for all of the following changes that occur during inflammation except heat of the inflamed tissue. swelling of the inflamed tissue. chemotaxis of phagocytes. redness of the inflamed tissue. movement of defense proteins and cells into the interstitial space.

chemotaxis of phagocytes.

Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection except complement. secretions. basement membranes. epithelium. body hair.

complement

Which of the innate defense mechanisms can lyse bacteria and mark cells for phagocytosis? interferons complement proteins cytokines natural killer (NK) cells

complement proteins

Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells. B plasma helper T cytotoxic T suppressor T

cytotoxic T

The cells directly responsible for cellular immunity are the ________ cells. plasma B suppressor T helper T cytotoxic T

cytotoxic T

CD8 markers are to ________ T cells as CD4 markers are to ________ T cells. helper; suppressor plasma; NK cytoxic; helper NK; cytoxic suppressor; cytoxic

cytoxic; helper

Where in the lymph node do the T cells first encounter antigens presented by dendritic cells? deep in the cortex medullary cords in the medulla lymphoid follicles of the outer cortex germinal centers of the cortex

deep in the cortex

The primary function of the lymphatic system is defending the body against both external and internal threats. circulation of nutrients and dissolved gases. the production and distribution of plasma proteins. the transport of hormones. the production and maturation of leukocytes.

defending the body against both external and internal threats.

Antigen-presenting cells located in the epithelia of the skin are called Merkel cells. germinative cells. keratinocytes. squamous macrophages. dendritic cells.

dendritic cells.

Autoantibodies are directed against the body's own antigens. produced during an allergic reaction. the first step in immunological competence. important in tissue rejection reactions. produced by activated T cells.

directed against the body's own antigens.

Examples of physical barriers against pathogens include epithelia. epidermal layers. sebaceous glands. mucus. All of the answers are correct.

epithelia, epidermal cells, sebaceous glands, mucus

T cells and B cells can be activated only by pathogens. disease-causing agents. exposure to a specific antigen at a specific site in a plasma membrane. interleukins, interferons, and colony-stimulating factors. cells infected with viruses, bacteria, or cancer cells.

exposure to a specific antigen at a specific site in a plasma membrane.

Activated macrophages release endogenous pyrogens that cause __________. swelling fever pain histamine release

fever

Which one of Ruthie's symptoms is an example of an innate defense mechanism? lethargy fever loss of appetite blister

fever

Which class of cells is particularly abundant in the red pulp of the spleen? T lymphocytes. free and fixed macrophages. B lymphocytes. neutrophils. Natural Killer cells.

free and fixed macrophages.

The letters HIV stand for humoral infraction virus. hormonal incompetence virus. hormonal immunosuppressant virus. humoral interference virus. human immunodeficiency virus.

human immunodeficiency virus.

lymphhocytes provide an adaptive or specific defense known as the inflammation of tissues. adaptive defense. lymphocytic response. phagocytic response. immune response.

immune response.

Class II MHC proteins are present in the plasma membrane only when plasma cells are releasing antibodies. when NK cells are activated. during infections. when cytotoxic T cells are inhibited. in antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes.

in antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes.

Suppressor T cells act to produce antibodies involved in autoimmunity. suppress antigens. inhibit T and B cell activities. erase memory T cells. limit antigen proliferation.

inhibit T and B cell activities.

Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity. active natural passive passive auto innate

innate

Which of the following innate internal defenses work by interfering with viral replication? phagocytes T lymphocytes interferons complement proteins

interferons

Which of the following descriptions is NOT a characteristic of adaptive immunity? intolerance specificity versatility memory

intolerance

All of the following are true of the primary response of humoral immunity except that it is delayed by the memory cell stage. circulating antibodies undergo a gradual, sustained rise. it depends on antigen triggering the appropriate B cell. it requires B cell differentiation into plasma cells. it peaks 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure.

it is delayed by the memory cell stage.

Microglia are to the CNS as Kupffer cells are to the pancreas. lungs. spleen. thymus. liver.

liver

Which of these is NOT a lymphoid organ? lymph node thymus liver spleen

liver

Lymphatic vessels provide a conduit for metastasizing cancer cells. Ideally, such cells are removed and destroyed by what structure, which thus prevents the spread of cancer? lymph nodes spleen tonsils All of the listed choices are correct.

lymph nodes

Adaptive defenses depend on the activities of monocytes. agranulocytes. erythrocytes. lymphocytes. leukocytes

lymphocytes

Which cell type is essential to the immune response? fibrocytes lymphocytes keratinocytes hepatocytes

lymphocytes

The white pulp of the spleen is populated by fibrous connective tissue. lymphocytes. arteries. trabeculae. veins.

lymphocytes.

An inflammatory response is triggered when mast cells release histamine and heparin. blood flow to an area increases. T cells release interferon. neutrophils phagocytize bacteria. red blood cells release pyrogens.

mast cells release histamine and heparin.

Fixed macrophages that are found in the central nervous system are called oligodendrocytes. ventricular macrophages. Kupffer cells. astrocytes. microglia.

microglia.

The phagocytic antigen-presenting cells belong to the ________ group. interferon lymphatic monocyte-macrophage tumor-suppressing complement

monocyte-macrophage

Various types of macrophages are derived from basophils. neutrophils. eosinophils. monocytes. lymphocytes.

monocytes

Plasma contains ________ special proteins that form the complement system. exactly 10 more than 30 roughly 18 exactly 25 about 3

more than 30

Immunity that results from antibodies that pass through the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity. actively acquired innate passively acquired naturally acquired passive automatically acquired

naturally acquired passive

Stem cells that can form all types of lymphocytes are concentrated in the thymus. red bone marrow. yellow marrow. spleen. circulation.

red bone marrow.

Stem cells that will form B cells or NK cells are found only in the thymus. red bone marrow. kidneys. liver. spleen.

red bone marrow.

Lymphocytes respond to antigens. decrease in number during infection. destroy red blood cells. are primarily found in red bone marrow. are actively phagocytic.

respond to antigens.

The thoracic duct drains lymph from all of the following regions except the right breast. pelvic viscera. right knee and the right breast. left arm and shoulder. right knee.

right breast.

Interleukins do all of the following except stimulate collagen synthesis. stimulate inflammation. increase T-cell sensitivity to antigens exposed on macrophage membranes. stimulate B-cell activity, plasma cell formation, and antibody production. elevate body temperature.

stimulate collagen synthesis.

crime scene investigator found that a biological fluid sample contains a large amount of IgA-type antibody. This fluid is probably tears. lymph. serum. blood. interstitial.

tears.

A measure of antibody level in the plasma is the primary response. the antibody titer. antigen concentration. body temperature. the secondary response.

the antibody titer.

T Lymphocytes are produced and stored in all of the following except the brain. lymph node organs. the spleen. lymphatic nodules. the thymus.

the brain.

Now that Ruthie has been infected with the chickenpox virus, what is the first step in the immune response that helps her fight off the virus? the display of antigenic fragments in Class I and II MHC proteins in the plasma membranes of antigen-presenting cells T cell activation and division to produce both active cytotoxic T cells and memory T cells activation of B cells, which divide to produce memory B cells and plasma cells that secrete antibodies antigen recognition by CD8 T cells and CD4 T cells

the display of antigenic fragments in Class I and II MHC proteins in the plasma membranes of antigen-presenting cells

The lymphatic system is composed of all of the following except lymphatic vessels. lymph nodes. the venae cavae. lymph. the spleen.

the venae cavae.

Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the right lymphatic duct. cisterna chyli. thoracic duct. dural sinus. hepatic portal vein.

thoracic duct.

There is a decrease in our ability to fight infection as we age. Which lymphoid organ may have a role in this decline? thymus spleen lymph nodes

thymus

T is to ________ as B is to ________. non-thymus-dependent; bottom-located thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived thyroid-drawn; bowel-developed trabeculae-descended; bursa-origin top-located; bottom-located

thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived

An infection and inflammation of the aggregated lymphatic nodules in the pharynx is called laryngitis. tonsillitis. lymphosis. indigestion. lymph edema.

tonsillitis.

The lymphatic system does all of the following except transports gases to and away from lymph nodes. helps maintain normal blood volume. fights infection. eliminates variations in the composition of interstitial fluid. transports lipids from the digestive tract.

transports gases to and away from lymph nodes.

All of the following are true of the secondary response of humoral immunity except that it produces more effective antibodies. results in much higher antibody titers than in the primary response. depends on memory B cells. weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two. results in much quicker rise in antibody titers.

weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two.