Marine Science 111 chapter 11-13

False

All harmful algal blooms are caused by dinoflagellates

False

Both light energy and inorganic nutrient concentrations are highest in the surface waters and decrease with depth

Schooling

A group behavior that is much more common in bony fish than cartilaginous fish is

Phytoplankton

A high-oxygen content and a low-nutrient content in surface seawater indicate that a population of ______ are present

False

All bacteria are considered heterotrophs

False

All sea turtle species are gradually increasing their populations

Lack of iron in surface waters

Although light, nitrogen and phosphorous are abundant in the Pacific and Southern Oceans the plankton are less abundant due to

food, shelter, and a place of attachment

An organisms substrate provides these three things

True

Approximately 15% of the world's ocean area produces 85% of the ocean's harvest

True

Approximately the same amount of primary productivity occurs in the oceans as occurs on land

False

Archaea are found only in physically extreme environments such as hydrothermal vents

40

Archaea may comprise as much as _____ percent of the prokaryotes in waters deeper than 500 m (20, 75, 40, 90)

True

Areas of divergence promote higher rates of primary production

True

Areas with coastal upwelling is the best place to fish

False

At low latitudes, primary production is controlled more by the seasonality of the sunlight than by the availability of nutrients

False

Autotrophs do not respire

Continuously drinking seawater and excreting salt

Bony fish maintain a fluid balance by__________________and _______________

Chemosynthetic

Bacteria that make their own organic compounds by obtaining energy from chemical compounds and not directly from light

Teeth

Baleen whales don't have _________

True

Because whales are homeotherms, individuals of a single species can migrate between and survive in waters of very different temperatures

False

Biogeochemical provinces divide the ocean into regions based on depth and substrate

True

Bioluminescence is commonly used to avoid being eaten

Attracting prey, attracting predators, counter-illumination and avoiding predators

Bioluminescence is used for these four things

True

The benthic zone is considered the sea floor while the pelagic zone is considered the sea water

True

Chlorophyll a absorbs energy mostly in the blue and red wavelengths

True

Cyanobacteria are one of only a few organisms able to use nitrogen gas to make organic matter

True

Cyanobacteria photosynthesize

Respiration

In the dark-light bottle experiment, what is measured in the dark bottle?

Phytoplankton

Dinoflagellates and coccolithophores are both

Being poisonous and glowing

Dinoflagellates are known for (two things)

True

Dolphins and porpoises are small toothed whales

True

Greater mixing and nutrients from the land cause the coastal areas to generally have higher primary productivity than the open ocean

True

Gross primary production is the rate of production of organic material by photosynthesis required for both the respiration of the plants or algae and the production of new material.

The desert

In terms of grams of carbon per square meter per day, the open-ocean environment is about as productive as____________

Biological pump

Helps regulate atmospheric CO2 concentrations, depends on photosynthesis, and feeds most life in the ocean.

False

Holoplankton spend only their larval stages in the plankton

inside; outside; osmosis

If a marine animal has body fluids that have a lower salt content than the surrounding seawater, water will pass through the animal's body tissues from the _____ to the _____ because of _______

second

If baleen whales eat krill that eat diatoms, krill represents the _______ trophic level

False

If both primary productivity and grazing are large, the standing stock cannot be small

Does not change

If the net primary production in a region is continually consumed by herbivores, the standing stock changes how?

10

In a simple food chain with 10% efficiency, a net primary production rate at the first trophic level is 10,000 units. How many units are available to the fourth trophic level?

False

In grams of carbon per square meter per day, the open ocean environment is as productive as a tropical rainforest

True

In temperate regions, both winter mixing and summer's increasing solar radiation control primary production

The stability of the water column

In temperate waters, the timing of the phytoplankton bloom is influenced by_________

1972

In what year was the Marine Mammal Protection Act established?

Lack of knowledge of the total numbers of ocean species. The variety of habitats within the oceans. The loss of species from the land portions of the planet.

Increase interest in the oceans' biodiversity is due to____________ (three answers)

True

Invertebrates and most fish are poikilotherms

Swim bladder

Keeps fish neutrally buoyant

Meroplankton

Larval stages of starfish, barnacles, and crabs belong to the

True

Nutrients tend to be liberated by decomposition of organic matter at depth and returned to the surface by the physical processes of vertical circulation

Phytoplankton

Measurements of chlorophyll a fluorescence are made at sea to determine the biomass of which type of plankton?

True

Members of the most ancient group of organisms, the prokaryotes, still exist today

True

Microorganisms are more affected by viscosity than gravity

Conduction

Molecular transport that acts upon momentum

False

Most fish are easily able to tolerate a large range of salinities

Black

Most fish in the bathypelagic are what color?

Harmful algal blooms

Nutrient runoff from land, high-salinity water, temperature and light combinations, or disturbing cells buried in the sediments can all cause

False

On average, cells that make up whales are thousands of times larger than the cells that make up a marine worm

The swim bladder

One particular feature found in bony fishes but is absent in cartilaginous fishes is ___________

Plankton

Organisms that can float but can't swim against the tides and waves

Mixotrophs

Organisms that can produce energy from inorganic compounds and also consume other organisms are best referred to as

False

Oxygen concentrations are lowest in the deepest parts of the ocean

200 meters

Photosynthesis can occur up to how many meters?

False

Photosynthesis is used by all autotrophs to produce food

True

Phylogenetic taxonomy classifies organisms based on evolutionary relationships between ancestor organisms and their descendents.

B

Plankton include all of the following except A. phytoplankton B. small fish C. viruses D. zooplankton

Macroplankton

Plankton that range between 200 microns and 2mm in size are considered

True

Plants are considered autotrophs

salinity, density, temperature, and light

Populations can be isolated from one another due to changes in these four factors

True

Productivity in tropical oceans is limited by nutrient availability

False

Productivity is higher at a surface convergence than surface divergence

False

Productivity tends to be higher in the open ocean than in coastal waters

True

Psycrophiles are organisms that live in very cold environments

Primary productivity

Rate at which organic carbon is produced

True

Red tide is poisonous to some organisms

False

Respiration uses carbon dioxide and produces oxygen and energy

False

Salmon spawn in seawater and Atlantic eels spawn in freshwater

True

Sargassum is the only large planktonic seaweed

False

Sea cucumbers must drink seawater to set up a concentration gradient and prevent dehydrated.

False

Sea snakes are found in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans

False

Seabirds have a very well developed sense of taste

Euphotic, disphotic, and aphotic

Starting from the surface, the ocean is divided into the following regions based on light penetration (three zones)

False

Sunlight usually penetrates deeper in coastal water than in the open ocean

False

Taxonomy is the scientific classification of the ocean's environmental zones

True

The abyssal zone is an area of perpetual darkness showing no seasonal changes

The intensity of solar radiation is low

The arctic region has low annual productivity because____________

True

The dominant phytoplankton in the open ocean are members of the picoplankton

Spring

The highest rates of productivity in temperate waters occur in what season?

Plankton

The largest sharks and rays feed on ________

True

The most abundant phytoplankton in the open ocean is the cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus

nitrate

The most common nutrient that limits coastal productivity is

Zooplankton and primary consumers

The most numerous and greatest biomass of herbivores are____________ (two answers)

False

The most numerous organisms are the largest in the ocean

Abyssal zone

The ocean environmental zone having low temperature, little or no light, and great pressure is the ________ zone

The manatee

The only herbivorous marine mammal is

True

The only marine lizard that is a member of the nekton is the marine iguana found in the Galápagos Islands

The euphotic zone

The only zone in the ocean with enough light for photosynthesis

Summer

The period of highest productivity in polar areas is in what season?

True

The shorter food chains of coastal and upwelling areas generally are more efficient than longer open-ocean food chains

The sea otter

The smallest marine mammal is

True

The standing stock of a population is equivalent to its biomass

False

The total primary production of the world's oceans is determined more by the large seaweeds than it is by the single-celled microscopic phytoplankton

True

The total productivity of upwelling areas is greater than the total productivity of open-ocean areas

True

The upper boundary of the aphotic zone is determined by the depth of solar light penetration

There is less nutrients

There is less biomass per unit volume available for harvesting in the open ocean, as compared to upwelling and coastal zones, because...

Zooplankton populations

These can accumulate at water-layer density boundaries, move toward the sea surface at night, and reflect sound waves

Diatoms

These form chains to help floating and store oil to reduce their density

False

Toothed whales are larger than baleen whales

Storing large quantities of low density fat

Whales and seals increase their flotation by

Phosphate and nitrate

What are the two most important inorganic nutrients for photosynthesis?

Excrete salt through their gills, drink water continually, and produce small amounts of urine.

What do marine fish do to maintain their bodies' water balance? (three answers)

Reduces visibility from above and below

What is the advantage of countershading?

The shallow part of the ocean above the drop off of the continental shelf

What is the neritic zone?

3%

What percentage of birds are marine species

Organic carbon compounds

When new marine phytoplankton biomass is produced by photosynthesis, dissolved carbon dioxide is converted to

False

When primary productivity is high, standing crop remains high and nearly constant