Marine Science Ch 3 Study Guide

Why can water dissolve many substances?

"Water is called the universal solvent because it can dissolve more substances than any other known substance. The main property of water that makes it such a good solvent is its polarity. The charged ends of the water molecule attract the molecules of other polar substances."

3 Options for Plastic Waste

1. Landfill 2. Ocean Pollution 3. Recycle

Matching 2. Capillary Action 4. Polarity 5. Hydrogen Bond

2. g. tendency to climb up due to cohesion and adhesion properties of water 4. f. uneven distribution of charges in a molecule 5. d. weak bonds formed between water molecules

How much of marine life is supported by coral reefs?

25%

How much faster or slower does sound travel under water?

4.5 times faster

Viscosity

A liquid's resistance to flow. The higher the viscosity, the higher the resistance to flow.

What is a curved surface in a graduated cylinder called?

A meniscus

Salts

A substance that consists of ions that have opposite electrical charges.

Calcium Carbonate

A white insoluble solid occurring naturally as chalk, limestone, marble, and calcite, and forming mollusk shells and stony corals.

Ocean acidification is mostly caused by ______. A) An increase in atmospheric CO2 B) A decrease in atmospheric CO2 C) An increase in oceanic salinity D) A decrease in oceanic salinity

A) An increase in atmospheric CO2

The area where low frequency sounds can travel far distances is called the _______. A) Deep sound channel B) Low wavelength channel C) Deep ocean channel D) Discovery channel

A) Deep sound channel

Because water's polarity makes it highly cohesive, it requires a ________ specific heat. A) High B) Low C) Average D) No

A) High

Ocean water is generally the clearest where? A) In the open ocean B) Near the coastlines

A) In the open ocean

What major quality of water affects all of its properties? A) Polarity B) Different physical states of matter C) Expansion when freezing D) Abundance on Earth

A) Polarity

What term describes the energy needed to heat a substance by a particular amount? A) Specific Heat B) Solvency C) Absolute Zero D) Polarity

A) Specific Heat

How do rising atmospheric levels of CO2 affect ocean chemistry? A) The pH of ocean water decreases B) The pH of ocean water increases C) There is a decrease of Co3^-2 and H+ in ocean water D) It becomes more difficult for calcium carbonate to dissolve in ocean water.

A) The pH of ocean water decreases

Because of its high specific heat, water can absorb more energy than other substances. A) True B) False

A) True

Salt water has a lower freezing point than fresh water. A) True B) False

A) True

Sound travels faster underwater than it does in air. A) True B) False

A) True

Ions

An atom or a group of atoms that is electrically charged.

Solutes

Any material dissolved in a solvent.

Deep Sound Channel

Area where low frequency sounds can travel for many kilometers Very important for marine life

Precipitation

Atmospheric water that falls to the ground, such as rain and snow.

Which color of light penetrates the deepest in ocean water? A) Red B) Blue C) Yellow D) Green

B) Blue

Which property is responsible for water molecules easily sticking together? A) Polarity B) Cohesion C) Adhesion D) Specific heat

B) Cohesion

The area of the ocean in which sound waves, especially low frequency waves, can travel uninterrupted for thousands of kilometers is called the A) Deep Scattering Layer B) Deep Sound Channel C) Depth profile D) Thermocline

B) Deep Sound Channel

Salinity of ocean water mostly changes due to the addition of more salts and ions. A) True B) False

B) False

The two gases that are commonly dissolved in the ocean are _______ and _______. A) Hydrogen, Oxygen B) Oxygen, Carbon dioxide C) Hydrogen, Carbon Dioxide D) Oxygen, Methane

B) Oxygen, Carbon dioxide

Water's specific heat has a major effect on what? A) Rising ocean levels B) Regulating climate C) Ocean salinity D) Atmospheric salinity

B) Regulating climate

What does the Rule of Constant Proportions state? A) The total amount of salts in the ocean is always the same B) The relative amount of salts is always the same

B) The relative amount of salts is always the same

Why do water molecules require a lot of energy to separate them? A) They are highly adhesive B) They are highly cohesive C) They have low polarity D) They have a weak atomic structure

B) They are highly cohesive

What color do Coccolithopores make the sea?

Blue

What color do sediments give the sea?

Brown Hue

Explain the process of buffering that occurs in oceans.

Buffering if the shift in the proportion of carbon dioxide and carbonate species which keeps the ocean pH from changing too dramatically. Dissolved Co2 molecules from the atmosphere and calcium carbonate combine with seawater.

What is the average salinity of the ocean (in parts per thousand)? A) 26‰ B) 31‰ C) 35‰ D) 48‰

C) 35‰

What property of water allows water molecules to stick to other surfaces? A) Solvency B) Specific heat C) Adhesion D) Cohesion

C) Adhesion

Which of these is NOT one of the major ions of sea water? A) SO4- B) Na+ C) Li+ D) Cl-

C) Li+

Inorganic carbon that dissolves in the ocean from the atmosphere is converted into organic compounds by A) Buffering B) Cellular respiration C) Photosynthesis D) Sedimentation

C) Photosynthesis

If ocean water has a greenish hue, what is the most likely cause? A) Sediments from run-off B) Minerals from hydrothermal vents C) Presence of phytoplankton D) Manatee urine

C) Presence of phytoplankton

Water striders are able to walk on water due to what property? A) Polarity B) Adhesion C) Surface tension D) Solvency

C) Surface tension

Which is water soluble: oxygen or carbon dioxide?

Carbon dioxide

Why do air-filled organs collapse as they sink into the ocean? A) A decrease in pressure B) An increase in salinity C) A decrease in salinity D) An increase in pressure

D) An increase in pressure

Water's highly cohesive property allows what to form? A) Vapor B) Ice C) Clouds D) Droplets

D) Droplets

Substances that can dissolve in water are _________. A) Hydrophobic B) Hydraulic C) Nonpolar D) Polar

D) Polar

Which property allows many chemical reactions to take place in the human body? A) High specific heat B) Low polarity C) Expands when freezing D) Universal solvent

D) Universal solvent

Carbonate helps buffer the pH of ocean water, making it more _______ than pure water, with a pH around _____. A) acidic, 3.9 B) basic, 10.5 C) acidic, 6.2 D) basic, 8.1

D) basic, 8.1

Ocean acidification is particularly harmful to coral reefs because it __________. A) causes discoloration of the reefs B) increases salinity C) stops algae from growing D) removes CaCO3 from the environment

D) removes CaCO3 from the environment

Ocean Acidification

Decrease of seawater pH as a result of increased carbon dioxide.

Will ocean acidification affect organisms with silica skeletons?

Directly, no, but indirectly yes through removal/reduction in competition from calcareous organisms which will be directly affected by ocean acidification

True or False? Hydrogen bonds are strong and require a lot of energy to break.

False

Gas Exchange

Gases are exchanged between the ocean and the atmosphere

What factors increase the speed of sound?

Increased salinity, temperature and pressure

A Brief History of Plastic

Plastic can be traced back to billiard balls and the exxtreme poaching of elephants. In looking for an alternative to ivory made billiard balls, John Wesley Hyatt invented a new material called celluloid. He realized this couldn't solve the billiard problem, but is could be useful for other things. While plastics are technically any material made of polymers, it typically refers to synthetic materials. The next plastic developed was Bakelite. Bakelite is less flammable and has more easily attainable raw materials than celluloid, thus it replaced celluloid. 13 years later polystyrene was made. Next up was polyvinyl Chloride (or vinyl), then acrylic, next was nylon, and then polyethylene. Along with new plastics came new technologies, such as injection molding. In World War II plastic production quadrupled and came t the forefront of American society. After the war, plastic factories turned to making consumer goods. The plastic century brought about an ease to life at a reduced coast, however it also brought negative environmental impacts.

What is salinity? How is it measured and expressed?

Salinity essentially tells us how salty water is. It measures grams of salt per kilogram (1000 grams) and is expressed in parts per thousand. It can be measured by passing an electric current between two electrodes of a salinity meter. The electrical conductivity is influenced by the concentration and composition of dissolved salts. A salinometer can be used to measure salinity.

Is salt or fresh water more dense?

Salt Water

There are various ways of measuring ocean color and clarity

Secchi disks are an easy way of measuring ocean clarity NASA uses color scanning technology to study large areas of ocean from space

Calcified

Structures containing calcium, usually calcium carbonate.

Specific Heat

The amount of energy required to raise a mass of substance one degree Celsius.

Heat Capacity

The amount of heat that must be added to a substance to raise its temperature by a given amount, which reflects the substance's ability to store heat.

Evaporation

The escape of molecules from the liquid phase into the gaseous phase.

How does surface tension force the surface of water to curve?

The molecules at the surface are being pulled towards each other because of the slight charges of the molecules. The water is being puled towards the middle surface, and thus makes the water curve.

Rule of Constant Proportions

The relative amounts of ions in the ocean is always the same Though the total amount of salts can increase, the percentage of each ion is the same First discovered by chemist William Dittmar

In unusually cold winters that northern Black Sea sometimes freezes, while the nearby Adriatic Sea usually does not, even though it is just as cold. Freshwater runoff gives the surface of the Black Sea a low salinity of about 18‰. What would you guess about the salinity of the Adriatic?

The salinity of the Adriatic sea must be higher.

Salinity

The total amount of salts dissolved in seawater. It is generally expressed in parts per thousand (‰).

How does capillary action allow water to climb up the sides of a straw?

The water molecules are attracted to each other (cohesion) and other things like the straw (adhesion). This attraction allows the molecules to cling together and climb up.

What do Niskin Bottles do?

They are a way of measuring temperature and salinity of sea water

There is more carbon dioxide dissolved in the ocean than in the atmosphere. A) True B) False

True

Why is the high heat capacity of water important to marine organisms?

Water's high heat capacity is important to marine organisms because it means that the temperature doesn't change dramatically, giving organisms a more stable environment.

Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about capillary action. a. It explains how water moves against the force of gravity. b. It is due to the attraction among molecules of water and surrounding materials. c. It prevents water from moving through materials with pores. d. It causes clothing to stay dry.

a. It explains how water moves against the force of gravity. AND b. It is due to the attraction among molecules of water and surrounding materials. AND d. It causes clothing to stay dry.

One side of the water molecule has a positive charge, while the other side has a negative charge. What do the charges indicate about the molecule? a. Water is a polar molecule. b. Water is a nonpolar molecule. c. Water is an ionic compound. d. Water is an ion.

a. Water is a polar molecule.

Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about water's structure. a. Water is made up of atoms bonded to form molecules. b. Water contains half as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms. c. Water molecules tend to push away from each other. d. The chemical formula for water is H20.

a. Water is made up of atoms bonded to form molecules. AND d. The chemical formula for water is H20.

Circle the letter of each substance that dissolves in water. a. salt b. oil c. oxygen d. wax

a. salt AND c. oxygen

What color do Photosynthesizing microbes (phytoplankton) absorb and what color do they make the sea?

absorb red and blue light, while reflecting green

What is the main cause for change in salinity?

addition or loss of water

Some parts of the mouth of the Mississippi river have a greenish hue. This green color is most likely due to the presence of ________. a) Sediment from weathering b) Phytoplankton c) Coccolithophores d) Coral reefs

b) Phytoplankton

The _______ is a tool that helps measure ocean transparency by lowering it until it is no longer visible. a) Calorimeters b) Secchi disk c) Color scanning technology d) Niskin bottles

b) Secchi disk

How does carbonate buffer the ocean?

by maintaining its chemical equilibrium

The pH of the ocean is around ________. a) 4.0 b) 6.0 c) 8.0 d) 10.0

c) 8.0

Which color of light travels the deepest into the ocean? a) Orange b) Yellow c) Blue d) Green

c) Blue

As one descends into the ocean, pressure _________ which causes air-filled organs to _______. a) decreases, shrink b) decreases, expand c) increases, shrink d) increases, expand

c) increases, shrink

What kind of skeletons do coral reefs have? Those and what else support many ecosystems?

calcium based skeletons and coraline algae

What changes the color of the ocean?

chemical composition of elements and particles dissolved in it

The rule of constant proportions states that the ________ of the ocean's ions remains constant. a) charges b) total amount c) color d) relative amount

d) relative amount

Bonds that form between water molecules are called __________ bonds.

hydrogen

Do polar oceans contain more or less gas?

more gas because gases dissolve better in cold water

Sea Water

not pure water Rather, it contains many dissolved ions and nutrients that help support life Positive ions (such as Na+ and K+) tend to come from weathering Negative ions (such as Cl- and HS-) tend to come form volcanic activity

Define: Polarity Capillary Action Hydrogen Bond

polarity: "a molecule that has electrically charged areas is called a polar molecule. This uneven distribution of charges across a molecule making one end positive (H) and the other negative (O)" capillary action: "the combined force of attraction among water molecules and with the molecules of surrounding materials causing a liquid to climb upward against the force of gravity" hydrogen bond: "The positive hydrogen ends of one water molecule attract the negative oxygen ends of nearby water molecules causing them to stick together like weak magnets. This attraction causes water molecules to form temporary bonds that break easily"

Does salt or fresh water have a lower freezing point?

salt water

What water has more dissolved material?

water near the coast