MARK TWAIN 7A EARTH SCIENCE HONORS ROCKS AND MINERALS EXAM

Compaction, cementation, evaporation, and precipitation.

What are the four different methods for lithification?

Mineral crystal

What are the individual grains of minerals called?

Parent rocks

What are the original rocks called?

Fossil fuels

What are the remains of dead plants and animals called?

Hardest

On the Mohs Scale, is a mineral with a hardness of a ten extremely hard or soft?

Contact metamorphism and regional metamorphism

What are the two processes from which metamorphic rocks can be formed?

Pores

What can extrusive igneous rocks also have, which form as gases are released from the lava as it cools?

The Rock Cycle

What diagram describes how rocks are transformed into other rocks?

Change of form

What does metamorphic mean?

A rock

What is a combination of minerals compacted together?

Hardness

What is a measure of the resistance of a mineral to being scratched?

Sedimentary rocks

What type of rocks are formed mostly by the breakdown of other rocks?

No

Are all rocks minerals?

Organic

Are bioclastic rocks organic or inorganic?

Dark colored

Are extrusive rocks typically light or dark colored?

Yes

Can minerals form from precipitation?

A chemical property

A mineral's reaction to acid is an example of what type of property of minerals?

Solidification

All igneous rocks are the result of which process?

Yes

Are all inorganic rocks formed from other rocks?

Yes

Are all minerals composed of one or more chemical elements?

Yes

Are all minerals rocks?

Light colored

Are intrusive rocks typically light or dark colored?

No

Are metamorphic rocks ever melted?

Nonrenewable

Are mineral resources renewable or nonrenewable?

Grain size and where they cooled.

By what two factors are igneous rocks identified?

Crystal size and banding

By which two characteristics are metamorphic rocks identified?

Compaction and cementation

Clastic sedimentary rocks are formed when layers of sediment undergo which process?

Aquatic environments

Clastic sedimentary rocks usually form in what type of environments?

Impurities

Color is not a reliable mineral identification property because the colors of many minerals vary due to what?

Yes

Do many foliated metamorphic rocks have bands of different colors?

No

Does halite have a metallic luster?

Mineral resources

Earth minerals are considered what?

Basaltic rocks

Extrusive rocks tend to be what kind of rocks?

Resources

Humans use many minerals as what?

Non-living

If something is inorganic, is it living or non-living?

Living

If something is organic, is it living or non-living?

Luster

In simple terms, which word is used to describe a mineral's shine?

Granite rocks

Intrusive rocks tend to be what kind of rocks?

No

Is coal a mineral/made from minerals?

No

Is color a good way to identify a mineral?

Igneous extrusions

What are lava flows and volcanoes also called?

Composition

Mineral groups are classified mainly by their what?

One

Minerals are composed of how many rocks?

Hydrothermal solutions

Minerals can form due to what type of solutions?

Pressure and temperature

Minerals can form when exposed to which two extremely high conditions?

Magma

Minerals form from the crystallization of what?

Crystallization

Minerals form from the what of magma?

Fracture

Minerals that don't exhibit cleavage instead show what?

Crystallization

Most igneous rocks form from a type of solidifcation called what?

Elements

What are the basic building blocks of life?

Softest

On the Mohs Scale, is a mineral with a hardness of a one extremely hard or soft?

Sedimentary rocks

What type of rock tends to be made out of layers of sediment?

Color

Small amounts of different elements can give the same mineral different what?

Physical properties

Streak, luster, hardness, cleavage, fracture, crystal shape, and smell are all examples of what type of property of minerals?

Density

The bands in foliated metamorphic rocks are formed due to differences in what?

Less

The faster an igneous rock cools, the more or less visible its crystals will be?

More likely

The harder a mineral is, the more or less likely it is to scratch glass?

The rock cycle

The input of energy from Earth's interior, insolation from the sun, impacting meteorites, and gravity are the driving forces of what?

Two or more

The majority of rocks are composed of how many minerals?

More dense

The regional metamorphism of a sandstone rock will cause the rock to become less dense or more dense?

Detrital rocks

What are clastic sedimentary rocks also called?

Grain size

What are clastic sedimentary rocks classified by?

Mafic minerals

What are extrusive rocks also known as?

Plutonic rocks

What are intrusive rocks also called?

Felsic minerals

What are intrusive rocks also known as?

Recrystallization of atoms

What is a mineral formation process where the atoms of solids, liquids, and gases are associated with various rock-forming environments?

Inorganic crystallization

What is a process by which atoms are organized to form crystalline solids?

Density

What is a property of all matter that is the ratio of an object's mass to its volume?

Veneer

What is a thin layer of deposit covering another called?

A rock

What is any naturally formed solid on Earth or in any part of the universe called?

Organic

What is defined as containing carbon bonds?

Inorganic

What is defined as containing no traces of carbon?

Limestone

What is organic sedimentary rock also called?

Crystal shape

What is the arrangement of atoms in a mineral that result in its outer, geometric appearance called?

Streak

What is the color of a mineral in its powdered form called?

Compaction

What is the consolidation of sediments resulting from the weight of overlying deposits called?

Specific gravity

What is the density of a mineral compared to the density of water?

Generally considered inorganic

What is the fifth characteristic of a mineral?

Naturally occurring

What is the first characteristic of a mineral?

Definite chemical composition

What is the fourth characteristic of a mineral?

Tetrahedrons

What is the general shape of minerals?

Cementation

What is the hardening of clastic sediments called?

Diamond

What is the hardest mineral according to the Mohs Scale?

X-ray diffraction instruments

What is the most accurate method for identifying minerals?

Sedimentary rocks

What is the only type of rock where fossils can be found?

Precipitation from solution

What is the process by which a solid has formed out of solution called?

Lithification

What is the process by which sediments compact under pressure and gradually become solid rock called?

Fossil fuels

What is the result of compaction and organic chemical changes in large deposits of organic sediments?

Solid substance

What is the second characteristic of a mineral?

Texture

What is the size, shape, and arrangement of the materials in a rock called?

Cleavage

What is the tendency of a mineral to cleave, or break, along with flat, even surfaces called?

Orderly crystalline structure

What is the third characteristic of a mineral?

Fracture

What is the uneven breakage of a mineral called?

Crystal form

What is the visible expression of a mineral's internal arrangement of atoms called?

Glassy

What is usually the texture of extrusive igneous rocks?

Native elements

What mineral group exists in its relatively pure form?

Igneous intrusions

What process can interrupt old rock layers?

The Mohs Scale

What scale consists of ten minerals arranged from ten (hardest) to one (softest)?

Luster

What term is used to describe how light is reflected from a mineral's surface?

Iron, magnesium, and calcium.

What three elements do extrusive rocks contain?

Fine and small

What type of crystals do extrusive igneous rocks have?

Coarse and large

What type of crystals do intrusive igneous rocks have?

Extrusive rocks

What type of igneous rocks form above Earth's surface?

Intrusive rocks

What type of igneous rocks form below Earth's surface?

Extrusive rocks

What type of igneous rocks form due to the cooling of lava?

Intrusive rocks

What type of igneous rocks form from the cooling of magma?

A fossiliferous limestone

What type of limestone contains the remains of a once living organism?

Foliated rocks

What type of metamorphic rocks are heated and squeezed into parallel layers?

Halides

What type of mineral group contains a halogen ion and one or more other elements?

Carbonates

What type of mineral group contains carbon, oxygen, and one or more other metallic elements?

Oxides

What type of mineral group contains oxygen and one or more other elements, which are usually metals?

Sulfates/Sulfides

What type of mineral group contains sulfur?

Silicates

What type of mineral group forms when silicon and oxygen combine to form a silicon-oxygen tetrahedron, which provides the framework of every silicate mineral?

A single-mineral rock

What type of rock is both a rock and a mineral and has a mineral's definite composition and properties?

Metamorphic rocks

What type of rocks are formed when other rocks are subjected to extreme heat and pressure and are transformed into other rocks?

Extrusive igneous rocks

What type of rocks can form igneous extrusions?

Intrusive igneous rocks

What type of rocks can form igneous intrusions?

Bioclastic rocks

What type of sedimentary rocks are made out of materials that were once part of living things?

Chemical rocks

What type of sedimentary rocks are made up of minerals left behind when a body of water evaporates?

Calcite

When a small amount of dilute hydrochloric acid is placed on a mineral or rock, it will bubble if it contains what mineral?

Sand and gravel deposits

Which geological resource in New York State resulted from glaciation?

Quartz

Which mineral exhibits good crystal form?

Contact metamorphism

Which process occurs when older rocks come into contact with an igneous intrusion or extrusion?

Regional metamorphism

Which process occurs when rocks near plate boundaries get subjected to heat and pressure due to plate movement?

Silica and aluminum

Which two elements are intrusive rocks rich in?

Hackly fracture

Which type of fracture results in jagged breakage?

Conchoidal fracture

Which type of fracture results in shell-shaped breakage?

Non-foliated rocks

Which type of metamorphic rock does not have layers of crystals?

Foliated rocks

Which type of metamorphic rocks form from regional metamorphism?

Foliated rocks

Which type of metamorphic rocks have layers of mineral crystals that form a banded pattern on the rock?

Non-foliated rocks

Which type of metamorphic rocks have minerals which are connected together?

Coal

Which type of organic sedimentary rock is compressed from layers of a plant?

Metamorphic rocks

Which type of rocks are created when existing sedimentary rocks are heated and squeezed over a time period of millions of years?

Igneous rocks

Which type of rocks are formed when other rocks melt due to intense heat and then cool and undergo solidification?

Organic rocks

Which type of sedimentary rock forms over millions of years?

Clastic rocks

Which type of sedimentary rocks are made up of sediment and pieces of rock that have eroded away and been deposited elsewhere?

Chemical sedimentary rocks

Which type of sedimentary rocks are only made up of one mineral?

Fossiliferous

Which word is defined as of or containing a fossil or something that was once living?