Market Revolution, Andrew Jackson, and Reform

A. The Second Great Awakening

"Joseph Smith... came from nowhere. Reared in a poor Yankee farm family, he had less than two years of formal schooling and began life without social standing or institutional backing. His family rarely attended church. Yet in the fourteen years he headed the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Smith created a religious culture that survived his death, flourished in the most desolate regions of the United States, and continues to grow worldwide....In 1830 at the age of twenty-four, he published the Book of Mormon....He built cities and temples and gathered thousands of followers before he was killed at age thirty-eight." Richard Lyman Bushman, historian, Joseph Smith Rough Stone Rolling: A Cultural Biography of Mormonism's Founder, 2005 The developments described in the excerpt best illustrate which of the following? A. The Second Great Awakening B. The abolitionist movement C. The ideal of republican motherhood D. The increased acceptance of Catholics

A. obtaining positions in textile mills

"Few wives in antebellum America enjoyed a life free from labor. Family life depended on the smooth performance of an extensive array of unpaid occupations in the household, and on the presence . . . of someone to provide that work—to supervise the children through the vicissitudes of a changing social and economic order; to make and mend clothes, quilts, pillows, and other household furnishings; to shop for items the household could afford . . . , and scavenge . . . for those it could not; to clean, cook, and bake; and, whenever necessary, to move from unpaid to paid labor to bolster the household income. The growth . . . of the cash [economy] of the Northeast had not rendered this labor superfluous. Nor had it reduced housework to unskilled labor." Jeanne Boydston, historian, Home and Work, 1990 During the first half of the nineteenth century, some women increasingly "bolster[ed] the household income," as described in the excerpt, by A. obtaining positions in textile mills B. signing contracts for indentured servitude C. performing clerical and secretarial labor for large corporations D. participating in secular and religious reform associations

A The Second Great Awakening

"Still, though a slaveholder, I freely acknowledge my obligations as a man; and I am bound to treat humanely the fellow creatures whom God has entrusted to my charge. ... It is certainly in the interest of all, and I am convinced it is the desire of every one of us, to treat our slaves with proper kindness." — Letter from former South Carolina governor James Henry Hammond, 1845 "Standing with God and the crushed and bleeding slave on this occasion, I will, in the name of humanity which is outraged, in the name of Liberty which is fettered, in the name of the constitution and Bible, which are disregarded and trampled upon, dare to call in question and denounce ... slavery 'the great sin and shame of America'!" — Frederick Douglass, speech titled "The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro," 1852 The language used in both excerpts most directly reflects the influence of which of the following? A The Second Great Awakening B States' rights C Manifest Destiny D American nationalism

D. Europe

"The expansion of the South [from 1800 to 1850] across the Appalachians and the Mississippi River to the fringes of the high plains was one of the great American folk wanderings. Motivated by the longing for fresh and cheap land,... Southerners completed their occupation of a region as large as western Europe. Despite the variety of the land, . . . the settlers of the Southwest had certain broad similarities. They might be farmers large or small, but most farmed or lived by serving the needs of farmers. . . . Not all owned or ever would own slaves, but most accepted slavery as a mode of holding and creating wealth." Albert E. Cowdrey, historian, This Land, This South: An Environmental History, 1983 The economic growth of the South relied primarily on the export of goods to which of the following? A. East Asia B. The Midwest C. The West D. Europe

B. Transcendentalism

"Build, therefore, your own world. As fast as you conform your life to the pure idea in your mind, that will unfold its great proportions. A correspondent revolution in things will attend the influx of the spirit." The 1836 passage above exemplifies which of the following intellectual trends? A. Evangelicalism B. Transcendentalism C. Abolitionism D. Mormon theology E. Pragmatist philosophy

C The building of canals and roads

Travel times decreasing Which of the following most directly contributed to the change over time depicted on the two maps? A The construction of a national highway system B The establishment of different time zones across the country C The building of canals and roads D The use of diesel engines

D The adoption of plans for gradual emancipation in the North

"The petition of a great number of blacks detained in a state of slavery in the bowels of a free and Christian country humbly showeth that...they have in common with all other men a natural and inalienable right to that freedom which the Great Parent of the Universe has bestowed equally on all mankind and which they have never forfeited by any compact or agreement whatever.... "[E]very principle from which America has acted in the course of their unhappy difficulties with Great Britain pleads stronger than a thousand arguments in favor of your petitioners. They therefore humbly beseech your honors to give this petition its due weight and consideration and cause an act of the legislature to be passed whereby they may be restored to the enjoyments of that which is the natural right of all men." Petition for freedom to the Massachusetts Council and the House of Representatives for the State of Massachusetts, January 1777 The ideas expressed in the excerpt contributed most directly to which of the following? A The extension of voting rights to African Americans in the North B The end of the trans-Atlantic slave trade C The mass migration of African Americans from the South to the North D The adoption of plans for gradual emancipation in the North

D relationship between the federal government and the states

"We, therefore, the people of the State of South Carolina, in convention assembled, do declare and ordain... that the several acts and parts of acts of the Congress of the United States, purporting to be laws for the imposing of duties and imposts on the importation of foreign commodities...are unauthorized by the Constitution of the United States, and violate the true meaning and intent thereof and are null, void, and no law, nor binding upon this State...." South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification, 1832 The ideas expressed in the excerpt emerged most directly from a larger intellectual debate over the A balance between individual freedom and public order B expansion of slavery into the western territories C priorities of United States foreign policy D relationship between the federal government and the states

C They believed that it was controlled by a commercial elite.

Many Americans were suspicious of the Second Bank of the United States for which of the following reasons? A They believed that it was controlled by leaders of the Whig Party. B They believed that it was controlled by southern plantation owners. C They believed that it was controlled by a commercial elite. D It refused to make any loans for business expansion. E It refused to exchange bank notes for gold.

B. reputation as a hero of the War of 1812

The most important factor in Andrew Jackson's successful bid for the presidency in 1828 was his A. choice of John C. Calhoun as his running mate B. reputation as a hero of the War of 1812 C. commitment to broad-based social reform D. reputation as an intellectual thinker and writer E. extensive experience in elective office

B protective tariffs

The nullification crisis of 1832 arose over the issue of A Andrew Jackson's use of the veto B protective tariffs C the Second Bank of the United States D Jackson's American Indian removal policy E the Missouri Compromise

B strengthened the ties between the eastern manufacturing and western agricultural regions

The opening of the Erie Canal in 1825 was important because it A established the role of the federal government in internal improvements B strengthened the ties between the eastern manufacturing and western agricultural regions C made the invention of the steamboat economically viable D spurred innovation in the railroad industry E was the last major canal project before the Civil War

A Continued debates over the proper role of the federal government

Which of the following best explains the cause of the emergence of new political parties in the early nineteenth century? A Continued debates over the proper role of the federal government B Growing agreement regarding the issue of slavery C Declining support for westward territorial expansion D Persistent concern over the influence of foreign powers

C The extension of suffrage rights to most adult White men

Which of the following best explains the expansion of participatory democracy in the early nineteenth century? A The abolition of slavery in most northern states B The growth of manufacturing along rivers and canals C The extension of suffrage rights to most adult White men D The influence of the early women's rights movement

D Sustained population growth after the American Revolution

Which of the following most directly contributed to the spread of settlement depicted on the map? A The development of transcontinental railroads B Efforts to secure boundaries with Great Britain C Federal grants for purchases of western land D Sustained population growth after the American Revolution

B Individual conduct should be guided by truths found in the individual conscience.

Which of the following was a core belief of the transcendentalists of the early nineteenth century? A Only highly centralized and conformist religious institutions can guarantee an orderly society. B Individual conduct should be guided by truths found in the individual conscience. C Unjust laws must be obeyed until they can be changed through legislative action. D Human societies are inherently corrupt, and those seeking purity should practice good works. E American Indian practices of meditation are the key to attaining valuable spiritual insights.